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281.0000 Family Dipterocarpaceae Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 4: 222 (1825), nom. cons.
17 genera, ca. 540 spp. mostly SE-Asia, few Africa, 2 spp. tropical America
Species listed in database: 542
= Monotaceae Kosterm.; Taxon 38: 123 (1989)
281.1002 Genus Monotes A.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 623 (1868)
Distribution: Tropical Africa, Madagascar (1). Revision for D. R. Congo: Meerts et al. (2017)
Species listed in database: 23
species :
Monotes adenophyllus Gilg; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C 275 (1895)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia
23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 ANG ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes adenophyllus subsp. delevoyi (De Wild.) P.A.Duvign.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 33: 101 (1959)
= Monotes adenophyllus subsp. subfloccosus P.A.Duvign.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 33: 102 (1959)
= Monotes delevoyi De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 171 (1927)
= Monotes gilgii Engl.; Veg. Erde [Engler & Drude] 9 (Pflanzenw. Afr.) 3(2): 520 (1921)
= Monotes hutchinsonianus Exell; J. Bot. 70, Suppl. 1: 219 (1932)
= Monotes magnificus var. glabrescens P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 54 (1949)
= Monotes magnificus var. paucipilosus P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 55 (1949)
= Monotes pwetoensis A.Robyns ex Bancr.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 13: 367, 368 (1939), in sched.
= Monotes stevensonii Burtt Davy ex H.H.Bancr.; Amer. J. Bot. 22: 511 (1935)
= Monotes verdickii De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 171 (1927)
form :
f. albidus (P.A.Duvign.) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 170 (2017)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes magnificus var. albidus P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 54 (1949)
variant :
var. homblei (De Wild.) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 164 (2017)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia
23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 ANG ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes adenophyllus f. homblei Meerts, Rougelot & Sosef; Phytotaxa 308(2): 167 (2017)
= Monotes adenophyllus subsp. homblei (De Wild.) P.A.Duvign.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 33: 102 (1959)
= Monotes homblei De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 5: 55 (1915)
= Monotes magnificus var. homblei (De Wild.) P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 55 (1949)
= Vatica homblei De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 5: 55 (1915)
species :
Monotes africanus A.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 624 (1868)
Distribution: SE-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; N-Mozambique
23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes africanus var. denudans (Welw.) Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 61 (1896)
= Monotes nyasensis Hutch. ex H.H.Bancr.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 13: 367 (1939), nom. inval.
= Vatica africana (A.DC.) Welw. ex Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 173 (1868)
= Vatica africana var. denudans Welw.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 16 (1869)
= Vatica africana var. laxa Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 173 (1868)
= Vatica africana Welw. ex Oliv.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 15 (1869)
species :
Monotes autennei P.A.Duvign.; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 90: 183 (1958), in adnot.
Distribution: SE-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; W-Zambia
23 ZAI 26 ZAM
species :
Monotes dasyanthus Gilg; Kunene-Sambesi-Exped. [Warburg] 307 (1903)
Distribution: S-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Angola; W-Zambia
23 ZAI 26 ANG ZAM
variant :
var. heterotrichus Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 175 (2017)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; NW-Zambia
23 ZAI 26 ZAM
variant :
var. mutetetwa (P.A.Duvign.) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 175 (2017)
Distribution: SW-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; ?Angola
23 ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes mutetetwa P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 58 (1951)
form :
f. sericea (P.A.Duvign.) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 175 (2017)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes mutetetwa f. sericeus P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 59 (1949)
species :
Monotes doryphorus P.A.Duvign.; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 90: 233 (1958), in adnot.
