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083.0000 Family Piperaceae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 123 (1792), nom. cons.
5-7 genera, ca. 3000-3500 spp. The taxonomy suffers from lacking revisions and numerous uncertain names.
Species listed in database: 3844; hybrids: 1
= Peperomiaceae A.C.Sm.; Fl. Vit. [Seemann] Nova 2: 75 (1981)
083.3003 Genus Macropiper Miq.; Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1839: 449 (1839)
Distribution: Ogasawara (Bonin) Isl., Mariana and Micronesia, Santa Cruz Isl., Vanuatu, Australia, Lord Howe I., New Zealand, Chatham Isl., eastward to Society and Marquesas Isl. Frequently included in Piper s. lat.
Species listed in database: 12
= Anderssoniopiper Trel.; Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 73: 329 (1934)
species :
Macropiper excelsum (G.Forst.) Miq.; Syst. Piperac. [F.A.W.Miquel] 221 (1844)
subspecies :
subsp. excelsum
Distribution: Lord Howe Isl.; New Zealand (North Cape to Westland); Chatham Isl.; Society Isl. (Tahiti)
50 LHI 51 CTM NZL 61 SCI
Synonyms: hidden
= Methysticum excelsum (G.Forst.) Lyons; Pl. Nam. 247 (1900)
= Piper excelsum G.Forst.; Fl. Ins. Austr. 5 (1786)
= Piper excelsum var. ralphii C.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(1): 335 (1869)
form :
f. delangei R.O.Gardner; New Zealand J. Bot. 35(3): 302 (1997)
Distribution: New Zealand (North Isl.)
51 NZL
Synonyms: hidden
= Piper excelsum subsp. delangei (R.O.Gardner) de Lange; New Zealand J. Bot. 50(4): 486 (2012)
subspecies :
subsp. peltatum R.O.Gardner; New Zealand J. Bot. 35(3): 301 (1997)
Distribution: New Zealand (North Isl.)
51 NZL
Synonyms: hidden
= Piper excelsum subsp. peltatum (R.O.Gardner) de Lange; New Zealand J. Bot. 50(4): 486 (2012)
= Macropiper excelsum f. peltatum R.O.Gardner; New Zealand J. Bot. 35: 302 (1997)
subspecies :
subsp. psittacorum (Endl.) Sykes; New Zealand J. Bot. 30(3): 233 (1992)
Distribution: Lord Howe Isl.; Norfolk Isl. (incl. Philip Isl.); New Zealand
50 LHI NFK 51 NZL
Synonyms: hidden
= Macropiper excelsum f. psittacorum (Endl.) A.C.Sm.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 33 (1975)
= Macropiper excelsum var. majus (Cheeseman) Allan; Fl. New Zealand 1: 173 (1961)
= Macropiper psittacorum (Endl.) Miq.; Syst. Piperac. [F.A.W.Miquel] 1: 221 (1844)
= Piper excelsum subsp. psittacorum (Endl.) de Lange; New Zealand J. Bot. 50(4): 486 (2012)
= Piper excelsum var. major Cheeseman; Man. New Zealand Fl.: 595 (1906)
= Piper excelsum var. psittacorum (Endl.) C.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(1): 335 (1869)
= Piper psittacorum Endl.; Prom. Golfe Gascogne [Prodr. Fl. Norfolk.] 37 (1833)
species :
Macropiper guahamense (C.DC.) A.C.Sm.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 16 (1975)
Distribution: Northern Marianas (Rota Isl.); Guam
62 GUM MRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Piper guahamense C.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(1): 336 (1869)
= Macropiper methysticum Miq.; Syst. Piperac. [F.A.W.Miquel] 217 (1844) non (G. Forst.) Hook. & Arn.
form :
f. glabrum (Yunck.) A.C.Sm.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 18 (1975)
Distribution: Northern Marianas (Aguijan, Tinian, Rota); Guam
62 GUM MRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Piper guahamense var. glabrum Yunck.; Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 22: 87 (1959)
= Piper guahamense f. glabrum (Yunck.) Fosberg
species :
Macropiper hooglandii I.Hutton & P.S.Green; Kew Bull. 48(2): 316 (1993)
Distribution: Lord Howe Isl.
50 LHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Piper hooglandii (I.Hutton & P.S.Green) M.A.Jaram.; Syst. Bot. 33(4): 655 (2008)
species :
Macropiper kandavuense (A.C.Sm.) A.C.Sm.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 25 (1975)
Distribution: Fiji (Kandavu)
60 FIJ
Synonyms: hidden
= Piper kandavuense A.C.Sm.; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 359 (1943)
species :
Macropiper latifolium (L.f.) Miq.; Linnaea 20: 130 (1847)
Distribution: Santa Cruz Isl.; Vanuatu; Cook Isl. (Rarotonga, Mitiaro); Marquesas Isl. (Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, Ua Pou, Hiva Oa, Tahuata, Fatu Hiva); Society Isl. (Bora Bora, Huahine, Moorea, Raiatea, Tahaa, Tahiti); Austral Isl. (Raivavae, Rurutu, Tubuai, Rapa Iti); Fed. States of Micronesia (Kosrae); Panama [I]
60 SCZ VAN 61 AUI COO MRQ SCI 62 MIC 80 pan
Synonyms: hidden
= Anderssoniopiper panamense Trel.; Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 73: 329 (1934)
= Macropiper latifolium f. indutum A.C.Sm.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 25 (1975)
= Piper excelsum var. tahitianum C.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(1): 335 (1869)
= Piper latifolium L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] emend. (1782)
= Piper methysticum L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 91 (1782)
= Piper micronesiacum Hosok.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 32: 287 (1942)
= Piper tristachyon C.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(1): 335 (1869)
species :
Macropiper melanostachyum (C.DC.) A.C.Sm.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 19 (1975)
Distribution: Fiji (Viti Levu); Wallis & Futuna (Futuna Isl., Alofi)
60 FIJ WAL
Synonyms: hidden
= Piper melanostachyum C.DC.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 39: 162 (1909)
species :
Macropiper melchior Sykes; New Zealand J. Bot. 30(3): 231 (1992)
Distribution: New Zealand (North Isl.)
