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310.0000 Family Celastraceae R.Br.; Voy. Terra Austral. 2: 554 (1814), nom. cons.
ca. 100 genera, ca. 1280 spp. Phylogeny: Simmons et al. 2023
Species listed in database: 1334
= Brexiaceae Loudon; Hort. Brit. [Loudon] 524 (1830)
= Canotiaceae Airy Shaw; Kew Bull. 18: 255 (1965)
= Cassiniaceae Sch.Bip.; Flora 35: 129 (1852)
= Chingithamnaceae Hand.-Mazz.; Sinensia 2: 126 (1932)
= Euonymaceae Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl; Přír. Rostlin Aneb. Rostlin 2(110): 438, 439 (1825)
= Hippocrateaceae Juss.; Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 18: 486 (1811), nom. cons.
= Lepuropetalaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 243 (1943)
= Parnassiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 456 (1820), nom. cons., Family
= Plagiopteraceae Airy Shaw; Kew Bull. 18: 266 (1965)
= Pottingeriaceae Takht.; Sist. Magnoliof. 212 (1987), Family
= Salaciaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 101 (1838)
= Siphonodontaceae Gagnep. & Tardieu; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 14: 102 (1951), nom. cons.
= Stackhousiaceae R.Br.; Voy. Terra Austral. 2: 555 (1814), nom. cons.
310.9007 Genus Loeseneriella A.C.Sm.; Amer. J. Bot. 28: 438 (1941)
Distribution: S-China, Indochina, Malesia
Species listed in database: 30
species :
Loeseneriella africana (Willd.) R.Wilczek; Fl. Congo Belge 9: 154 (1960)
Distribution: Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; S-Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; Cabinda [Angola]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; S-Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Namibia (Caprivi Strip); South Africa (Limpopo); Bangladesh [I]
22 BKN GAM GHA GNB GUI IVO LBR MLI MTN NGA NGR SEN SIE TOG 23 BUR CAB CAF CMN CON EQG GAB RWA ZAI 24 CHA ETH SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW ZIM 27 NAM SAF 40 ban
Synonyms: hidden
= Calypso africana (Willd.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 629 (1831)
= Hippocratea africana (Willd.) Loes. ex Engl.; Veg. Erde [Engler & Drude] 9 (Pflanzenw. Afr.) 3(2): 240 (1921)
= Hippocratea cymosa De Wild. & T.Durand; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 1, 1(3): 67 (1899)
= Hippocratea odorata De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 2: 68 (1923)
= Loeseneriella africana var. schweinfurthiana (Loes.) N.Hallé
= Salacia africana (Willd.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 1: 570 (1824)
= Tonsella africana Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1: 194 (1797)
variant :
var. richardiana (Cambess. ex A.St.-Hil.) N.Hallé ex R.Wilczek; Fl. Afrique Centr. 9: 155 (1960)
Distribution: Guinea-Bissau; Benin; Congo [Brazzaville]; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo); etc.
22 BEN GNB 23 CON 26 MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea africana var. richardiana (Cambess. ex A.St.-Hil.) N.Robson
= Hippocratea nitida Oberm.; Ann. Transvaal Mus. 17: 210 (1937)
= Hippocratea richardia Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 768 (1841)
= Hippocratea richardiana Cambess.; Fl. Bras. Merid. [A.St.-Hilaire] 2: 102 (1829)
= Hippocratea schimperiana Steud. & Hochst.; Flora 24(1. Intell.): 28 ex A. Rich. (1841)
= Loeseneriella africana var. schimperiana (Steud. & Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Cufod.
variant :
var. togoensis (Loes.) N.Hallé; Fl. Gabon 29: 255 (1986)
Distribution: Togo; Benin; Nigeria; ?Gabon
22 BEN NGA TOG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea cymosa var. togoensis Loes.
species :
Loeseneriella andamanica (King) H.B.Naithani & S.Biswas; Fl. Pl. India, Nepal & Bhutan 95 (1990)
Distribution: Andaman Isl. (South Andaman Isl.)
