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479.0000 Family Solanaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 124 (1789), nom. cons.
96 genera, ca. 2900 spp. Phylogeny: Olmstead et al. (2008), Cole et al. (2020)
Species listed in database: 2781; hybrids: 19
= Atropaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 57 (1820)
= Browalliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 243 (1820)
= Cestraceae Schltdl.; Linnaea 8: 250 (1833)
= Daturaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 243 (1820)
= Duckeodendraceae Kuhlm.; Arq. Serv. Florest. 3: 7 (1950)
= Goetzeaceae Miers; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 191 (1870)
= Hyoscyamaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 272, 294 (1818)
= Lyciaceae Raf.; Autik. Bot. 1: 15 (1840)
= Nicotianaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 416 (1820)
= Nolanaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 244 (1820), nom. cons.
= Salpiglossidaceae Hutch.; Evol. Phylogeny Fl. Pl. 631 (1969)
= Sclerophylacaceae Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 58 (1848)
479.8011 Genus Iochroma Benth.; Edwards´s Bot. Reg. 30: t. 20 (1845)
Distribution: Galapagos Isl., Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, NW-Argentina
Species listed in database: 40
= Acnistus Schott; Wiener Z. Kunst 4: 1180 (1829) ex Linnaea 6(Lit.): 54 (1831)
= Chaenesthes Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 336 (1845)
= Cleochroma Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 349 (1848)
= Codochonia Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13: t. 482 (1852)
= Diplukion Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 53 (1838)
= Ephaiola Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 124 (1838)
= Eplateia Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 57 (1838)
= Pederlea Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 54 (1838)
= Valteta Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 53 (1838)
species :
Iochroma albianthum S.Leiva; Arnaldoa 12(1-2): 72 (2005)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma amicorum M.A.Cueva, S.D.Sm. & S.Leiva; Phytotaxa 227(2): 149 (2015)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma arborescens (L.) J.M.H.Shaw; Plantsman 17: 200 (2018)
Name: Galán arbóreo, Gallinero, Palo de gallina, Hollowheart; Mata gallina (Dominican Republic), Bastard sirio, Hollow heart, Siyou, Tabak djab, Wild tobacco (Lesser Antilles)
Distribution: India [c]; Mexico (Chiapas, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, México State, Michoacan, Queretaro); Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Tortola); St. Martin/St. Maarten; Saba; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta, Norte de Santander, Santander); Venezuela (Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Lara, Merida, Monagas, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo); Ecuador; Peru; NE-Brazil (Ceara, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul)
40 ind 79 MEX 80 COS HON NIC 81 ABA BBD CUB DOM GDL GRE HIS MAR MTS PUE SAB STL STM STV TRT VIR 82 CLM VEN 83 ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Acnistus aggregatus (Ruiz & Pav.) Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 341 (1845)
= Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl.; Linnaea 7: 67 (1832)
= Acnistus benthamii Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 342 (1845)
= Acnistus campanulatus (Lam.) Merr.; J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 213 (1948)
= Acnistus cauliflorus (Jacq.) Schott; Wiener Z. Kunst 4: 1180 (1829)
= Acnistus cerasus Hieron. ex Seckt; Revista Univ. Nac. Cordoba 16-17: 438 (1930)
= Acnistus floccosus Werderm.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 372 (1935)
= Acnistus floribundus (Kunth) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 461 (1837)
= Acnistus frutescens Bello; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 299 (1881)
= Acnistus grandiflorus (Wild.) Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 344 (1845)
= Acnistus guayaquilensis (Kunth) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 461 (1837)
= Acnistus lehmannii Dammer; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 390 (1919)
= Acnistus macrophyllus (Benth.) Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1288 (1924)
= Acnistus miersii Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 497 (1852)
= Acnistus plumieri Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 340 (1845)
= Acnistus pringlei Fernald; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 40: 56 (1904)
= Acnistus punctatus Ridl.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 139 (1925)
= Acnistus ramiflorus Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 342 (1845)
= Acnistus sideroxyloides (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 461 (1837)
= Acnistus virgatus Griseb.; Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 247 (1879)
= Atropa arborea Willd. ex Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 497 (1852)
= Atropa arborescens L.; Cent. Pl. II: 10 (1756)
= Atropa arborescens Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 685 (1819), nom. illeg.
