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521.0000 Family Orobanchaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 2: 292 (1799), nom. cons.
95 genera, ca. 2150 spp. Phylogeny: McNeal et al. 2013, Pinto-Carrasco et al. 2017, Nickrent (2020)
Species listed in database: 2203; hybrids: 77
= Aeginetiaceae Livera; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 10: 153 (1927)
= Buchneraceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 979 (1870)
= Cyclocheilaceae Marais; Kew Bull. 35: 805 (1981)
= Euphrasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 239 (1820)
= Lindenbergiaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: xlix (2001)
= Melampyraceae Rich. ex Hook. & Lindl.; Fl. Scot. 2: 213 (1821)
= Nesogenaceae Marais; Kew Bull. 35: 798 (1981)
= Pedicularidaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 99 (1789)
= Phelypaeaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 73 (1834)
= Rhinanthaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 2: 295 (1799)
521.0976 Genus Melasma Bergius; Descr. Pl. Cap. 162, t. 3, f. 4 (1767)
Distribution: Tropical Africa (4), neotropics (3). The neotropical species belong probably in a separate genus close to Escobedia but not in Melasma or Alectra.
Species listed in database: 7
= Eutheta Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 324 (1931)
= Gastromeria D.Don; Brit. Fl. Gard. [Sweet], Ser. 2, sub t. 75 (1830)
= Lyncea Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 5: 108 (1830)
= Nigrina L.; Mant. Pl. 1: 5 (1767)
= Velvitsia Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 177 (1898)
species :
Melasma brevipedicellatum Lisowski & Mielcarek; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 29(2): 215 (1983 publ. 1985)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
species :
Melasma calycinum (Hiern) Hemsl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4: 362 (1906)
Distribution: Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe
25 TAN 26 ANG MLW ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Melasma nyassense Melch.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 124 (1940)
= Velvitsia calycina Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 177 (1898)
species :
Melasma melampyroides (Rich.) Pennell ex Britton & Wilson; Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands 6: 188 (1925)
Name: Cane Killer, Mata Cana, Mundungo (Trinidad & Tobago); Yerba de hierro; Herbe fragile, Queule du loup (Lesser Antilles)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas); Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Jamaica; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; St. Vincent; Grenada; Trinidad; Colombia (Boyacá, Meta, Risaralda); Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Guarico, Sucre); Guyana; French Guiana; Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Amazonas); NE-Brazil (Maranhao, Ceara, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Brasilia Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Amambay, Misiones, Paraguari); Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones)
79 MEX 80 BLZ COS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA DOM GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR MTS PUE STL STV TRT 82 CLM FRG GUY VEN 83 BOL 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Alectra aspera (Cham. & Schltdl.) L.O.Williams; Fieldiana, Bot. 34(8): 118 (1972)
= Alectra brasiliensis Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 339 (1846)
= Alectra brasiliensis var. glabriuscula J.A.Schmidt; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 8(1): 274 (1862)
= Alectra fluminensis (Vell.) Stearn; J. Arnold Arbor. 52(4): 635 (1971)
= Alectra melampyroides (Rich.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 458 (1891) [non A. melampyroides Benth.]
= Alectra melampyroides var. glabriuscula (J.A.Schmidt) Melch.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 435 (1941)
= Glossostylis aspera Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 3: 22 (1828)
= Melasma brasiliense (Benth.) Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 4: 291 (1904)
= Melasma brasiliense var. glabriuscula Edwall; Bol. Commiss. Geogr. Estado São Paulo 13: 199 (1897)
= Melasma strictum var. uninerve Hassl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 348 (1912)
= Nigrina melampyroides (Rich.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 237 (1898)
= Pedicularis melampyroides Rich.; Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 111 (1792)
= Scrophularia fluminensis Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 263 6: t. 87 (1825 publ. 1829)
species :
Melasma physalodes (D.Don) Melch.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 122 (1940)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); Guatemala; Honduras
79 MEX 80 GUA HON
Synonyms: hidden
= Buchnera physalodes (D.Don) Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 149 (1894)
= Cacabus hondurensis Donn.Sm.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 60 (1913)
= Eutheta hondurensis (Donn.Sm.) Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 325 (1931)
= Gastromeria physalodes (D.Don) D.Don; Brit. Fl. Gard. [Sweet] 4: t. 75 (1830)
= Lophospermum physalodes D.Don; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: 353 (1827)
= Lyncea hispida Schltdl. & Cham.; Linnaea 5: 109 (1830)
= Melasma hispidum (Schltdl. & Cham.) Benth.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 202 (1836)
= Nigrina physalodes (D.Don) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 463 (1891)
= Scrophularia physalodes Moc. & Sessé ex D.Don; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: 353 (1827)
species :
Melasma rhinanthoides (Cham.) Benth.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 202 (1835)
Distribution: SE-Brazil (São Paulo); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Amambay, Caaguazu, Cordillera, Guaira); Uruguay (Rio Negro, Rocha, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres); Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Misiones)
84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU
Synonyms: hidden
= Nigrina rhinanthoides (Cham.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 463 (1891)
= Physocalyx rhinanthoides Cham.; Linnaea 8: 23 (1833)
species :
Melasma scabrum P.J.Bergius; Descr. Pl. Cap. 162 (1767)
Distribution: Zimbabwe; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 ZIM 27 LES SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Gerardia nigrina L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 278 (1782)
= Nigrina vesicaria Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. [N.L.Burman] Prodr. Fl. Cap. 5 (1768)
= Nigrina viscosa L.; Mant. Pl. 1: 42 (1767)
variant :
var. ovatum (E.Mey. ex Benth.) Hiern; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 4(2): 372 (1904)
Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga?, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Melasma ovatum E.Mey. ex Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 338 (1846)
= Nigrina ovatum (E.Mey. ex Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 463 (1891)
species :
Melasma strictum (Benth.) Hassl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 348 (1912)
Distribution: Colombia (Meta); Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar); Bolivia (La Paz, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Amazonas, Tocantins); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Brasilia Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); Paraguay (Amambay, Caaguazu, San Pedro); Argentina (Corrientes)
82 CLM VEN 83 BOL 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Alectra stricta Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 338 (1846)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.06 (June 15th, 2025)

Covering 356,645 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,237 synonyms,
in total 1,416,735* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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