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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.8714 Genus Hypobathrum Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1007 (1826)
Distribution: Burma, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Philippines
Species listed in database: 28
= Higginsia Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 988 (1826)
= Petunga DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 398 (1830)
= Phylanthera Noronha; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 5(4): 3 (1790), nomen
= Spicillaria A.Rich.; Mém. Rubiac. 172 (1830)
species :
Hypobathrum bangueyense Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 101 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo (Sabah)
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum brevipes Koord. & Valeton; Meded. Lands Plantentuin 59: 112 (1902)
Distribution: ?Borneo; Jawa
42 JAW
species :
Hypobathrum caudifolium Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 102 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum collinum Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 103 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum coniferum (Ridl.) Kiew; Gard. Bull. Singapore 55(2): 182 (2003)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia; +Singapore
42 MLY SNG
Synonyms: hidden
= Petunga conifera Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 79: 81 (1918)
species :
Hypobathrum coniocarpum (Korth.) Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 104 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Petunga coniocarpa Korth.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(2): 173 (1851)
species :
Hypobathrum ellipticifolium Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 104 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo (Kalimantan)
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum frutescens Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1007 (1826)
Distribution: Sumatera; Jawa; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali)
42 JAW LSI SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Higginsia glomerata Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 989 (1826)
= Petunga glomerata DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 399 (1830)
species :
Hypobathrum glaberrimum Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 105 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum glabrum Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 106 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum gracile (Korth.) Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 107 (2002)
Distribution: Sumatera; Borneo
42 BOR SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Petunga gracilis Korth.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(2): 173 (1851)
= Petunga pentamera C.E.C.Fisch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 181 (1932)
species :
Hypobathrum hirtum (Ridl.) Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 107 (2002)
Distribution: peninsular Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Perak, Pahang); Sumatera
41 THA 42 MLY SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Hypobathrum longifolium var. hirta (Ridl.) K.M.Wong; Tree Fl. Malaya 4: 354 (1989)
= Petunga hirta Ridl.; J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 1: 69 (1923)
species :
Hypobathrum hoaense Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 270 (1923)
Distribution: Vietnam
41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Xantonnea hoaensis Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 270 (1923)
species :
Hypobathrum lancifolium Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 107 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Petunga lanceolata Korth.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(2): 171 (1851)
species :
Hypobathrum lithophilum Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 108 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum longifolium (DC.) K.M.Wong; Tree Fl. Malaya 4: 354 (1989)
Distribution: Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Penang, Perak, Pahang); Sumatera; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines (Mindanao); Jawa
41 THA 42 BOR JAW MLY PHI SUL SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Higginsia longifolia Blume ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 399 (1830), pro syn.
= Lasianthus subspicatus King & Gamble; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 73: 118 (1904)
= Litosanthes subspicata (King & Gamble) Deb & M.G.Gangop.; Candollea 44: 223 (1989)
= Petunga longifolia DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 399 (1830)
species :
Hypobathrum microcarpum (Blume) Bakh.f.; Bekn. Fl. Java, Afl. 15: Fam. 173, 101 (1956)
Distribution: Andaman Isl. (South Andaman Isl., Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (North Nicobar Isl., Central Nicobar Isl.); peninsular Malaysia (once from Perlis); Sumatera; Borneo; Sulawesi; Jawa; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.)
41 AND NCB 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY SUL SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Gynopachis deflectens Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 222 (1857)
= Higginsia microcarpa Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 988 (1826)
= Petunga microcarpa (Blume) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 399 (1830)
species :
Hypobathrum palustre Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 109 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo (Kalimantan)
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum parviflorum Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 236 (1857)
Distribution: Jawa
42 JAW
species :
Hypobathrum purpuricarpum (Elmer) M.H.J.van der Meer; Cact. Phantast. 2025(1): 1 (2025)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia purpuricarpa Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 9: 3267 (1934)
species :
Hypobathrum racemosum (Roxb.) Kurz; Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, App. B: 59 (1875), in clavi
Distribution: India (West Bengal); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Central Nicobar Isl., Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Bago, Mon, Taninthayi); SE- & peninsular Thailand; Cambodia; S-Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Borneo; Jawa; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.)
40 BAN IND 41 AND CBD MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Petunga floribunda (King) Ridl.; Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 85 (1923)
= Petunga racemosa (Roxb.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 4: 80 (1891)
= Petunga racemosa var. pedicellata Craib; Fl. Siam 2: 125 (1932)
= Petunga roxburghii DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 399 (1830), nom. illeg.
= Petunga roxburghii var. floribunda King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 72: 223 (1903)
= Petunga variabilis Hassk.; Flora 25(2, 1. Beibl.): 24 (1842), et 28: 232 (1845)
= Randia polysperma Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 15 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 146 (1824), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 527 (1832)
= Randia racemosa Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 144 (1824)
= Spicillaria leschenaultii A.Rich.; Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 5: 252 (1830)
species :
Hypobathrum rheophyticum Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 110 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum riparium Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 111 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum rufidulum (Miq.) Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 112 (2002)
Distribution: Sumatera; Borneo
42 BOR SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Gynopachis rufidula Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 221 (1857)
= Petunga rufidula (Miq.) Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 131 (1869)
species :
Hypobathrum salicinum (Miq.) Bakh.f.; Rheophytes World [Steenis] 353 (1981)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Petunga salicina Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 132 (1869)
species :
Hypobathrum sampitense Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 112 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo (Kalimantan)
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum subulatum Mulyan. & Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(1): 113 (2002)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
species :
Hypobathrum venulosum (Hook.f.) K.M.Wong; Tree Fl. Malaya 4: 355 (1989)
Distribution: peninsular Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (widespread); Sumatera (incl. Mentawai)
41 THA 42 MLY SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia venulosa Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 8301 (1847), nomen
= Petunga venulosa Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 121 (1880)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life