51 NZL
Synonyms: hidden
= Piper melchior (Sykes) M.A.Jaram.; Syst. Bot. 33(4): 655 (2008)
species :
Macropiper methysticum (G.Forst.) Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. [Hooker & Arnott] 96 (1832)
Name: Kava-kava, Kawa
Distribution: Native range uncertain, but probably indigenous to New Guinea; Sulawesi; Moluccas; Solomon Isl.; Santa Cruz Isl.; Vanuatu; Rotuma Isl. [c]; Tonga [c] (Tongatapu [c], ´Eua [c], Vava´u [c]); Niue [c]; Fiji [c]; American Samoa [c]; [Western] Samoa [c] (Savai´i [c], ´Upolu [c]); Cook Isl. [c] (widespread, incl. Rarotonga [c]); Marquesas Isl. [c] (Nuku Hiva [c], Fatu Hiva [c]); Society Isl. [c] (Tahiti [c], Raiatea [c]); Palau [c] (Babeldaob [c]); Fed. States of Micronesia [c] (Pohnpei [c], Kosrae [c]); Hawaii [c] (Kauai [c], Oahu [c], Molokai [c], Maui [c], Hawaii Isl. [c])
42 MOL SUL 43 SOL 60 asa fij nue rot sam SCZ ton VAN 61 coo mrq sci 62 mic plu 63 haw
Synonyms: hidden
= Macropiper methysticum (G.Forst.) Miq.; Syst. Piperac.: 217 (1843), isonym
= Methysticum esculentum Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 85 (1838)
= Methysticum methysticum (G.Forst.) A.Lyons; Pl. Nam. 247 (1900)
= Piper arbuscula Trel.; J. Arnold Arbor. 9: 146 (1928)
= Piper decumanum L.; Herb. Amboin. [Linnaeus] 19 (1754)
= Piper inebrians Bertero ex Miq.; Comm. Phytogr. 36 (1840), nom. inval.
= Piper kava Royle; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 461 (Index) (1840)
= Piper methysticum G.Forst.; Diss. Pl. Esc. 76 (1786)
= Piper methysticum var. wichmannii (C.DC.) Lebot; Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 24(7-8): 782 (1996), et Novon 16(2): 4 (2006)
= Piper spurium J.R.Forst. ex Miq.; Comm. Phytogr. 36 (1840), nom. inval.
= Piper wichmannii C.DC.; Nova Guinea 8: 418 (1910)
species :
Macropiper oxycarpum (C.DC.) A.C.Sm.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 20 (1975)
Distribution: Fiji
60 FIJ
Synonyms: hidden
= Piper oxycarpum C.DC.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 39: 164 (1909)
species :
Macropiper puberulum Benth.; London J. Bot. 2: 235 (1843)
Distribution: Rotuma Isl.; Tonga (Late Isl., Tongatapu, ´Eua, Vava´u); Niue; Fiji; Wallis & Futuna (Wallis Isl., Futuna Isl.); American Samoa (Tutuila, Ofu, Olosega, Ta´u); [Western] Samoa (´Upolu, Savai´i); Austral Isl. (Rapa Iti)
60 ASA FIJ NUE ROT SAM TON WAL 61 AUI
Synonyms: hidden
= Macropiper puberulum f. glabrum (C.DC) A.C.Sm.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 14 (1975)
= Macropiper timothianum (A.C.Sm.) A.C.Sm.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 16 (1975)
= Piper erectispicum C.DC.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 39: 163 (1909)
= Piper fasciculatum Rech.; Vegetationsbilder 6: t. 5 (1908), nom. illeg.
= Piper gibbsiae C.DC.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 39: 163 (1909)
= Piper glabrum Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: no. 12 (1768)
= Piper macgillivrayi C.DC. ex Seem.; Fl. Vit. [Seemann] 262, t. 75 (1868), nom. illeg.
= Piper macgillivrayi var. abbreviatum Warb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 609 (1898)
= Piper macgillivrayi var. fasciculare Warb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 609 (1898), as ´fascicularis´
= Piper macgillivrayi var. glabrum C.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(1): 335 (1869)
= Piper macgillivrayi var. parvifolium C.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(1): 335 (1869)
= Piper macgillivrayi var. scandens Warb.; (1898)
= Piper macgillivrayi var. subrotundifolium DC.; (1910)
= Piper puberulum (Benth.) Seem.; Fl. Vit. [Seemann], t. 75 (1868)
= Piper puberulum var. glabrum (C.DC.) A.C.Sm.; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 356 (1943)
= Piper timothianum A.C.Sm.; Sargentia 1: 10 (1942)
species :
Macropiper reinwardtianum Miq.; Linnaea 21: 481 (1848)
Distribution: Moluccas (Ambon)
42 MOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Chavica reinwardtiana (Miq.) Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 136 (1863)
= Piper reinwardtianum (Miq.) C.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(1): 354 (1869)
species :
Macropiper vitiense (A.C.Sm.) A.C.Sm.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 28 (1975)
Distribution: Fiji
60 FIJ
Synonyms: hidden
= Piper polystachyum C.DC.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 39: 162 (1909)
= Piper vitiense A.C.Sm.; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 357 (1943)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

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Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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