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384.0000 Family Caryophyllaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 299 (1789), nom. cons.
102 genera, ca. 3250 spp. Higher systematics: Xue et al. (2023)
Species listed in database: 3335; hybrids: 59
= Alsinaceae Bartl.; Beitr. Bot. [Bartling & Wendland] 2: 159 (1825), nom. cons.
= Cerastiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 271, 292 (1818)
= Corrigiolaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 44, 49 (1829)
= Dianthaceae D.L.Fu; Amer. J. Agric. Forest. 12(5): 352 (2024), nom. illeg.
= Dianthaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 271, 293 (1818)
= Herniariaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 307 (1820)
= Illecebraceae R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 413 (1810), nom. cons.
= Lychnidaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 638 (1843)
= Minuartiaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 49 (1835)
= Ortegaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 443 (1820)
= Paronychiaceae Juss.; Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 2: 386 (1815)
= Polycarpaeaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 49 (1835)
= Sabulinaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 623 (1843)
= Saginaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 239 (1820)
= Scleranthaceae J.Presl & C.Presl; Delic. Prag. 66 (1822)
= Silenaceae Bartl.; Beitr. Bot. [Bartling & Wendland] 2: 160 (1825)
= Spergulaceae Bartl.; Beitr. Bot. [Bartling & Wendland] 2: 158 (1825)
= Stellariaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 239 (1820)
= Telephiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 633 (1829)
384.1105 Genus Heliosperma (Rchb.) Rchb.; Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch 206 (1841); et Ic. Fl. Germ. 16: 71. t. 277 (1844)
Distribution: Alps to Balkans and E-European mountains. According to Frajman et al. (2007) only 3-4 species should be recognized based on molecular results. The various taxa within the pusilla aggregate are listed here tentatively as subspecies.
Species listed in database: 7
= Ixoca Raf.; Autik. Bot. 25 (1840)
species :
Heliosperma alpestre (Jacq.) Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 182 (1843)
Name: Alpen-Strahlensame (DE)
Distribution: Austria; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia
11 AUT 13 CRO ITA SLV
Remarks: Subgen. Ixoca
Synonyms: hidden
= Cucubalus quadrifidus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 415 (1753), nom. rej.
= Heliosperma quadridentatum Schinz & Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 68: 462 (1923), nom. superfl.
= Heliosperma quadrifidum (L.) Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 182 (1843)
= Heliosperma quadrifidum var. villosum Dalla Torre
= Heliosperma villosum (Dalla Torre) H.R.Wehrh.; Gartenstaud. 1: 319 (1930)
= Ixoca alpestris (Jacq.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 141(1-2): 63 (1972)
= Ixoca quadrifida (L.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 140(3-4): 128 (1972)
= Ixoca tenella Raf.; Autik. Bot. 25 (1840)
= Lychnis alpestris (Jacq.) Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 279 (1879)
= Lychnis alpestris (Jacq.) L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 244 (1782)
= Lychnis quadridentata L.; Syst. Veg., ed. 13 [J.A.Murray], 2: 362 (1774), nom. superfl.
= Lychnis quadrifida (L.) Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 307 (1771)
= Oncerum alpinum (Jacq.) Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 257 (1867)
= Oncerum quadrifidum (L.) Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 257 (1867)
= Silene alpestris Jacq.; Fl. Austriac. [Host] 1: 60 (1773)
= Silene alpina Pall.; Reise Russ. Reich. [Pallas] 3: 34 (1776)
= Silene austriaca Dum.Cours.; Bot. Cult. 3: 174 (1802), nom. superfl.
= Silene fontana Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.): XXVI (1811)
= Silene quadridentata Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 500 (1805), nom. superfl.
= Silene quadrifida (L.) L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1032 (1759), nom. rej.
= Silene quadrifida var. viscosa Regel; Index Sem. (St. Petersburg [Petropolitanus]) 1866: 102 (1867)
= Silene rupestris Jacq.; Enum. Stirp. Vindob. 77 (1762), nom. illeg.
= Silene tenella A.Huet ex Schenk; Index Sem. (Würzburg) 1861: [4] (1862), nom. illeg.
