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184.0000 Family Ranunculaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 231 (1789), nom. cons.
52 genera, ca. 3700 spp.
Species listed in database: 3838; hybrids: 110
= Aconitaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přír. Rostlin 216 (1820)
= Actaeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přír. Rostlin Aneb. Rostlin 1(16-53): 2, 140 (1823)
= Anemonaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 264, 275 (1818)
= Aquilegiaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 375, 861, 979 (1870)
= Calthaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 92 (1820)
= Cimicifugaceae Bromhead; Mag. Nat. Hist. 4: 336, 338 (1840)
= Clematidaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 134 (1820)
= Delphiniaceae Brenner; Florist. Handb. 52 (1886)
= Glaucidiaceae M.Tamura; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 85: 40 (1972)
= Helleboraceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 264, 274 (1818)
= Hydrastidaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Nigellaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 76 (1858)
= Thalictraceae Raf.; Anal. Nat. 176 (1815)
= Xanthorhizaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přír. Rostlin Aneb. Rostlin 1(16-53): 2, 145 (1823)
184.5305 Genus Hepatica Mill.; Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4: s. p. (1754), ex Druce in Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles 3: 432 (1913)
Distribution: Temperate Northern Hemisphere, N-Mediterranean from Spain to Balkan Peninsula, Middle Asia, America (2)
Species listed in database: 11; hybrids: 1
species :
Hepatica acutiloba DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 1: 22 (1824)
Name: Sharplobe hepatica
Distribution: Canada (Ontario, Québec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)
72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA
Remarks: status still disputed (variety of H. nobilis or bona species
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone acuta Vail ex Britton; Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 2: 42 (1890)
= Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G.Lawson; Proc. & Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada 2(4): 30 (1884)
= Anemone hepatica var. acuta (Pursh) Pritz.; Linnaea 15: 691 (1842)
= Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton; Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 6: 234 (1891)
= Hepatica acutiloba f. albiflora R.Hoffm.; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 36: 268 (1922)
= Hepatica acutiloba f. diversiloba Raymond; Naturaliste Canad. 77: 56 (1950)
= Hepatica acutiloba f. rosea R.Hoffm.; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 36: 268 (1922)
= Hepatica acutiloba var. variegata Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11: 56 (1928)
= Hepatica americana var. acuta (Pursh) Mabuchi & J.Massey; World Hepat. 58 (2022)
= Hepatica hepatica var. albiflora (R.Hoffm.) Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 17: 169 (1916)
= Hepatica nobilis f. acutiloba (DC.) Beck; Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeitung 21: 349 (1896)
= Hepatica nobilis f. albiflora (R.Hoffm.) Steyerm.; Rhodora 62: 232 (1960)
= Hepatica nobilis f. rosea (R.Hoffm.) Steyerm.; Rhodora 62: 232 (1960)
= Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (Pursh) Steyerm.; Rhodora 62: 232 (1960)
= Hepatica triloba var. acuta Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 2: 391 (1813 (1814))
= Hepatica triloba var. acutiloba (DC.) R.Warner
species :
Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl.; Bot. Reg., t. 387 (1819)
Name: Roundlobe hepatica
Distribution: Canada (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)
71 CDN 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA
Remarks: status still disputed (variety of H. nobilis or bona species
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone americana (DC.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 33: 271 (1958), in adnot., Hultén in K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., Ser. 4, 7(1): 262 (1958)
= Anemonoides americana (DC.) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8: 165 (1973)
= Hepatica americana f. cahnae Farw.; Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 3: 97 (1924)
= Hepatica americana f. candida Fernald; Rhodora 19: 46 (1917)
= Hepatica americana f. purpurea (Farw.) Farw.; Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 3: 97 (1924)
= Hepatica americana f. rhodantha Fernald; Rhodora 19: 46 (1917)
= Hepatica americana var. maculata Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11: 56 (1928)
= Hepatica americana var. parviflora (Farw.) Farw.; Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 3: 97 (1924)
= Hepatica hepatica var. parviflora Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 17: 169 (1916)
= Hepatica hepatica var. purpurea Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 17: 169 (1916)
= Hepatica nobilis f. cahnae (Farw.) Steyerm.; Rhodora 62: 232 (1960)
= Hepatica nobilis f. candida (Fernald) Steyerm.; Rhodora 62: 232 (1960)
= Hepatica nobilis f. obtusa (Pursh) Beck; Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeitung 21: 349 (1896)
= Hepatica nobilis f. purpurea (Farw.) Steyerm.; Rhodora 62: 232 (1960)
= Hepatica nobilis f. rhodantha (Fernald) Steyerm.; Rhodora 62: 232 (1960)
= Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm.; Rhodora 62: 232 (1960)
= Hepatica triloba var. americana DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 216 (1817)
= Hepatica triloba var. obtusa Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 2: 391 (1813 publ. 1814)
species :
Hepatica falconeri (Thomson) Steward; Rhodora 29: 53 (1927)
Distribution: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Pakistan (Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Azad Kashmir); NW-India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir)
32 KAZ KGZ TZK 40 IND PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone falconeri Thomson; Icon. Pl. 9: t. 899 (1852)
= Hepatica falconeri (Thomson) Juz.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 7: 284 (1937), isonym
species :
Hepatica henryi (Oliv.) Steward; Rhodora 29: 53 (1927)
Distribution: China (W-Hubei, N-Hunan, Shanxi, Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone henryi Oliv.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 16: t. 1570 (1887)
= Anemone yamatutai (Nakai) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 33(9): 271-272 (1958)
= Hepatica henryi f. pleniflora Xiao D.Li & J.Q.Li; Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 31(11): 2333 (2011)
= Hepatica yamatutae Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 13(5): 311-312, f. 14 (1937)
species :
Hepatica insularis Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 237, 308 (1937)
Distribution: South Korea (incl. Cheju Isl.)
