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045.0000 Family Thelypteridaceae Ching ex Pic.Serm.; Webbia 24: 711 (1970)
3-34 genera (depending on genus concept), 1100-1200 spp. The genus concepts were wildly fluctuating and disputed, from the inclusion of everything into one monster genus Thelypteris to the split of over 30 genera. We use the new genus concept by Fawcett & Smith (2021), which is based on molecular results and adopts a compromise approachl
Species listed in database: 1181; hybrids: 39
045.2023 Genus Menisciopsis (Holttum) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm.; Sida, Bot. Misc. 59: 52 (2021)
Distribution: Himalaya, Malesia, Pacific, Hawaii (3)
Species listed in database: 7
species :
Menisciopsis boydiae (D.C.Eaton) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm.; Sida, Bot. Misc. 59: 53 (2021)
Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu, Maui, Hawaii Isl.)
63 HAW
Conservation Status: IUCN E
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium boydiae D.C.Eaton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 361 (1879)
= Aspidium cyatheoides var. depauperatum Hillebr.; Fl. Hawaiian Isl. [Hillebrand] 572 (1888)
= Christella boydiae (D.C.Eaton) Holttum; Kew Bull. 31(2): 325 (1976)
= Cyclosorus boydiae (D.C.Eaton) W.H.Wagner; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 22: 153 (1999)
= Cyclosorus boydiae var. kipahuluensis W.H.Wagner & A.C.Medeiros; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 22: 157 (1999)
= Cyrtomium boydiae (D.C.Eaton) W.J.Rob.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 204, t. 10 (1913)
= Dryopteris cyatheoides var. boydiae (D.C.Eaton) C.Chr.; Index Filic. 260 (1905)
= Thelypteris boydiae (D.C.Eaton) K.Iwats.; Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 31: 36 (1964)
species :
Menisciopsis cyatheoides (Kaulf.) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm.; Sida, Bot. Misc. 59: 53 (2021)
Name: Makaleha maiden fern (EN)
Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii Isl.)
63 HAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium cyatheoides Kaulf.; Enum. Filic. [Kaulfuss] 234 (1824)
= Christella cyatheoides (Kaulf.) Holttum; Kew Bull. 31(2): 323 (1976)
= Christella exindusiata (W.H.Wagner) Nakaike & Kawab.
= Cyclosorus cyatheoides (Kaulf.) Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 258 (1931)
= Cyclosorus exindusiatus (W.H.Wagner) W.H.Wagner; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 22: 156 (1999)
= Dryopteris cyatheoides (Kaulf.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 812 (1891)
= Nephrodium cyatheoides C.Presl; Tent. Pterid. 81 (1836)
= Nephrodium dubreuillianum (Gaudich.) Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 105 (1832)
= Polystichum dubreuillianum Gaudich.; Voy. Uranie [Freycinet], Bot. 333, t. 9 (1827)
= Thelypteris cyatheoides (Kaulf.) Fosberg; Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 23: 30 (1962)
= Thelypteris exindusiata W.H.Wagner; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 20: 245 (1995)
species :
Menisciopsis lakhimpurensis (Rosenst.) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm.; Sida, Bot. Misc. 59: 53 (2021)
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; E-Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam State, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Kachin, etc.); Thailand; Vietnam
36 CHI TIB 40 BAN BHU IND NEP 41 MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Abacopteris lakhimpurensis (Rosenst.) Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 248 (1938)
= Abacopteris rubra (Ching) Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 245 (1938)
= Abacopteris rubra var. hirsuta Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 248 (1938)
= Cyclosorus lakhimpurense (Rosenst.) B.K.Nayar & Kaur; Companion Handb. Ferns Brit. India [Nayar & Kaur] 66, 95 (1974), comb. inval. (alternative name)
