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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.3076 Genus Leptopetalum Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. [Hooker & Arnott] 295 (1841)
Distribution: S-China, trop. Asia, Pacific
Species listed in database: 11
= Gonotheca Blume ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 429 (1830), nom. illeg.
= Thecagonum Babu; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11: 214 (1969 publ. 1971)
species :
Leptopetalum biflorum (L.) Neupane & N.Wikstr.; Taxon 64(2): 317 (2015)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Fujian); Taiwan; Nepal; India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Maldives; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobar Isl., Central Nicobar Isl., Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Magway, Mandalay, Kachin, Sagaing); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; South China Sea Isl.; peninsular Malaysia (Penang); Singapore [I]; Sulawesi; Philippines; Jawa; Lesser Sunda Isl.; Moluccas; New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Solomon Isl.; Australia (Queensland); New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Rotuma Isl.; Tonga (Late Isl., Tongatapu, ´Eua); Niue; Fiji; Wallis & Futuna (Alofi Isl., Futuna Isl., ´Uvea Isl. and islets [Wallis]); American Samoa (Tutuila, Ofu, Olosega, Ta´u); [Western] Samoa (Aleipata Islands, ´Upolu, Savai´i); Gilbert Isl. (Butaritari); Cook Isl. (Ngaputoru Group); Palau (Gatulel, Koror, Sonsorol); Northern Marianas (Agrihan, Alamagan, Anatahan, Saipan, Tinian); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Ulithi, Woleai, Faraulep, Ifalik, Lamotrek, Satawal, Puluwat, Namonuito, Murilo, Nomwin, Truk, Rongi, Moen, Udot, Piis, Nama, Namoluk, Lukunor, Satawan, Pohnpei, Mokil, Pingelap, Kosrae); Marshall Isl. (Arno, Likiep, Majuro, Jaluit, Ailinglapalap)
36 CHI 38 TAI 40 BAN IND LDV MDV NEP SRL 41 CBD MYA NCB THA VIE 42 JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SCS sng SUL 43 SOL 50 AUS 60 ASA FIJ GIL NUE NWC ROT SAM TON VAN WAL 61 COO 62 GUM MIC MRN MRS PLU
Synonyms: hidden
= Gonotheca biflora (L.) Masam.; Sci. Rep. Kanazawa Univ., Biol. 4: 78 (1955)
= Hedyotis alsinifolia Zipp. ex Span.; Linnaea 15: 317 (1841)
= Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 1: 272 (1792)
= Hedyotis biflora var. uniflora Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 46(2): 133 (1877)
= Hedyotis blumeana Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 726 (1841)
= Hedyotis burmanniana Schult. & Schult.f.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.]: 133 (1827)
= Hedyotis debilis Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 200 (1818), nom. illeg.
= Hedyotis dichotoma Cav.; Icon. [Cavanilles] 6: 53 (1801)
= Hedyotis gracilis DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 419 (1830), nom. illeg.
= Hedyotis hermanniana R.M.Dutta; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 23: 734 (1999)
= Hedyotis media Cav.; Icon. [Cavanilles] 6: 53 (1801)
= Hedyotis multiflora Cav.; Icon. [Cavanilles] 6: 53 (1801)
= Hedyotis paniculata Rottler ex Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 417 (1834), nom. illeg.
= Hedyotis ramosissima Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 972 (1826), nom. illeg.
= Oldenlandia biflora L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 119 (1753)
= Oldenlandia brachypoda Zoll. ex Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 192 (1857), nom. inval.
= Oldenlandia dichotoma (Cav.) Willd. ex Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 4: 155 (1829), nom. illeg.
= Oldenlandia multiflora (Cav.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 427 (1830)
= Oldenlandia radicans Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 413 (1834), nom. inval.
