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437.0000 Family Ericaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 159 (1789), nom. cons.
127 genera, ca. 4500 spp. The inclusion of Empetraceae, Pyrolaceae, Epacridaceae and Monotropaceae follows conclusive molecular evidence.
Species listed in database: 4571; hybrids: 125
= Andromedaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 428 (1843)
= Arbutaceae Bromhead; Mag. Nat. Hist. 4: 337, 338 (1840)
= Arctostaphylaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 106 (1858)
= Azaleaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 272, 294 (1818)
= Diplarchaceae Klotzsch; Allg. Deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung 3: 230 (1857)
= Empetraceae Hook. & Lindl.; Fl. Scot. 297 (1821), nom. cons.
= Epacridaceae R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 535 (1810), nom. cons.
= Hypopityaceae Klotzsch; Linnaea 24: 11 (1851)
= Ledaceae J.F.Gmel.; Allg. Gesch. Pflanzengifte, ed. 2: 404 (1803)
= Menziesiaceae Klotzsch; Linnaea 24: 11 (1851)
= Monotropaceae Nutt.; Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall] 1: 272 (1818), nom. cons.
= Oxycoccaceae A.Kern.; Pflanzenleben 2: 713, 714 (1891)
= Prionotaceae Hutch.; Evol. Phylogeny Fl. Pl. 306 (1969)
= Pyrolaceae Lindl.; Syn. Brit. Fl. 175 (1829), nom. cons.
= Rhododendraceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 158 (1789)
= Rhodoraceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 2: 449 (1799)
= Salaxidaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 104 (1858)
= Salazariaceae F.A.Barkley; Phytologia 32: 304 (1975)
= Stypheliaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 72 (1834)
= Vacciniaceae DC. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 228 (1818), nom. cons.
437.2207 Genus Hypopitys Hill; Brit. Herb. [Hill] 221 (1756)
Distribution: Europe, European Russia, Asia, ?North America
Species listed in database: 2
species :
Hypopitys hypophegea (Wallr.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 3: 866 (1834)
Name: Buchenspargel, Kahler Fichtenspargel (DE)
Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, +Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine
11 AUT CZE GER HUN LIE SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH CRO ITA SLV SMA 14 MLD RUS UKR
Synonyms: hidden
= Hypopitys glabra (Roth) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 7: 780 (1839), nom. illeg.
= Hypopitys monotropa subsp. hypophegea (Wallr.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 32: 184 (2000)
= Hypopitys multiflora var. glabra (Roth) Bellynck; Fl. Namur 30 (1855)
= Hypopitys multiflora var. glabra (Roth) Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 934 (1846)
= Hypopitys rivini var. glabra (Roth) Ces., Pass. & Gibelli; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Cesati] 2: 418 (1877)
= Monotropa glabra (Roth) Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 411 (1831), nom. illeg.
= Monotropa hypophegea Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 1: 191 (1822)
= Monotropa hypopitys f. ramosa (Rouy) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 1599 (1926)
= Monotropa hypopitys f. rosea A.Siegel; Mitt. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 4(3): 37 (1924)
= Monotropa hypopitys f. serotina (Rouy) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 1599 (1926)
= Monotropa hypopitys subsp. glabra (Bernh. ex Rchb.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg, 1. Aufl.: 268 (1834), nom. illeg.
= Monotropa hypopitys subsp. glabra (Roth) Wohlf.; Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl., ed. 3 [Hallier & Brand] 1947 (1902)
= Monotropa hypopitys subsp. hypophegea (Wallr.) Holmboe; Bergens Mus. Årbog (Årbok) 1919-1920: 15 (1920)
= Monotropa hypopitys subsp. hypophegea (Wallr.) Simonk.; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 391 (1887)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. glabra (Bernh. ex Rchb.) Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 2: 115 (1832)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. glabra Roth; Tent. Fl. Germ. 2(1): 462 (1782)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. hypophegea (Wallr.) Wahlenb.; Fl. Suec. [Wahlenberg] 1: 248 (1824)
species :
Hypopitys monotropa Crantz; Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 467 (1766)
Name: Echter Fichtenspargel (DE), Pinesap, Yellow Bird´s-nest (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, S-Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of mainland, Kefalonia); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Algeria; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains); China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, W-Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, N-Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan); Tibet; Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Taiwan; Pakistan (Kurram, Swat, Hazara); Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Myanmar; N-Thailand; Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Honduras
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT ROM SIC SLV SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 20 ALG 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ 33 AZE GEO NCS 34 CYP IRN TUR 36 CHI TIB 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO TAI 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA THA 70 ASK 71 CDN 72 CDN SPM 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 GUA HON
Synonyms: hidden
= Hypopitys americana (DC.) Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 8: 272 (1842)
= Hypopitys americana (DC.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 880 (1903), isonym
= Hypopitys dentata Raf.; Med. Repos., Ser. 3, 1: 297 (1810)
= Hypopitys europaea Nutt.; Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall] 1: 271 (1818)
= Hypopitys fimbriata (A.Gray) Howell; Fl. N.W. Amer. [Howell] 1: 429 (1901)
= Hypopitys hypopitys (L.) Small; Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 4: 137 (1893), nom. inval.