= Cyclosorus lakhimpurensis (Rosenst.) Copel.; Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5 [Gen. Fil.]: 142 (1947)
= Cyclosorus ruber (Ching) Tardieu; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 76 (1938)
= Cyclosorus stenopodum (P.Chandra) Panigrahi; Pl. Sci. Res. (India) 17(1-2): 52 (1995)
= Dryopteris lakhimpurensis Rosenst.; Meded. Rijks-Herb. 31: 7 (1917)
= Dryopteris rubra Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 2: 198 (1931)
= Dryopteris urophylla f. rubiginosa Y.C.Wu; Bull. Dept. Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 3: 52, t. 17 (1932)
= Meniscium cuspidatum var. longifrons C.B.Clarke; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., Ser. 2, 1: 572 (1880)
= Polypodium urophyllum var. khasianum C.B.Clarke; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., Ser. 2, 1: 547 (1880)
= Pronephrium lakhimpurense (Rosenst.) Holttum; Blumea 20: 110 (1972), et Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13(3-4): 274 (1971 publ. 1974)
= Pronephrium medogense Y.X.Lin; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 4(1): 351 (1999) (fide Fraser-Jenkins et al. 2018)
= Pronephrium stenopodum P.Chandra; Kew Bull. 26: 81 (1971) (fide Fraser-Jenkins 2008)
= Thelypteris aragornii Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 27 (2018), nom. nov. for Pronephrium medogensis Y. X. Lin
= Thelypteris lakhimpurensis (Rosenst.) K.Iwats.; Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 31: 194 (1965)
= Thelypteris rubra (Ching) K.Iwats.; J. Jap. Bot. 38: 315 (1963)
= Thelypteris stenopodum (P.Chandra) Panigrahi; Phytologia 31: 371 (1975) (fide Fraser-Jenkins 2008)
species :
Menisciopsis lineata (Colebr. ex A.Braun) Kovalchuk; Phytotaxa 712(2): 196 (2025)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, S-Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, SW-Sichuan, Zhejiang); South Korea (Cheju Isl.); Pakistan (Peshawar, Swat, Hazara); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Jammu & Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, ?Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Myanmar; Thailand
36 CHI 38 KOR 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA THA
Remarks: not known from Malesia, this was an error fide Fraser-Jenkins et al. (2017). Long known under the name "penangiana" but "lineata" has priority.
Synonyms: hidden
= Abacopteris penangiana (Hook.) Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 255 (1938)
= Aspidium porphyrophlebium Christ; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 117 (1904)
= Aspidium rampans (Baker) Christ; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 968 (1898)
= Christella porphyrophlebia (Christ) H.Lév.; Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 475 (1915)
= Cyclosorus penangianus (Hook.) Copel.; Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5 [Gen. Fil.]: 143 (1947)
= Cyclosorus penangianus (Hook.) Panigrahi; Res. J. Pl. Environ. 9: 66 (1993), isonym
= Dryopteris penangiana (Hook.) C.Chr.; Index Filic. 283 (1905)
= Dryopteris porphyrophlebia (Christ) C.Chr.; Index Filic. 285 (1905)
= Dryopteris pseudocuspidata Christ; Bot. Gaz. 61: 357 (1911)
= Dryopteris rampans (Baker) C.Chr.; Index Filic. 287 (1905)
= Dryopteris subcuspidata Rosenst.; Meded. Rijks-Herb. 31: 7 (1917)
= Goniopteris costata (Wall. ex C.Presl) J.Sm.; J. Bot. [Hooker] 4: 54 (1841), nom. nud.
= Goniopteris lineata (Colebr. ex A.Braun) Bedd.; Ferns Brit. India 1: t. 3 (1865)
= Goniopteris penangiana (Hook.) Bedd.; Ferns Brit. India, t. 232 (1867)
= Menisciopsis penangiana (Hook.) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm.; Sida, Bot. Misc. 59: 53 (2021)
= Nephrodium costatum Bedd.; Ferns Brit. India 1(Fasc. 9-14): t. 220 (1866), nom. nov. for Polypodium lineatum Colebr. ex Hook.
= Nephrodium rampans Baker; J. Bot. 19: 177 (1881)
= Phegopteris lineata (Colebr. ex A.Braun) Mett. ex Salomon; Nomencl. Gefäßkrypt. 276 (1883) (non Dryopteris lineata C. Chr.)