= Thecagonum biflorum (L.) Babu; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11(1-2): 214 (1969 publ. 1971)
species :
Leptopetalum coreanum (H.Lév.) Naiki & Ohi-Toma; J. Jap. Bot. 95(3): 149 (2020)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Zhejiang); South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan
36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NNS TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis biflora var. parvifolia Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. [Hooker & Arnott] 264 (1838)
= Hedyotis coreana H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 64 (1912)
= Hedyotis strigulosa var. coreana (H.Lév.) T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 58(9): 285 (1983)
= Hedyotis strigulosa var. parvifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Hatus.; Fl. Ryukyus, ed. 2: 211 (1994), isonym
= Hedyotis strigulosa var. parvifolia (Hook. & Arn.) T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 58: 284 (1983)
= Leptopetalum coreanum var. parvifolium (Hook. & Arn.) T.C.Hsu; Taiwania 62(2): 152 (2017)
= Leptopetalum strigulosum var. parvifolium (Hook. & Arn.) T.C.Hsu; Taiwania 62: 152 (2017)
= Oldenlandia paniculata var. parvifolia A.Gray ex Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 29: 164 (1883)
= Oldenlandia strigulosa Bartl. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 427 (1830)
variant :
var. luxurians (Hatus.) Naiki & Ohi-Toma; J. Jap. Bot. 95(3): 150 (2020)
Distribution: Japan; etc.
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis coreana var. luxurians Hatus.; J. Jap. Bot. 36: 297 (1961)
= Hedyotis strigulosa var. luxurians (Hatus.) T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 58(9): 286 (1983)
= Leptopetalum strigulosum var. luxurians (Hatus.) Naiki & Ohi-Toma; J. Jap. Bot. 91(6): 342 (2016)
species :
Leptopetalum foetidum (G.Forst.) Neupane & N.Wikstr.; Taxon 64(2): 317 (2015)
Distribution: New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Tonga (Tongatapu, ´Eua, Vava´u); Niue; Fiji; American Samoa (Ofu, Olosega, Ta´u); Cook Isl. (Rarotonga, Mangaia, Ngaputoru Group); Austral Isl. (Rurutu); Northern Marianas (Maug, Asuncion, Agrihan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, Sarigan, Anatahan, Saipan, Tinian, Rota); Guam
60 ASA FIJ NUE NWC TON VAN 61 AUI COO 62 GUM MRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Gerontogea foetida (G.Forst.) Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 4: 154 (1829)
= Hedyotis foetida (G. Forst.) Forsyth f.; Bot. Nomencl. 87 (1794)
= Hedyotis foetida (G.Forst.) Sm.; Cycl. [A.Rees] 17(2): s. p. (1811), isonym
= Hedyotis foetida var. mariannensis (Merr.) Fosberg; Phytologia 5: 291 (1955)
= Hedyotis kanehirae (Hatus.) Fosberg; Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 45: 28 (1980)
= Hedyotis leptopetaloides Hatus.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 26: 222 (1936)
= Hedyotis mariannensis Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 9: 144 (1914)
= Kadua rurutensis F.Br.; Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 130, 286 (1935)
= Leptopetalum kanehirae Hatus.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 26: 218 (1936)
= Oldenlandia foetida G.Forst.; Fl. Ins. Austr. 10 (1786)
= Oldenlandia imberbis Guillaumin; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 161 (1915)
= Oldenlandia mariannensis (Merr.) Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 63: 296 (1930)
species :
Leptopetalum grayi (Hook.f.) Hatus.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 26: 218 (1936)
Distribution: Ogasawara Isl. (Chichijima, Hahajima, all major islands)
38 OGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis grayi Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 57 (1873)
= Hedyotis leptopetala A.Gray; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n. s. 6: 394 (1858 publ. 1859)
= Oldenlandia grayi (Hook.f.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 4: 26 (1891)
species :
Leptopetalum mexicanum Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. [Hooker & Arnott] 295 (1838)
Distribution: Ogasawara Isl. (Chichijima, Hahajima, adjacent small islets); Volcano Isl. (Kita Iwojima)
38 KZN OGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis bonincola Ohwi; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 5: 179 (1936)
= Hedyotis cordata Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 177 (1846), nom. illeg.