= Silene ticinensis H.Neumayer; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 94: 143 (1917 publ. 1918)
= Silene trifida Ten. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 588 (1841)
= Silene viscida Spreng.; Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 65 (1815)
species :
Heliosperma chromodontum (Boiss. & Reut.) Jur.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 38 (1858)
Distribution: Croatia; Montenegro; North Macedonia; ?Albania; NC-Greece (Mt. Olimbos)
13 CRO GRC MNT NMA
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma pusillum subsp. chromodontum (Boiss. & Reut.) Niketic & Stevan.; Arh. Biol. Nauka 59(4): 393 (2007)
= Heliosperma chromodontum (Boiss. & Reut.) Rohrb.; Monogr. Silene 232 (1869), isonym
= Ixoca chromodonta (Boiss. & Reut.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 140(3-4): 127 (1972)
= Ixoca phyllitica (Neumayer) Ikonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 64 (1984)
= Silene chromodonta Boiss. & Reut.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 1: 71 (1854)
= Silene pusilla subsp. chromodonta (Boiss. & Reut.) Greuter; Willdenowia 25(1): 132 (1995)
= Silene pusilla subsp. chromodonta (Boiss. & Reut.) Slavnic; Fl. Srbije 2: 236 (1970), isonym
= Silene quadridentata subsp. chromodonta (Boiss. & Reut.) H.Neumayer; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 266 (1924)
= Silene quadridentata subsp. phyllitica H.Neumayer; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 266 (1924)
= Silene rupestris Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1(2): 295 (1809)
species :
Heliosperma intonsum (Greuter & Melzh.) Niketic & Stevan.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 154(1): 56 (2007)
Distribution: NW-Greece (Aoos river gorge at Mt. Timfi)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Ixoca intonsa (Greuter & Melzh.) Holub; Preslia 58(4): 302 (1986)
= Silene intonsa Greuter & Melzh.; Willdenowia 12: 29 (1982)
species :
Heliosperma macranthum Pancic; Elench. Pl. Vasc. 11 (1875)
Distribution: Montenegro; Kosovo; Albania
13 ALB KOS MNT
Synonyms: hidden
= Ixoca macrantha (Pancic) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 140(3-4): 128 (1972)
= Silene macrantha (Pancic) H.Neumayer; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 94: 143 (1917)
species :
Heliosperma pudibundum (Hoffmanns.) Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 182 (1843)
Distribution: Austria (E-Alps); NE-Italy; ?Slovenia
11 AUT 13 ITA
Remarks: for ecological reasons a separate species and well separated from H. pusillum
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma pusillum subsp. pudibundum (Hoffmanns.) Gutermann; Phyton (Horn) 46(1): 74 (2006)
= Ixoca pudibunda (Hoffmanns.) Ikonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 64 (1984)
= Silene pudibunda Hoffmanns.; Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 9: 28 (1831)
= Silene pusilla var. pudibunda (Hoffmanns.) Meusel & K.Werner; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi, Begr.], ed. 2, 3(2): 1112 (1979)
species :
Heliosperma pusillum (Waldst. & Kit.) Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 5-6: 78 (1844)
subspecies :
subsp. pusillum
Name: Kleiner Strahlensame (DE)
Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Slovakia; N-Spain; France; Corsica; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Russia; Ukraine
11 AUT GER LIE POL SLO SWI 12 COR FRA SPA 13 ALB BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 RUS UKR
Remarks: Subgen. Ixoca, pusilla agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma arcanum Zapal.; Bull. Int. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, Cl. Sci. Math., Sér. B, Sci. Nat. 1911(6B): 498 (1911)
= Heliosperma glutinosum Rchb. ex Jur.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: Sitzb. 80 (1858)
= Heliosperma pusillum var. diklicii Niketic & Stevan.; Arh. Biol. Nauka 59(4): 392 (2007)
= Heliosperma pusillum var. lanceolatum Niketic & Stevan.; Arh. Biol. Nauka 59(4): 393 (2007)
= Heliosperma pusillum var. pancicii Niketic & Stevan.; Arh. Biol. Nauka 59(4): 392 (2007)
= Heliosperma quadrifidum f. cuneatum Zapal.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 11B(51B): 266 (1911 publ. 1912)
= Heliosperma quadrifidum f. glanduliferum Zapal.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 11B(51B): 266 (1911 publ. 1912)
= Heliosperma quadrifidum f. laticordatum Zapal.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 11B(51B): 267 (1911 publ. 1912)
= Heliosperma quadrifidum f. pusillum (Waldst. & Kit.) Zapal.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 11B(51B): 266 (1911 publ. 1912)
= Heliosperma quadrifidum f. subquadridentatum Zapal.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 11B(51B): 266 (1911 publ. 1912)
= Heliosperma quadrifidum subsp. carpaticum Zapal.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 11B(51B): 266 (1911 publ. 1912)
= Heliosperma quadrifidum subsp. pusillum (Waldst. & Kit.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 87 (1878)
= Heliosperma quadrifidum var. pusillum (Waldst. & Kit.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 315 (1936)
= Heliosperma quadrifidum var. rodnense Zapal.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 11B(51B): 267 (1911 publ. 1912)