= Atropa sideroxyloides Willd.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 486 (1819)
= Atropa solanacea All. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 170 (1841)
= Brachistus oblongifolius Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, 3: 266 (1849)
= Capsicum oblongifolium (Miers) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 449 (1891)
= Cestrum campanulatum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1(2): 688 (1785)
= Cestrum cauliflorum Jacq.; Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 41, t. 325 (1798)
= Cestrum cauliflorum Sieber ex Bercht. & C.Presl; Prír. Rostlin Aneb. Rostl. 52 (1823)
= Cestrum kohauti Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin Aneb. Rostl. 52 (1823)
= Cestrum macrostemon Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 49 (1894)
= Dunalia arborescens (L.) Sleumer; Lilloa 23: 124 (1950)
= Dunalia arborescens var. campanulata (Lam.) J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(V-B, 1): 45 (1962)
= Dunalia campanulata (Lam.) J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 107 (1930)
= Dunalia macrophylla (Benth.) Sleumer; Lilloa 23: 126 (1950)
= Ephaiola odorata Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 124 (1838)
= Eplateia arborescens (L.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 57 (1838)
= Lycium aggregatum Ruiz & Pav.; Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz & Pavon] 2: 45 (1799)
= Lycium arborescens (L.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 701 (1824)
= Lycium floribundum Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 51 (1818)
= Lycium grandiflorum Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 82 (1841)
= Lycium grandifolium Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 698 (1819)
= Lycium guayaquilense Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 50 (1818)
= Lycium macrophyllum Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 49 (1843)
= Pederlea aggregata (Ruiz & Pav.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 54 (1838)
= Pederlea arborescens (L.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 54 (1838)
= Pederlea cestroides Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 54 (1838)
= Solanum congestum Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 82, t. 90 (1825 publ. 1829)
= Solanum solanaceum (All. ex Steud.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 647 (1916 publ. 1917)
species :
Iochroma ayabacense S.Leiva; Arnaldoa 12(1-2): 76 (2005)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma barbozae S.Leiva & Deanna; Arnaldoa 20(1): 28 (2014)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma baumii S.D.Sm. & S.Leiva; Novon 21(4): 493 (2011)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
species :
Iochroma brevistamineum Dammer; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 387 (1905)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
species :
Iochroma cachicadanum S.Leiva; Arnaldoa 21(2): 282 (2015)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma calycinum Benth.; Edwards´s Bot. Reg., sub t. 20 (1845)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Cleochroma calycina (Benth.) Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 350 (1848)
= Cleochroma macrocalyx Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 350 (1848)
= Iochroma macrocalyx Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 339 (1845)
= Juanulloa grandiflora Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 531 (1852)
= Juanulloa umbellata Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 530 (1852)
species :
Iochroma confertiflorum (Miers) Hunz.; Kurtziana 15: 100 (1982)
Distribution: Ecuador; Peru
83 ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Acnistus confertiflorus Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, 4: 31 (1849)
species :
Iochroma cornifolium (Kunth) Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 347 (1848)
Distribution: Ecuador; Peru
83 ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Acnistus cornifolius (Kunth) Hunz.; Bol. Acad. Ci. (Córdoba) 41: 237 (1960)
= Chaenesthes cornifolia (Kunth) Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 338 (1845)
= Diplukion cornifolium (Kunth) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 53 (1838)
= Dunalia cornifolia (Kunth) Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 527 (1852)
= Lycium cornifolium Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 54 (1818)
= Lycium ovale Willd. ex Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 527 (1852)
species :
Iochroma cyaneum (Lindl.) M.L.Green; Standard-Sp. Nomina Conservanda 54, 63 (1926)
Distribution: Kenya [I]; India [c]; Sri Lanka [I]; Mexico [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Ecuador; Peru [I]; Bolivia [c]
25 ken 40 ind srl 79 mex 81 his 83 bol ECU per
Synonyms: hidden
= Cestrum cyaneum (Lindl.) Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 263 (1847)
= Chaenesthes lanceolata Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 338 (1845)
= Dunalia tubulosa (Benth.) J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13: vb. No. 1, 52 (1962)
= Habrothamnus cyaneus Lindl.; Edwards´s Bot. Reg., Misc. 72 (1844)
= Iochroma lanceolatum (Miers) Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 347 (1848)
= Iochroma tonelianum Van Houtte; Nursery Cat. (Louis van Houtte) 177: 126 (1878-1879 publ. 1878)
= Iochroma tubulosum Benth.; Edwards´s Bot. Reg. 31: t. 20 (1845)
= Iochroma weberbaueri Dammer; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 366 (1918)
= Meyenia cyanea (Lindl.) Heynh.; Alph. Aufz. Gew. 404 (1847)
species :
Iochroma edule S.Leiva; Arnaldoa 3(1): 41 (1995)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma ellipticum (Hook.f.) Hunz.; Kurtziana 10: 21 (1977)
Distribution: Galapagos
83 GAL
Synonyms: hidden
= Acnistus ellipticus Hook.f.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 205 (1850)
= Acnistus insularis B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 38: 198 (1902)
species :
Iochroma fuchsioides (Kunth) Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 345 (1848)
Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Cundinamarca, Nariño, Putumayo, Quindío); Ecuador
82 CLM 83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Chaenesthes fuchsioides (Bonpl.) Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 337 (1845)
= Dunalia aurantiaca Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13: t. 527 (1852)
= Iochroma puniceum Werderm.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 371 (1935)