= Hedyotis hookeri (K.Schum.) Fosberg; Allertonia 6: 199 (1991)
= Hedyotis leptopetala Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 57 (1873), nom. superfl.
= Hedyotis mexicana (Hook. & Arn.) Hatus.; J. Jap. Bot. 36: 296 (1961), nom. illeg.
= Leptopetalum bonincola (Ohwi) Hosok.; Bot. & Zool. 6: 717 (1938), reimpr.
= Leptopetalum cordatum (Zucc.) Hatus.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 26: 218 (1936)
= Oldenlandia bonincola Ohwi; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 5: 179 (1936)
= Oldenlandia cordata Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [J.Matsumura] 2(2): 592 (1912), nom. illeg.
= Oldenlandia hookeri K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 4: 25 (1891)
= Oldenlandia leptopetalum K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 4: 25 (1891)
species :
Leptopetalum pachyphyllum (Tuyama) Naiki & Ohi-Toma; J. Jap. Bot. 91(6): 342 (2016)
Distribution: Volcano Isl. (Kita-Iwojima, Iwojima, Minami-Iwojima)
38 KZN
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis pachyphylla Tuyama; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 401 (1968)
species :
Leptopetalum pteritum (Blume) Neupane & N.Wikstr.; Taxon 64(2): 317 (2015)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi); India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu); Nicobar Isl.; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Melaka); Sulawesi; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Mindanao); Jawa; Lesser Sunda Isl.; Moluccas
36 CHI 40 IND 41 MYA NCB THA VIE 42 JAW LSI MLY MOL PHI PLW SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Gonotheca blumei DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 429 (1830)
= Hedyotis alata J.Koenig ex Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 1: 413 (1834)
= Hedyotis pterita Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 972 (1826)
= Oldenlandia alata (J.Koenig ex Wight & Arn.) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 70 (1880), nom. illeg.
= Oldenlandia pterita (Blume) Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 193 (1857)
= Thecagonum pteritum (Blume) Babu; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11 (1- 2): 214 (1969 publ. 1971)
species :
Leptopetalum racemosum (Lam.) Shih H.Chen & M.J.Wu; J. Taiwan Mus. 72(1-4): 42 (2019)
Distribution: Taiwan; Ryukyu Isl.; South China Sea Isl.
38 NNS TAI 42 SCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Gerontogea racemosa (Lam.) Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 4: 154 (1829)
= Hedyotis racemosa Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 80 (1786)
species :
Leptopetalum strigulosum (DC.) Neupane & N.Wikstr.; Taxon 64(2): 317 (2015)
Distribution: South China Sea Isl.; Philippines; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea, Rennell Isl.); Solomon Isl.; Palau (Gatulel, Ulebsechel, Urukthapel, Peleliu, Angaur); Northern Marianas (Anatahan, Sarigan, Saipan, Tinian, Aguijan, Rota); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Ulithi, Fais)
42 NWG PHI SCS 43 SOL 62 GUM MIC MRN PLU
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis albidopunctata (Merr.) Fosberg; Lloydia 3: 123 (1940)
= Hedyotis rennellensis Fosberg; Lloydia 3: 122 (1940)
= Hedyotis sarcophylla Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 728 (1841)
= Hedyotis strigulosa (Bartl. ex DC.) Fosberg; Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 45: 28 (1980)
= Oldenlandia albidopunctata Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 9: 147 (1914)
= Oldenlandia crassifolia DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 427 (1830)
= Oldenlandia strigulosa DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 427 (1830)
= Thecagonum strigulosum (DC.) Terrell & H.Rob.; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1: 377 (2007)
species :
Leptopetalum taiwanense (S.F.Huang & J.Murata) Shih H.Chen & M.J.Wu; J. Taiwan Mus. 72(1-4): 48 (2019)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis taiwanensis S.F.Huang & J.Murata; Taiwania 32: 214 (1987)
species :
Leptopetalum wufengchiwaterfallianum S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 7: 326 (2024)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life