= Ixoca arcana (Zapal.) Ikonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 65 (1984)
= Ixoca pusilla (Waldst. & Kit.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 140: 128 (1972)
= Lychnis pusilla (Waldst. & Kit.) Link; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 1: 432 (1809)
= Silene porcari Tineo ex Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 1(1): 158 (1888)
= Silene pusilla Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 325 (1807)
= Silene quadridentata subsp. pusilla (Waldst. & Kit.) H.Neumayer; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 72: 277 (1923)
= Silene quadrifida var. pusilla (Waldst. & Kit.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 1: 79 (1843)
variant :
var. candavicum (H.Neumayer) Niketic & Stevan.; Arh. Biol. Nauka 59(4): 393 (2007)
Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; Albania
13 ALB KOS SRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Ixoca candavica (H.Neumayer) Ikonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 62 (1984)
= Silene pusilla subsp. candavica (H.Neumayer) Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 12: 190 (1982)
= Silene quadridentata subsp. candavica H.Neumayer; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 72: 282 (1923)
variant :
var. trojanense (Velen.) Niketic & Stevan.; Arh. Biol. Nauka 59(4): 392 (2007)
Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; Bulgaria
13 BUL KOS SRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma trojanensis Velen.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk., Tr. Mat.-Prír.) 1910(8): 6 (1910 publ. 1911)
= Ixoca trojanensis (Velen.) Ikonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 65 (1984)
= Silene trojanensis (Velen.) Jordanov & Panov; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 1: 492 (1966)
subspecies :
subsp. albanicum (K.Malý) Niketic & Stevan.; Arh. Biol. Nauka 59(4): 392 (2007)
Distribution: Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Greece (mountains of NW-, C-Greece, Peloponnisos)
13 ALB GRC KOS MNT SRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma albanicum K.Malý; Wiss. Mitt. Bosnien & Herzegovina 10: 634 (1907)
= Ixoca albanica (K.Malý) Ikonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 61 (1984)
= Ixoca pusilla subsp. albanica (K.Malý) Holub; Preslia 58(4): 302 (1986)
= Silene pusilla subsp. albanica (K.Malý) Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 12: 190 (1982)
= Silene quadridentata subsp. albanica (K.Malý) H.Neumayer; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 72: 285 (1923)
subspecies :
subsp. malyi (Neumayer) comb.ined.
Distribution: Croatia
13 CRO
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma malyi (H.Neumayer) Degen; Fl. Veleb. 2: 88 (1937)
= Ixoca malyi (H.Neumayer) Ikonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 63 (1984)
= Silene pusilla subsp. malyi (H.Neumayer) Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 12(2): 190 (1982), isonym
= Silene pusilla subsp. malyi (H.Neumayer) Soó; Feddes Repert. 85(7-8): 451 (1974)
= Silene quadridentata subsp. malyi H.Neumayer; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 72: 282 (1923)
subspecies :
subsp. moehringiifolium (Uechtr. ex Pancic) Niketic & Stevan.; Arh. Biol. Nauka 59(4): 392 (2007)
Distribution: Serbia; Bulgaria
13 BUL SRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Ixoca moehringiifolia (R.Uechtr. ex Pancic) Ikonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 63 (1984)
= Silene moehringiifolia R.Uechtr. ex Pancic; Fl. Serbiae, Add. 118 (1884)
= Silene pusilla subsp. moehringiifolia (R.Uechtr. ex Pancic) Slavnic; Fl. Srbije 2: 236 (1970)
= Silene quadridentata subsp. moehringiifolia (R.Uechtr. ex Pancic) H.Neumayer; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 266 (1924)
subspecies :
subsp. monachorum (Vis. & Pancic) Niketic & Stevan.; Arh. Biol. Nauka 59(4): 393 (2007)
Distribution: Italy; Sicily; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Bulgaria; NW-Greece (Mt. Timfi)
13 ALB BUL GRC ITA KOS MNT SIC SRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma monachorum Vis. & Pancic; Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. 12: 463 (1864)
= Ixoca monachorum (Vis. & Pancic) Ikonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 63 (1984)
= Silene monachorum (Vis. & Pancic) Vis. & Pancic; Fl. Serbiae 168 (1874)
= Silene pusilla subsp. monachorum (Vis. & Pancic) Slavnic; Fl. Srbije 2: 236 (1970)
= Silene pusilla subsp. tymphaea Greuter; Willdenowia 25(1): 132 (1995)
= Silene quadridentata f. biloba Novák; Preslia 5: 95 (1927)
= Silene quadridentata subsp. monachorum (Vis. & Pancic) H.Neumayer; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 265 (1924)
subspecies :
subsp. nikolicii (A.Seliger & Wraber) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-North Macedonia; E-Albania
13 ALB NMA
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma nikolicii (A.Seliger & Wraber) Niketic & Stevan.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 154(1): 56 (2007)
= Silene retzdorffiana subsp. nikolicii A.Seliger & Wraber; Biol. Vestn. 35(2): 97 (1987)
subspecies :
subsp. oliverae (Niketic & Stevan.) comb.ined.