38 KOR
species :
Hepatica japonica (Nakai) Mabuchi & J.Massey; World Hepat. 112 (2022)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (Anhui, Henan, Liaoning, SE-Shaanxi, Zhejiang); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu)
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO
Remarks: status still disputed (variety of H. nobilis or bona species)
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone hepatica f. magna M.Hiroe; Forest Pl. Hist. Jap. Islands 1: 145 (1974)
= Anemone hepatica f. nipponica (Nakai) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 71 (1953)
= Anemone hepatica f. variegata (Makino) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 33(9): 273 (1958)
= Anemone hepatica var. asiatica (Nakai) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 33(9): 273 (1958)
= Anemone hepatica var. japonica (Nakai) Ohwi; Fl. Jap. [Ohwi] 518 (1953)
= Anemone hepatica var. nipponica (Nakai) M.Hiroe; Forest Pl. Hist. Jap. Islands 1: 145 (1974)
= Anemone hepatica var. pubescens M.Hiroe; Forest Pl. Hist. Jap. Islands 1: 145 (1974)
= Hepatica asiatica f. acutiloba Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 310 (1937)
= Hepatica asiatica f. obtusiloba Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 310 (1937)
= Hepatica asiatica f. yuseongii (Y.N.Lee) M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl., ed. 3: 518 (2017)
= Hepatica asiatica Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 13(5): 307, 309-310 (1937)
= Hepatica asiatica var. yuseongii Y.N.Lee; Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 7: 8 (2007)
= Hepatica japonica f. candida Mabuchi & J.Massey; World Hepat. 112 (2022)
= Hepatica japonica f. lutea (Kadota) Mabuchi & J.Massey; World Hepat. 112 (2022)
= Hepatica japonica f. magna (M.Hiroe) Mabuchi & J.Massey; World Hepat. 112 (2022)
= Hepatica japonica f. variegata (Makino) Mabuchi & J.Massey; World Hepat. 112 (2022)
= Hepatica japonica f. zaoensis (Ohno & S.Tsuru) Mabuchi & J.Massey; World Hepat. 112 (2022)
= Hepatica japonica var. candida Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 88 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. echigoensis Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 64 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. etchuensis Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 66 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. kantoensis Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 54 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. kyusyuensis Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 56 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. magna (M.Hiroe) Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 68 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. nipponica (Nakai) Mabuchi & J.Massey; World Hepat. 112 (2022)
= Hepatica japonica var. pubescens (M.Hiroe) Mabuchi & J.Massey; World Hepat. 112 (2022)
= Hepatica japonica var. sadoensis Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 70 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. sanyoensis Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 81 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. tanzawaensis Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 58 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. tohokuensis Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 96 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. variegata (Makino) Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 84 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. yoneyamaensis Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 72 (2023)
= Hepatica japonica var. zaoensis (Y.Ohno & S.Tsuru) Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 92 (2023)
= Hepatica nobilis f. japonica (Nakai) Yonek.; J. Jap. Bot. 86: 232 (2011)
= Hepatica nobilis f. lutea Kadota; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 2a: 297 (2006)
= Hepatica nobilis f. magna M.Hiroe; Forest Pl. Hist. Jap. Islands 1: 145 (1974)
= Hepatica nobilis f. pubescens (M.Hiroe) Kadota; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 2a: 297 (2006)
= Hepatica nobilis f. zaoensis Ohno & S.Tsuru; Wild Orchids Japan 9: 77 (2016)
= Hepatica nobilis var. asiatica (Nakai) H.Hara; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6(2): 51 (1952)
= Hepatica nobilis var. japonica Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 307 (1937)
= Hepatica nobilis var. nipponica (Nakai) M.Hiroe; Forest Pl. Hist. Jap. Islands 1: 145 (1974)
= Hepatica nobilis var. nipponica Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 306 (1937)
= Hepatica nobilis var. pubescens (M.Hiroe) M.Hiroe; Forest Pl. Hist. Jap. Islands 1: 145 (1974)
= Hepatica pubescens (M.Hiroe) Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 16 (2023)
= Hepatica triloba f. variegata Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 6(8): E17 (1929)
species :
Hepatica maxima (Nakai) Nakai; Rep. Veg. Ooryongto 19 (1919)
Distribution: South Korea (Ulleung Isl.)