= Hypopitys insignata E.P.Bicknell; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 41: 413 (1914)
= Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michx.) Raf.; Med. Repos., Ser. 3. 1: 297 (1810)
= Hypopitys lanuginosa var. rosea House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 243-244: 69 (1923)
= Hypopitys latisquama Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 461 (1913) (Hypopithys)
= Hypopitys lutea Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 404 (1821)
= Hypopitys multiflora Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 285 (1771)
= Hypopitys multiflora var. americana DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 7: 780 (1839)
= Hypopitys multiflora var. hirsuta (Roth) Bellynck; Fl. Namur 30 (1855)
= Hypopitys racemosa Raf.; Med. Repos., Ser. 3, 1: 297 (1810)
= Hypopitys rivini Ruppius f. ex Ces., Pass. & Gibelli; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Cesati] 2: 418 (1877), nom. illeg.
= Hypopitys sanguinea A.Heller ex Steyerm. & J.A.Moore; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20(4): 799 (1933)
= Hypopitys secunda Raf.; Med. Repos., Ser. 3, 1: 297 (1810)
= Hypopitys stricta Raf.; Med. Repos., Ser. 3, 1: 297 (1810)
= Monotropa abietina Dumort.; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 4: 342 (1865)
= Monotropa chinensis Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 28 (1930)
= Monotropa epirrhizium St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 130 (1880)
= Monotropa fimbriata A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 629 (1873)
= Monotropa flagrans Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 191 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Monotropa hirsuta Hornem.; Fors. Oecon. Plantel., ed. 3, 2: 179 (1835) ex Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 339 (1868)
= Monotropa hypopitys f. atricha (Domin) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 494 (1979)
= Monotropa hypopitys f. rubra (Farw.) F.Seym.; Fl. New England, ed. 2: 427 (1982)
= Monotropa hypopitys f. subuniflora Domin; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk., Tr. Mat.-Prír.) 1915: 23 (1915)
= Monotropa hypopitys L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 387 (1753)
= Monotropa hypopitys subsp. hirsuta (Roth) Wohlf.; Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl., ed. 3 [Hallier & Brand] 1947 (1902), nom. inval.
= Monotropa hypopitys subsp. lanuginosa (Michx.) H.Hara; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 348 (1956)
= Monotropa hypopitys subsp. multiflora (Scop.) Fritsch; Excursionsfl. Oesterreich 426 (1897), nom. illeg.
= Monotropa hypopitys subvar. atricha Domin; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk., Tr. Mat.-Prír.) 1915: 17 (1915)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. americana (DC.) Domin; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk., Tr. Mat.-Prír.) 1915: 24 (1915)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. californica Domin; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk., Tr. Mat.-Prír.) 1915: 24 (1915)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. fimbriata Domin; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk., Tr. Mat.-Prír.) 1915: 24 (1915)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. glaberrima H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 14(6): 427 (1938)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. gracilescens Domin; Vergl. Stud. Fichenspargel 21 (1915)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. hirsuta Roth; Tent. Fl. Germ. 2: 462 (1789)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. japonica Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 428 (1876)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. latisquama (Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29: 487 (1939)
= Monotropa hypopitys var. rubra (Torr.) Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 10: 39 (1926)
= Monotropa hypoxya Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 317 (1825)
= Monotropa japonica Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 297 (1875), nomen
= Monotropa lanuginosa Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Michaux] 2: 266 (1803)
= Monotropa lanuginosa var. glabriuscula Torr.; Fl. New York 1: 457 (1843)
= Monotropa lanuginosa var. rubra Torr.; Fl. New York 1: 457 (1843)
= Monotropa latisquama (Rydb.) Hultén; Fl. Alaska & Yukon (Acta Univ. Lund., Ser. 2, 40: No. 1) 1216 (1948)
= Monotropa multiflora (Scop.) Fritsch; Excursionsfl. Oesterreich 426 (1897)
= Monotropa nepalensis Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7252 (1832), nom. inval.
= Monotropa nipponica H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 810 (1938), anglice
= Monotropa procera Eaton; Man. Bot. [A.Eaton], ed. 2: 324 (1818)
= Monotropa squamiformis Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 421 (1867)
= Monotropa taiwaniana S.S.Ying; Quart. J. Chin. Forest. 9(1): 126, f. 6 (1976)
= Monotropa uniflora var. nipponica (H.Hara) Makino; Ill. Fl. Nippon t. 6 (1940), nom. inval.
= Orobanche hypopitys (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 228 (1768)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life