Distribution: Montenegro; Kosovo; Albania
13 ALB KOS MNT
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma oliverae Niketic & Stevan.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 154(1): 56 (2007)
= Silene pusilla subsp. oliverae (Niketic & Stevan.) Pils; Ill. Fl. Albania 9 (2016)
subspecies :
subsp. retzdorffianum (K.Malý) comb.ined.
Distribution: Croatia; Montenegro; Albania
13 ALB CRO MNT
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma retzdorffianum K.Malý; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 53: 357 (1903)
= Ixoca retzdorffiana (K.Malý) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 140(3-4): 128 (1972)
= Silene quadridentata subsp. retzdorffiana (K.Malý) H.Neumayer; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 72: 277 (1923)
= Silene retzdorffiana (K.Malý) H.Neumayer; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 94: 143 (1917)
= Silene retzdorffiana (K.Malý) Walters; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 69: 47 (1964), isonym
subspecies :
subsp. tommasinii (Vis.) comb.ined.
Distribution: Croatia; Montenegro
13 CRO MNT
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma tommasinii (Vis.) Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 5-6: 78 (1844)
= Heliosperma tommasinii (Vis.) Vis.; Fl. Dalmat. 3: 171 (1850), isonym
= Ixoca tommasinii (Vis.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 140(3-4): 128 (1972)
= Silene quadridentata subsp. tommasinii (Vis.) H.Neumayer; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 72: 277 (1923)
= Silene tommasinii Vis.; Flora 12(1. Ergänzungsbl.): 12 (1829)
species :
Heliosperma veselskyi Janka; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 16: 65 (1858)
Distribution: Italy; Slovenia; Croatia
13 CRO ITA SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Heliosperma eriophorum Jur.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 37 (1858)
= Heliosperma glutinosum A.Kern.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] no. 876 (1883) [in sched.] (nom. illeg.)
= Heliosperma quadridentatum subsp. marchesettii (H.Neumayer) E.Mayer; Razpr. Slov. Akad. Znan. Umetn., Razr. Nar. Vede 3: 60 (1952)
= Heliosperma veselskyi subsp. glutinosum (H.Neumayer) E.Mayer; Annum Horti Bot. Labac. 150: 35 (1960)
= Heliosperma veselskyi subsp. iskense Wraber & Accetto; Razpr. Slov. Akad. Znan. Umetn., Razr. Nar. Vede 48(2): 18 (2007)
= Ixoca marchesettii (H.Neumayer) Ikonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 63 (1984)
= Ixoca veselskyi (Janka) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz., Rada Prír. 140(3-4): 128 (1972)
= Ixoca widderi (A.Seliger & Wraber) Holub; Preslia 58(4): 302 (1986)
= Silene glutinosa Zois; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 80 (1858) (non Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 498 (1805))
= Silene quadridentata subsp. glutinosa H.Neumayer; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 72: 280 (1923)
= Silene quadridentata subsp. marchesettii (H.Neumayer) H.Neumayer; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 72: 276 (1923)
= Silene quadrifida subsp. marchesettii H.Neumayer
= Silene retzdorffiana Neumayer; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 94: 143 (1918)
= Silene veselskyi (Janka) H.Neumayer; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 94: 143 (1917), et Oesterr. Bot. Z. 91: 235 (1942)
= Silene veselskyi subsp. glutinosa (H.Neumayer) A.Seliger & Wraber; Biol. Vestn. 27(2): 124 (1980)
= Silene veselskyi subsp. widderi A.Seliger & Wraber; Biol. Vestn. 27(2): 130 (1979 publ. 1980)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.07 (July 5th, 2025)

Covering 356,783 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,637 synonyms,
in total 1,417,272* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

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