= Polypodium costatum (C.Presl) Mett.; Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 2(2) [Pheg. u. Asp.]: 131, no. 267 (1857), nom. illeg., non Kunze 1834
= Polypodium costatum Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 265 (1829), nomen, non Kunze (1834)
= Polypodium lineatum Colebr. ex A.Braun; Z. Deutsch. Geol. Ges. 4(3): 557 (1852)
= Polypodium lineatum Colebr. ex Hook.; Sp. Fil. [W.J.Hooker] 5: 12 (1864), isonym
= Polypodium lineatum var. penangianum (Hook.) C.B.Clarke; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., Ser. 2, 1: 548 (1880)
= Polypodium penangianum Hook.; Sp. Fil. [W.J.Hooker] 5: 52 (1863)
= Polypodium urophyllum Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 299 (1829), nomen
= Polypodium urophyllum Wall. ex Hook.; Sp. Fil. [W.J.Hooker] 5: 9 (1863)
= Pronephrium kumaonicum P.C.Pande & H.C.Pande; Indian Fern J. 11 (1-2): 100 (1994 publ. 1995) (without latin descr. or type, fide Fraser-Jenkins (1997))
= Pronephrium kumaunicum P.C.Pande & H.C.Pande; Ill. Fern Fl. Kumaon Himalaya 1: 180 (2003) (fide Fraser-Jenkins 2008)
= Pronephrium penangianum (Hook.) Holttum; Blumea 20(1): 110 (1972)
= Pronephrium penangianum (Hook.) P.Chandra; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13(3-4) 274 (1971 publ. 1974)
= Thelypteris pandeorum Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 35 (2018), nom. nov. for Pronephrium kumaunicum Pande & Pande
= Thelypteris penangiana (Hook.) C.F.Reed; Phytologia 17: 303 (1968)
= Thelypteris porphyrophlebia (Christ) C.F.Reed; Phytologia 17: 305 (1968)
= Thelypteris rampans (Baker) C.F.Reed; Phytologia 17: 308 (1968)
species :
Menisciopsis rubida (J.Sm. ex Hook.) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm.; Sida, Bot. Misc. 59: 53 (2021), nom. inval.
Distribution: Palawan; Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI PLW
Remarks: based on an illegitime basionym, will probably require a new name
Synonyms: hidden
= Abacopteris rubida (Copel.) Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8(4): 247 (1938)
= Cyclosorus rubidus (J.Sm. ex Hook.) Copel.; Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5 [Gen. Fil.]: 143 (1947)
= Dryopteris rubida (J.Sm. ex Hook.) C.Chr.; Index Filic. 289 (1905)
= Goniopteris rubida J.Sm.; J. Bot. [Hooker] 3: 395 (1841), nom. nud.
= Nephrodium rubidum Copel.; Polypod. Philipp. Isl. 27 (1905), nom. nov. for Polypodium rubidum Hook. (nom. illeg.)
= Phegopteris rubida (J.Sm. ex Hook.) Alderw.; Malayan Ferns 502 (1908)
= Polypodium rubidum J.Sm. ex Hook.; Sp. Fil. [W.J.Hooker] 5: 12 (1863), nom. illeg., non Kunze 1848
= Pronephrium rubidum (J.Sm. ex Hook.) Holttum; Blumea 20: 111 (1972)
= Thelypteris rubida (J.Sm. ex Hook.) K.Iwats.; Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 31: 195 (1965), nom. nud.
species :
Menisciopsis rubrinervis (Mett.) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm.; Sida, Bot. Misc. 59: 53 (2021)
Distribution: Bismarck Arch. (New Ireland); Vanuatu; Fiji (Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni)
43 BIS 60 FIJ VAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Abacopteris rubrinervis (Mett.) Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 247 (1938)
= Cyclosorus rubrinervis (Mett.) Copel.; Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5 [Gen. Fil.]: 143 (1947)
= Dryopteris rubrinervis (Mett.) C.Chr.; Index Filic. 289 (1905)
= Goniopteris rubrinervis (Mett.) Carruth.; Fl. Vit. [Seemann] 366 (1873)
= Nephrodium rubrinerve (Mett.) Diels; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] I, 4: 178 (1899)
= Phegopteris rubrinervis Mett.; Linnaea 36: 116 (1869)
= Polypodium rubrinerve (Mett.) Baker; Syn. Fil. [W.J.Hooker & Baker], ed. 2: 315, ed. II (1874)
= Pronephrium rubrinerve (Mett.) Holttum; Blumea 20: 110 (1972)
= Thelypteris rubrinervis (Mett.) K.Iwats.; Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 31: 195 (1965)
species :
Menisciopsis wailele (Flynn) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm.; Sida, Bot. Misc. 59: 53 (2021)
Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai)
63 HAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Christella wailele (Flynn) D.D.Palmer; Amer. Fern J. 92(2): 100 (2002)
= Cyclosorus wailele (Flynn) W.H.Wagner; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 22: 156 (1999)
= Thelypteris wailele Flynn; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 20: 246 (1995)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.05 (May 20th, 2026)

Covering 359,646 accepted species,
8,890 hybrids, 47,679 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,012,517 synonyms,
in total 1,428,732* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life