Distribution: SE-D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
species :
Monotes duvigneaudii Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 177 (2017)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
variant :
var. concolor Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 179 (2017)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
species :
Monotes engleri Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 41: 291 (1908)
Distribution: Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes tomentellus Hutch. & Milne-Redh.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 248 (1931)
species :
Monotes glaber Sprague; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1909: 305 (1909)
Distribution: S-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Botswana
23 ZAI 26 ZAM ZIM 27 BOT
Synonyms: hidden
= Vatica africana var. glabra Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 173 (1868)
species :
Monotes glandulosus Pierre; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1299 (1897)
Distribution: SW-Angola
26 ANG
Remarks: known only from type specimen, status doubtful, possibly of hybrid origin
species :
Monotes gossweileri De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 173 (1927)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
species :
Monotes hirtii P.A.Duvign.; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 90: 233 (1958)
Distribution: SE-D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
species :
Monotes hypoleucus (Oliv.) Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 134 (1899)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; S-Angola; Zambia
23 ZAI 26 ANG ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Vatica africana var. hypoleuca Welw.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 17 (1869)
= Monotes kapiriensis De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 175 (1927)
variant :
var. angolensis (De Wild.) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 184 (2017)
Distribution: S-Angola; Zambia
26 ANG ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes angolensis De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 168 (1927)
= Monotes angolensis var. oblongifolius (Hutch.) P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 47 (1949)
= Monotes carrissoanus H.H.Bancr.; J. Bot. 77: 110 (1939)
= Monotes hypoleucus f. angolensis Meerts, Rougelot & Sosef; Phytotaxa 308(2): 185 (2017)
= Monotes noldeae H.H.Bancr.; J. Bot. 74: 226 (1936)
= Monotes oblongifolius Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 248 (1931)
variant :
var. caloneurus (Gilg) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 186 (2017)
Distribution: W-Tanzania; Angola; Zambia
25 TAN 26 ANG ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes caloneurus Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 136 (1899)
= Monotes caloneurus var. dawei (H.H.Bancr.) P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 44 (1949)
= Monotes dawei H.H.Bancr.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 11: 43 (1936)
= Monotes elegans Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 41: 291 (1908)
= Monotes schmitzii P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 51 (1951)
form :
f. cordatus (Hutch.) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 189 (2017)
Distribution: S-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Angola
23 ZAI 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes caloneurus f. cordatus (Hutch.) P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 44 (1949)
= Monotes cordatus Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 246 (1931)
= Monotes discolor var. cordatus (Hutch.) P.A.Duvign.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 33: 102 (1959)
= Monotes lukuluensis Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 247 (1931)
variant :
var. discolor (R.E.Fr.) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 188 (2017)
Distribution: Angola; Zambia
26 ANG ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes discolor R.E.Fr.; Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhodesia-Kongo-Exped. 1911-1912 1: 153 (1914)
= Monotes discolor var. lanatus P.A.Duvign.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 33: 102 (1959)
= Monotes hypoleucus f. discolor Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 188 (2017)
= Monotes hypoleucus f. discolor Meerts, Rougelot & Sosef; Phytotaxa 308(2): 188 (2017)
variant :
var. loandensis (Exell) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 189 (2017)
Distribution: W-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; N-Angola
23 ZAI 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes loandensis Exell; J. Bot. 70, Suppl. 1: 220 (1932)
= Monotes loandensis var. griseotomentosus P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 51 (1949)
form :
f. oxyphyllinus (P.A.Duvign.) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 184 (2017)
Distribution: S-D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes oxyphyllinus P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 45 (1951)
species :
Monotes katangensis (De Wild.) De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 4, 2: 111 (1913)
Distribution: SE-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; W-Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes glandulosissimus Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 246 (1931)
= Monotes obliquinervis Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 247 (1931)
= Vatica africana var. glomerata Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 173 (1868)
= Vatica katangensis De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 4, 1(3): 92 (1903)
species :
Monotes kerstingii Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 41: 288 (1908)
Distribution: Guinea; SW-Mali; S-Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; S-Chad; South Sudan; ?Ethiopia
22 BEN GUI IVO MLI NGA TOG 23 CAF CMN 24 CHA SSU
Synonyms: hidden
= Caraipa africana Oliv.
species :
Monotes lutambensis Verdc.; Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Dipterocarp. 9 (1989)
Distribution: SE-Tanzania
25 TAN
Remarks: only known from the type collected in 1931
species :
Monotes madagascariensis Humbert; Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 219: 341 (1944), et in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 91: 149 (1945), descr. ampl.
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Monotes magnificus Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 135 (1899)
Distribution: SE-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; W-Tanzania; NE-Zambia; N-Malawi
23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes magnificus var. eupilosus P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 53 (1949)
= Monotes magnificus var. wangenheimianus (Gilg) P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 54 (1951)
= Monotes thomasii De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 182 (1927)
= Monotes wangenheimianus Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 41: 290 (1908)
variant :
var. gigantophyllus (P.A.Duvign.) Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 192 (2017)
Distribution: SE-D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes gigantophyllus P.A.Duvign.; Lejeunia 13: 56 (1951)
species :
Monotes paivae Catarino & E.S.Martins; Blumea 57(3): 270 (2013)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
species :
Monotes pearsonii Bancr.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 11: 44 (1936)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Angola
23 ZAI 26 ANG
species :
Monotes redheadii P.A.Duvign.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 33: 101 (1959)
Distribution: ?E-Angola; Zambia
26 ZAM
species :
Monotes rubriglans Bancr.; Contr. Conhec. Fl. Angola 1: 138 (1937)
subspecies :
subsp. rubriglans
Distribution: SW-Angola
26 ANG
subspecies :
subsp. upembensis Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 194 (2017)
Distribution: S-D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Monotes rubriglans var. upembensis Meerts, Rougelot & Sosef; Phytotaxa 308(2): 195 (2017)
variant :
var. griseocoriaceus Meerts; Phytotaxa 308(2): 195 (2017)
Distribution: S-D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
species :
Monotes rufotomentosus Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 138 (1899)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
species :
Monotes xasenguensis Bancr.; J. Bot. 77: 111 (1939), et in Bol. Soc. Brot. 1938-9, Ser. 2, 13: 356 [1939], in adnot.
Distribution: NE-Angola
26 ANG
Remarks: only known from the type
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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