41 AND
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea andamanica King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 359 (1896)
species :
Loeseneriella apiculata (Welw. ex Oliv.) R.Wilczek; Fl. Congo Belge 9: 151 (1960)
Distribution: Cameroon; ?Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; ?Uganda; NW-Angola
23 BUR CAF CMN CON GAB RWA ZAI 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea apiculata Welw. ex Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 369 (1868)
= Hippocratea pynaertii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 294 (1908)
species :
Loeseneriella apocynoides (Welw. ex Oliv.) N.Hallé ex A.Raynal; Fl. Méd. Trad. Miss. Rwanda 119 (1979)
Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Cabinda [Angola]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; ?Uganda; Tanzania; Angola; ?Malawi; Mozambique
22 GHA GUI IVO LBR NGA SIE 23 BUR CAB CMN CON EQG GAB RWA ZAI 25 TAN 26 ANG MOZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea apocynoides Welw. ex Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 368 (1868)
= Hippocratea gossweileri Exell; J. Bot. 65(Suppl. 1): 77 (1927)
variant :
var. guineensis (Hutch. & M.B.Moss) N.Hallé; Fl. Gabon 29: 248 (1986)
Distribution: Guinea; Togo; Benin; Cameroon; Congo [Brazzaville]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Zambia; etc.
22 BEN GUI TOG 23 CMN CON ZAI 26 ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea apocynoides subsp. guineensis (Hutch. & Moss) N.Robson
= Hippocratea bruneelii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 292 (1908)
= Hippocratea guineensis Hutch. & M.B.Moss; Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 1: 449 (1928), et in Kew Bull. 20 (1929)
= Loeseneriella guineensis (Hutch. & M.B.Moss) N.Hallé; Mém. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire 64: 120 (1962)
= Loeseneriella guineensis (Hutch. & M.B.Moss) N.Hallé ex R.Wilczek; Fl. Congo Belge 9: 152 (1960)
species :
Loeseneriella barbata (F.Muell.) C.T.White; Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 55: 61 (1944)
Distribution: Australia (Cape York, Queensland, to the Clarence River, New South Wales)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea barbata F.Muell.; Trans. & Proc. Philos. Inst. Victoria 3: 23 (1859)
= Hippocratea obtusifolia var. barbata (F.Muell.) Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 404 (1863)
species :
Loeseneriella bourdillonii (Gamble) D.C.S.Raju; J. Biol. Sci. (Bombay) 8(2): 56 (1966)
Distribution: India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Loeseneriella bourdillonii (Gamble) Ramamoorthy; Fl. Hassan Distr. [Saldanha & Nicolson] 315 (1976), isonym
= Loeseneriella bourdillonii (Gamble) Bennet & Raizada; Indian Forester 108(4): 302 (1982), isonym
= Hippocratea bourdillenii Gamble; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 132 (1916)
species :
Loeseneriella camerunica (Loes.) N.Hallé; Fl. Gabon 29: 242 (1986)
Distribution: Cameroon; Gabon
23 CMN GAB
Conservation Status: IUCN EN (Cameroon)
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea camerunica Loes.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34(1): 110 (1904)
species :
Loeseneriella chesseana (Pierre) Tardieu; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] Suppl. 1: 814 (1949)
Distribution: Cambodia; S-Vietnam
41 CBD VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea chesseana Pierre; Fl. Forest. Cochinch. t. 301 (1893)
= Salacia chesseana (Pierre) Pierre; Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 20 (1894) sub t. 312B in obs.
species :
Loeseneriella clematoides (Loes.) R.Wilczek; Fl. Congo Belge 9: 150 (1960)
Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Nigeria; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; ?Burundi; Zanzibar; Angola
22 GUI IVO LBR NGA SIE 23 CAF CMN CON EQG GAB RWA ZAI 25 TAN 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea clematoidea De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 41 (1907)
= Hippocratea clematoides Loes.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34(1): 109 (1904), et ex De Wild., Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 41 (1907)
= Hippocratea venulosa Hutch. & M.B.Moss; Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 1: 449, nomen (1928)
species :
Loeseneriella concinna A.C.Sm.; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 170 (1945)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guangdong, Hongkong)
36 CHI
species :
Loeseneriella crenata (Klotzsch) R.Wilczek; Fl. Congo Belge 9: 152 (1960)
Distribution: Cameroon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; Rwanda; Burundi; S-Somalia; Kenya; Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo)
23 BUR CAF CMN CON RWA 24 SOM 25 KEN 26 ANG MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnema crenatum Klotzsch
= Hippocratea crenata (Klotzsch) K.Schumach. & Loes. ex Loes.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 5: 228 (1893)
= Hippocratea kirkii Welw. ex Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 370 (1868)
= Loeseneriella crenata (Klotzsch) R.Wilczek ex N.Hallé; Fl. Gabon 29: 238 (1986), nom. inval.