= Iochroma sodiroi Dammer; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 385 (1905)
= Lycium fuchsioides Bonpl.; Pl. Aequinoct. [Humboldt & Bonpland] 1: 147 (1807)
= Valteta fuchsioides (Bonpl.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 53 (1838)
species :
Iochroma gesnerioides (Kunth) Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 346 (1848)
Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Cundinamarca, Nariño, Putumayo, Quindío, Risaralda, Tolima, Valle); Ecuador
82 CLM 83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Acnistus gesnerioides (Kunth) Hunz.; Bol. Acad. Ci. (Córdoba) 41: 237 (1960)
= Chaenesthes gesnerioides (Kunth) Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 338 (1845)
= Chaenesthes umbrosa (Kunth) Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 337 (1848)
= Diplukion umbrosum (Kunth) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 53 (1838)
= Dunalia gesnerioides (Kunth) Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 527 (1852)
= Dunalia umbrosa (Kunth) Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 528 (1852)
= Iochroma coccineum Scheidw.; J. Gén. Hort. 12: 151 (1857)
= Iochroma flavum André; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 69: 360 (1898)
= Iochroma gesnerioides var. flavum (André) J.M.H.Shaw; New Plantsman 5: 176 (1998)
= Iochroma umbrosa (Kunth) Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 346 (1848)
= Lycium gesnerioides Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 53 (1818)
= Lycium umbrosum Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 54 (1818)
= Vateta gesnerioides (Kunth) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 53 (1838)
species :
Iochroma lehmannii Bitter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 149 (1918)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
species :
Iochroma lilacinum S.Leiva & K.Lezama; Arnaldoa 16(1): 14 (2009)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma longipes Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 344 (1848)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Chaenesthes longipes (Miers) Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 489 (1852)
species :
Iochroma loxense (Kunth) Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 347 (1848)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Acnistus loxensis (Kunth) Hunz.; Bol. Acad. Ci. (Córdoba) 41: 237 (1960)
= Chaenesthes loxensis (Kunth) Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 338 (1848)
= Diplukion loxense (Kunth) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 53 (1838)
= Dunalia loxensis (Kunth) Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 527 (1852)
= Lycium loxense Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 53 (1818)
species :
Iochroma lyciifolia Dammer; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 637 (1906)
Distribution: Bolivia (Tarija)
83 BOL
Conservation Status: Known only from type
species :
Iochroma mionei S.Leiva & S.D.Sm.; Arnaldoa 23(1): 12 (2016)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma nitidum S.Leiva & Quip.; Arnaldoa 5(2): 172 (1998)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma orozcoae A.Orejuela & S.D.Sm.; PhytoKeys 232: 135 (2023)
Distribution: Colombia
82 CLM
species :
Iochroma ortizianthum S.Leiva & Deanna; Arnaldoa 20(1): 33 (2014)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma parvifolium (Roem. & Schult.) D´Arcy; Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45 (Cat. Fl. Pl. Gymn. Peru): 1259 (1993)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Acnistus dolichostylus Bitter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 85 (1925)
= Acnistus horridus (J.F.Macbr.) Hunz.; Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Republ. Argent. 41: 237 (1960)
= Dunalia dolichostyla (Bitter) J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 109 (1930)
= Dunalia horrida J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 108 (1930)
= Iochroma horridum (J.F.Macbr.) Hunz.; Kurtziana 10: 21 (1977)
= Lycioplesium horridum (Kunth) Miers; London J. Bot. 4: 331 (1845)
= Lycium horridum Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 52 (1818)
= Lycium microphyllum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 698 (1819)
= Lycium parvifolium Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 698 (1819)
= Lycium parvifolium var. peninsulare I.M.Johnst.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 12: 1154 (1924)
species :
Iochroma peruvianum (Dunal) J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 107 (1930)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Chaenesthes gesnerioides var. peruviana Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 488 (1852)
= Dunalia peruviana (Dunal) J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13: vb. No. 1, 50 (1962)
species :
Iochroma piuranum S.Leiva; Arnaldoa 14(2): 214 (2007)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma richardianthum S.Leiva; Arnaldoa 20(2): 284 (2014)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma rubicalyx S.Leiva & Jara; Arnaldoa 20(1): 37 (2014)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma salpoanum S.Leiva & Lezama; Arnaldoa 10(1): 96 (2003)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma schjellerupii S.Leiva & Quip.; Arnaldoa 5(2): 175 (1998)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Cestrum cyaneum Schltdl. ex Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 673 (1852), nom. inval.
species :
Iochroma smithianum K.Lezama, Limo & S.Leiva; Arnaldoa 14(1): 24 (23-28, FIGS. 1-2) (2007)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma solanifolium Dammer; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 386 (1905)
Distribution: Ecuador (type only)
83 ECU
species :
Iochroma squamosum S.Leiva & Quip.; Arnaldoa 10(1): 99 (2003)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma stenanthum S.Leiva, Quip. & N.W.Sawyer; Arnaldoa 5(1): 78 (1998)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma tingoanum S.Leiva; Arnaldoa 16(1): 18 (2009)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma tupayachianum S.Leiva; Arnaldoa 13(2): 277 (2006)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma viridescens S.Leiva; Arnaldoa 24(1): 73 (2017)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Iochroma warscewiczii Regel; Gartenflora 245, t. 130 (1855)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.06 (June 15th, 2025)

Covering 356,645 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,237 synonyms,
in total 1,416,735* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life