38 KOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone maxima Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 27 (1917)
= Hepatica asiatica var. maxima (Nakai) M.Park
species :
Hepatica nobilis Schreb.; Spic. Fl. Lips. 39 (1771)
Name: Gewöhnliches Leberblümchen (DE)
Distribution: Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; France; Corsica; Italy; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; N-Greece (very rare Mt. Varnounda); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Siberia (W-Siberia)
10 DEN FIN NOR SWE 11 AUT CZE GER HUN LIE POL SLO SWI 12 ADO COR FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SMA SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT MLD RUS 30 SIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone angulosa Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 169 (1783)
= Anemone hepatica f. alba (Gürke) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 3: 529 (1912)
= Anemone hepatica f. marmorata (T.Moore) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 3: 529 (1912)
= Anemone hepatica f. striata Evers ex Murr; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 17(1-2): 12 (1899)
= Anemone hepatica L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 538 (1753) (syn. subst.)
= Anemone hepatica subsp. alba Gürke; Pl. Eur. [K.Richter] 1: 478 (1890)
= Anemone hepatica subsp. rhaetica Murr; Neue Übers. Bl.-Pfl. Vorarlberg Liechtenstein 2: 114 (1923)
= Anemone hepatica var. glabrata Fr.; Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 3: 45 (1842)
= Anemone hepatica var. glabrata Kindb.; Östgöta Fl. 223 (1861), nom. illeg.
= Anemone praecox Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 371 (1796)
= Anemone triloba (Chaix) Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 243 (1812)
= Hepatica alba Mill.; Hepatica no. 3 (1768), nom. inval.
= Hepatica anemonoides Vest; Man. Bot. [Vest] 806 (1805)
= Hepatica angulosa (Lam.) DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 217 (1817)
= Hepatica hepatica (L.) Britton; Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 6: 233 (1891)
= Hepatica hepatica (L.) H.Karst.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten] 559 (1882)
= Hepatica nobilis Mill.; Hepatica no. 1 (1768), nom. inval.
= Hepatica plena Mill.; Hepatica no. 2 (1768), nom. inval.
= Hepatica rhaetica Brügger; Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubündens 17: 86 (1874), nom. inval.
= Hepatica rubra Mill.; Hepatica no. 5 (1768), nom. inval.
= Hepatica triloba Chaix; Pl. Vapinc. 32 (1785) (nom. illeg.)
= Hepatica triloba f. albiflora Zapał.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 8B(48B): 193 (1909 publ. 1908)
= Hepatica triloba f. subquinqueloba Zapał.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 8B(48B): 193 (1909 publ. 1908)
= Hepatica triloba f. tetraphylla Zapał.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 8B(48B): 193 (1909 publ. 1908)
= Hepatica triloba var. seretensis Zapał.; Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, Nauki Biol., Ser. 3, 8B(48B): 193 (1909 publ. 1908)
= Hepatica vulgaris Mill.; Hepatica no. 4 (1768), nom. inval.
species :
Hepatica obuseensis Y.Ohno & H.Tsuboi; World Hepaticas 14 (2023)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Hepatica obuseensis var. grandistigma Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 15 (2023)
= Hepatica obuseensis var. longistigma Y.Ohno; World Hepaticas 14 (2023)
species :
Hepatica tosaensis Y.Ohno & Hirooka; World Hepaticas 15 (2023)
Distribution: Japan (Shikoku)
38 JAP
species :
Hepatica transsilvanica Fuss; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 1: 83 (1850)
Name: Siebenbürger Leberblümchen (DE)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Slovakia; C-Romania
11 ger SLO 13 ROM
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone transsilvanica (Fuss) Heuff.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 42 (1858)
= Anemone transsilvanica f. acerifolia Kárpáti; Bot. Közlem. 37(1-2): 24 (1940)
= Anemone transsilvanica f. obtusata Kárpáti; Bot. Közlem. 37(1-2): 24 (1940)
= Anemone transsilvanica f. pseudomedia Kárpáti; Bot. Közlem. 37(1-2): 24 (1940)
= Hepatica multiloba Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 1: 116 (1850)
species :
Hepatica ×media Simonk.; Enum. Fl. Transsilv. 38 (1886), et in Természetrajzi Füz. 10: 179 (1886)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Slovakia; C-Romania; etc.
11 ger SLO 13 ROM
Remarks: Hepatica nobilis x transsilvanica
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone ×media (Simonk.) Karpati; Bot. Közlem. 37: 22, cum descr. ampl. (1940)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.02 (Feb. 1st, 2026)

Covering 358,774 accepted species,
8,847 hybrids, 48,003 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,006,442 synonyms,
in total 1,422,066* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life