variant :
var. loandensis (Exell) N.Hallé; Fl. Gabon 29: 239 (1986)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea lasiandra Loes.; Wiss. Ergebn. Zweit. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped. (1910-1911), Bot. 2: 58, 77 (1922), nomen, et Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 670 (1942)
= Hippocratea loandensis Exell; J. Bot. 70, Suppl. 1: 225 (1932)
species :
Loeseneriella cumingii (M.A.Lawson) Ding Hou; Blumea 12: 32 (1963)
Distribution: Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl.); peninsular Malaysia (Selangor, Melaka); Sumatra; Philippines (Luzon, Balabac, Panay, Samar)
41 NCB 42 MLY PHI SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea cumingii M.A.Lawson; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 624 (1875)
= Hippocratea ding-houi Chakrab. & M.Gangop.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 14(1): 119 (1990)
= Hippocratea trichopetala Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 13: 21 (1918)
species :
Loeseneriella dinhensis (Pierre) A.C.Sm.; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 173 (1945)
Distribution: Laos; S-Vietnam
41 LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Salacia dinhensis (Pierre) Pierre; Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 20 (1894) sub t. 312B
= Hippocratea dinhensis Pierre; Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 19 (1893) t. 301 A.
species :
Loeseneriella ectypetala N.Hallé; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 30: 467 (1958)
Distribution: Ivory Coast; Ghana; Benin; Nigeria
22 BEN GHA IVO NGA
species :
Loeseneriella griseoramula S.Y.Bao; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 46: 290 (1981)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Loeseneriella iotricha (Loes.) N.Hallé; Mém. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire 64: 118 (1962)
Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Gabon
22 GHA IVO LBR NGA SIE 23 CMN GAB
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea iotricha Loes. ex Fritsch; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 11: 340 (1902), et in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 108 (1904)
variant :
var. robida N.Hallé; Fl. Gabon 29: 252 (1986)
Distribution: Gabon
23 GAB
species :
Loeseneriella lenticellata S.Y.Bao; Legumes China 638 (2007)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Loeseneriella macrantha (Korth.) A.C.Sm.; Amer. J. Bot. 28: 439 (1941)
Distribution: Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; peninsular Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Johor); +Singapore; Sumatra (incl. Bangka Isl.); Borneo (incl. Natuna Isl.); Sulawesi; Java; Moluccas (Sula Isl.); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch. (New Ireland); Solomon Isl.; Vanuatu
40 BAN SRL 41 THA 42 BOR JAW MLY MOL NWG SNG SUL SUM 43 BIS SOL 60 VAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea hasseltiana Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 154 (1868 publ. 1869)
= Hippocratea macrantha King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 357 (1896), non Korth
= Hippocratea nigricaulis Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 75: 20 (1917)
= Hippocratea trilobulata Ridl.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 241 (1938)
variant :
var. palauica (Loes.) Fosberg; Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 45: 12 (1980)
Distribution: Palau (Babeldaob); Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Truk, Moen)
62 MIC PLU
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea macrantha var. palauica Loes.
species :
Loeseneriella merrilliana A.C.Sm.; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 172 (1945)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Loeseneriella nicobarica (Kurz) H.B.Naithani & S.Biswas; Fl. Pl. India, Nepal & Bhutan 95 (1990)
Distribution: Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobar Isl., Central Nicobar Isl., Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.)
