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494.0000 Family Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart.; Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. [Martius] 2: 133 (1827), nom. cons.
17 genera, ca. 500 spp.
Species listed in database: 503
= Antoniaceae Hutch.; Fam. Fl. Pl., Dicot., ed. 2: 375 (1959)
= Gardneriaceae Wall. ex Perleb; Clav. Class. 23 (1838)
= Geniostomataceae Struwe & V.A.Albert; Cladistics 10: 206 (1995)
= Spigeliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin Aneb. Rostl. 1: 40 (1823)
= Strychnaceae DC. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 244 (1818)
494.0407 Genus Mitreola L.; Opera Var. 214 (1758)
Distribution: Pantropics, mostly China (4-8)
Species listed in database: 21
= Cynoctonum J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 443 (1791)
= Parophiorrhiza C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 85 (1880)
species :
Mitreola bullata Y.S.Chen & J.J.Liao; Phytotaxa 487(2): 181 (2021)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola capitata Nuraliev; Phytotaxa 585(1): 40 (2023)
Distribution: Vietnam
41 VIE
species :
Mitreola crystallina Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen; Phytotaxa 471(2): 140 (2020)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola lincangensis Z.J.Mu, Z.J.Shan & B.Pan; Pakistan J. Bot. 53(1): 155 (2021)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola liui X.L.Du & Z.J.Mu; Pakistan J. Bot. 51(6): 2251 (2019)
Distribution: China (Chongqing)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola liuyanii C.Liu & M.Q.Han; Taiwania 67(2): 250 (2022)
Distribution: China (Guizhou)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola macrophylla D.Fang & D.H.Qin; J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 3(3): 31-32 (1995)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola pedicellata Benth.; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1: 91 (1857)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Meghalaya, West Bengal)
36 CHI 40 BHU IND NEP
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynoctonum pedicellatum (Benth.) B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 45: 396 (1910)
= Mitreola bodinieri (H.Lév.) H.Lév.; Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 262 (1914 publ. 1915)
= Mitreola darrisii (H.Lév.) H.Lév.; Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 262 (1914 publ. 1915)
= Omphalodes bodinieri H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(317-321): 188 (1913)
= Ophiorrhiza darrisii H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13(355-358): 176 (1914)
= Ophiorrhiza marchandii H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13(355-358): 176 (1914)
= Parophiorrhiza khasiana C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 85 (1880), nom. inval.
= Trigonotis bodinieri (H.Lév.) H.Lév.; Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 55 (1914 publ. 1915)
species :
Mitreola petiolata (J.F.Gmel.) Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 2(1): 45 (1841)
Name: Mitrewort, Lax hornpod
Distribution: Togo; Cameroon; China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan); Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Nagar-Haveli, Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Andaman Isl. (North Andaman Isl.); Bangladesh [I]; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Langkawi Isl.); N-Sumatra; S-Sulawesi (incl. Buton Isl.); Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Bohol); Java (incl. Bawean Isl., Kangean Isl.); Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Timor); Moluccas (Tanimbar); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland); Palau; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia); Mexico (Chiapas, Coahuila, Guerrero, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Mexico State, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Guadeloupe; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Colombia (Magdalena, Meta); Venezuela (Falcon, Lara, Portuguesa, Sucre, Yaracuy); Surinam; ?French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (La Paz, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Pará); NE-Brazil (Piauí); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro)
22 TOG 23 CMN 36 CHI 40 ban IND NEP 41 AND CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SUL SUM 50 AUS 62 MIC PLU 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ GUA HON NIC PAN 81 BAH CUB GDL HIS PUE STL TRT 82 CLM SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA
Remarks: the New World populations are probably one or several undescribed species
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynoctonum mitreola (L.) Britton; Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5(17): 258 (1894)
= Cynoctonum mitreola var. campylocarpa Hochr.; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6: 284 (1910)