41 NCB
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea nicobarica Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 44: 203 (1875)
= Salacia nicobarica (Kurz) D.C.S.Raju; J. Biol. Sci. (Bombay) 8(2): 58 (1965 publ. 1966)
species :
Loeseneriella obtusifolia (Roxb.) A.C.Sm.; Amer. J. Bot. 28: 440 (1941)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka; Myanmar (Taninthayi, Yangon); Thailand; Laos
40 IND SRL 41 LAO MYA THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea grandiflora Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 4213 (1831)
= Hippocratea obtusifolia Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 5 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 170 (1820), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 166 (1832)
= Hippocratea rigida Hampe ex M.A.Lawson; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 624 (1875)
= Hippocratea tortuosa Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 4216 (1831)
= Loeseneriella africana var. obtusifolia (Roxb.) N.Hallé; Fl. Gabon 29: 255 (1986)
= Loeseneriella indochinensis Tardieu; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] Suppl. 1: 815 (1949), sine descr. lat., et in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 95: 262 (1949)
species :
Loeseneriella parkinsonii (Chakrab. & Gang.) Naithani; Fl. Ind. 5: 144 (2000)
Distribution: Andaman Isl. (South Andaman Isl.)
41 AND
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea parkinsonii Chakrab. & M.Gangop.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 14(1): 124 (1990)
species :
Loeseneriella pauciflora (DC.) A.C.Sm.; Amer. J. Bot. 28: 440 (1941)
Distribution: India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, West Bengal); Andaman Isl. (Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl.); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu, Penang Isl., Perak, Pahang, Selangor); Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines (Mindoro, Sibuyan, Masbate); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Timor); Moluccas (Talaud Isl., Sula Isl., Aru); New Guinea (Irian Jaya); Solomon Isl.
40 IND 41 AND CBD LAO THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SUL 43 SOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea brachystachys Ridl.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 241 (1938)
= Hippocratea lawsonii Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 7: 2688 (1915)
= Hippocratea pauciflora DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 1: 569 (1824)
= Hippocratea rigida Span.; Linnaea 15: 178 (1841)
= Hippocratea sulcata Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926: 351 (1926)
= Salacia griffithii M.A.Lawson; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 628 (1875)
= Salacia javanensis Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 219 (1825)
= Salacia perakensis King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 364 (1896)
species :
Loeseneriella rowlandii (Loes.) N.Hallé; Mém. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire 64: 109 (1962)
Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Gabon; Central African Republic; NE-D.R.Congo [Zaire]
22 GHA GUI IVO LBR NGA SIE 23 CAF CMN GAB ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea rowlandii Loes.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 238 (1894)
species :
Loeseneriella rubiginosa (H.Perrier) N.Hallé; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 17(3-4): 400 (1978)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Loeseneriella crenata var. rubiginosa (H.Perrier) N.Hallé; Fl. Gabon 29: 240 (1986)
= Hippocratea rubiginosa H.Perrier; Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille, Sér. 5, 10: 28 (1942)
variant :
var. angustifolia N.Hallé; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 17(3-4): 402 (1978)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Loeseneriella serrata (Griff.) A.C.Sm.; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 174 (1945)
Distribution: India (Assam); Nicobar Isl.; Myanmar
40 IND 41 MYA NCB
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea serrata Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 473 (1854)
species :
Loeseneriella sogerensis (Baker f.) A.C.Sm.; Amer. J. Bot. 28: 439 (1941)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea sogerensis Baker f. [J.Bot.61: Suppl.10 (1923)]
species :
Loeseneriella urceolus (Tul.) N.Hallé; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 17(34): 398 (1978)
Distribution: Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.)
29 COM MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea urceolus Tul.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 4, 8: 91 (1857)
form :
f. longifolia (H.Perrier) N.Hallé; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 17(3-4): 400 (1978)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea urceolus f. longifolia H.Perrier; (1942)
form :
f. parvilamina N.Hallé; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 17(3-4): 400 (1978)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
variant :
var. xerophila (H.Perrier) N.Hallé; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 17(3-4): 399 (1978)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea urceolus subsp. xerophila H.Perrier; (1942)
species :
Loeseneriella yaundina (Loes.) N.Hallé & R.Wilczek; Fl. Congo Belge 9: 149 (1960)
Distribution: Cameroon; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Angola
23 CMN CON GAB ZAI 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea yaundina Loes.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 117 (1904)
species :
Loeseneriella yunnanensis (Hu) A.C.Sm.; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 174 (1945)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Hippocratea yunnanensis Hu; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 10: 152 (1940)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World


Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]


With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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