= Cynoctonum mitreola var. intermedia Hochr.; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6: 284 (1910)
= Cynoctonum mitreola var. lilacina (Backer ex Cammerl.) Bakh.f.; Bekn. Fl. Java 7(170): 4 (1948)
= Cynoctonum mitreola var. orthocarpa Hochr.; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6: 284 (1910)
= Cynoctonum oldenlandioides (G.Don) B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 45: 396 (1910)
= Cynoctonum paniculatum (Wall. ex G.Don) B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 45: 396 (1910)
= Cynoctonum petiolatum J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis, 2: 443 (1791)
= Cynoctonum succulentum R.W.Long; Rhodora 72: 29 (1970)
= Mitreola inconspicua Zoll. & Moritzi; Syst. Verz. Arch. Ind. [Moritzi et al.] 55 (1846)
= Mitreola lanceolata Torr. ex H.B.Croom; Cat. Pl. New Bern 45 (1833)
= Mitreola oldenlandioides (G.Don) Wall. ex A.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 9 (1845)
= Mitreola ophiorhizoides Rich.; Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 63, t. 3 (1823)
= Mitreola paniculata A.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 9 (1845)
= Mitreola paniculata var. glabra Hoehne; Relat. Commiss. Linhas Telegr. Estratég. Matto Grosso Amazonas 5(6): 68 (1915)
= Mitreola paniculata var. lilacina Backer ex Cammerl.; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 3: 299 (1923)
= Mitreola paniculata var. oldenlandioides G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 172 (1837)
= Mitreola paniculata Wall. ex G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 171 (1837)
= Mitreola swartzii G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 171 (1837)
= Mitreola tracyi Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 921 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Ophiorrhiza mitreola L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 150 (1753)
= Selenocera secundiflora Zipp. ex Span.; Linnaea 15: 316-317 (1841)
species :
Mitreola petiolatoides P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(3): 116, t. 2 (1979)
Distribution: China (S-Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola pingtaoi D.Fang & D.H.Qin; J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 3(3): 30-31 (1995)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola purpureonervia D.Fang & Lu Xiaohong; J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 3(3): 35 (1995)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola quanrui L.Wu & R.C.Hu; PhytoKeys 232: 68 (2023)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola reticulata Tirel; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 9(2): 119-121 (1969)
Distribution: China (SW-Guangxi); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
species :
Mitreola sessilifolia (J.F.Gmel.) G.Don; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 2: 45 (1841)
Name: Swamp hornpod
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia); Bahamas
74 USA 77 USA 78 USA 81 BAH
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynoctonum angustifolium (Torr. & A.Gray) Small; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 129 (1896)
= Cynoctonum sessilifolium J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis, 2(1): 443 (1791)
= Cynoctonum sessilifolium var. angustifolium Torr. & A.Gray
= Cynoctonum sessilifolium var. microphyllum R.W.Long; Rhodora 72: 27 (1970)
= Mitreola angustifolia (Torr. & A.Gray) J.B.Nelson; Phytologia 46: 339 (1980)
= Mitreola sessilifolia var. angustifolia Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 2: 45 (1841)
species :
Mitreola sinhoensis T.P.A.Tran, K.S.Nguyen, V.T.Bui, B.H.Quang & L.Wu; Phytotaxa 731(1): 88 (2025)
Distribution: Vietnam
41 VIE
species :
Mitreola spathulifolia D.Fang & L.S.Zhou; J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 3(3): 33 (1995)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola sphaerocarpa (Leenh.) Leenh. ex Leeuwenb.; Meded. Landbouwhoogeschool Wageningen 74(23): 25 (1974)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Mitreola sphaerocarpa (Leenh.) Leenh.; Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermatoph. 6(6): 960 (1972)
= Cynoctonum sphaerocarpum Leenh.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 32: 417 (1962)
species :
Mitreola turgida Jovet; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 6: 296 (1934)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Mitreola perrieri Jovet; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 6: 292 (1934)
species :
Mitreola viridiflora C.Liu & S.W.Guo; Taiwania 68(3): 368 (2023)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Mitreola yangchunensis Q.X.Ma, H.G.Ye & F.W.Xing; Pakistan J. Bot. 42(2): 685 (2010)
Distribution: China (Guangdong)
36 CHI
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life