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182.0000 Family Menispermaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 284 (1789), nom. cons.
73 genera, 520-550 spp. Phylogeny: Ortiz et al. 2016
Species listed in database: 549
= Pseliaceae Raf.; New. Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 8 (1838)
182.2503 Genus Nephroia Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 565 (1790)
Distribution: North America / Mexico (2), Asia and Pacific (1)
Species listed in database: 3
= Androphylax J.C.Wendl.; Bot. Beob. [Wendland] 38 (1798), nom. rej.
= Baumgartia Moench; Methodus [Moench] 650 (1794), nom. rej.
= Cocculidium Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. [Spach] 8: 16 (1839)
= Ferrandia Gaudich.; Voy. Uranie [Freycinet] 447 (1829)
= Wendlandia Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 275 (1799)
species :
Nephroia carolina (L.) L.Lian & Wei Wang; Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 148-106825: 8 (2020)
Name: Carolina coralbead
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas)
74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Androphylax scandens J.C.Wendl.; Bot. Beob. [Wendland] 38 (1798)
= Baumgartia scandens Moench; Methodus [Moench] 650 (1794)
= Cebatha carolina (L.) Britton; Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 162 (1894)
= Cebatha carolina Shafer; Ann. Carnegie Mus. 1: 19 (1894)
= Cebatha sagittifolia (Miers) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
= Cebatha virginica (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
= Cocculidium populifolium Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. [Spach] 8: 17 (1839)
= Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 524 (1818)
= Cocculus enneandra Eichler; Flora 47: 391 (1864)
= Cocculus sagittifolius Miers; Contr. Bot. 3: 255 (1871)
= Epibaterium carolinum (L.) Britton; Ill. Fl. N. U.S. [Britton & Brown], ed. 2, 2: 131 (1913)
= Menispermum carolinianum Hill; Veg. Syst. 16: 27 (1770)
= Menispermum carolinum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 340 (1753)
= Menispermum virginicum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 340 (1753)
= Wendlandia caroliniana Nutt.; Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall] 1: 241 (1818)
= Wendlandia populifolia Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 275 (1799)
species :
Nephroia diversifolia (DC.) L.Lian & Wei Wang; Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 148-106825: 8 (2020)
Name: Snailseed
Distribution: USA (Arizona, Texas); Mexico (Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz)
76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Cebatha diversifolia (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
= Cebatha miqueliana Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
= Cocculus oblongifolius DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 529 (1817)
= Epibaterium diversifolium (DC.) Tidestr.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 48: 39 (1935)
= Menispermum oblongifolium (DC.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 155 (1825)
= Cocculus diversifolius DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 523 (1818)
species :
Nephroia orbiculata (L.) L.Lian & Wei Wang; Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 148 (106825): 7 (2020)
Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi); North Korea; South Korea (incl. Cheju Isl.); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Nepal; India (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (both coasts); +Singapore; NE-Sumatra; Philippines (Batan, Babuyan, Luzon, Mindanao); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali); Cook Isl. (Rarotonga); Austral Isl. (Rapa Iti, Tubuai, Rurutu); Pitcairn Isl.; Hawaii (Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii Isl.)
36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS TAI 40 IND NEP 41 CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW LSI MLY PHI SNG SUM 61 AUI COO PIT 63 HAW
Remarks: C. trilobus is sometimes kept separate
Synonyms: hidden
= Bradleia nephroia Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 116 (1821)
= Cebatha cuneifolia (Miers) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
= Cebatha farrandiana (Gaudich.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891) (ferraudiana)
= Cebatha integra (Hillebr.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
= Cebatha lonchophylla (Miers) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
= Cebatha mollis (Miers) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
= Cebatha orbiculata (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
= Cebatha orbiculata f. macrophylla Nakai
= Cebatha virgata (Hillebr.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
= Cissampelos orbiculata (L.) DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 537 (1817)
= Cocculus cuneatus Benth.; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5(Suppl. 2): 50 (1861)
= Cocculus cynanchoides C.Presl; Reliq. Haenk. 2: 79 (1835)
= Cocculus diantherus Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 167 (1833)
= Cocculus dichopetalus Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(2): 280 (1854 publ. 1855)
= Cocculus elegans (Ridl.) Ridl.; Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 111 (1922)
= Cocculus ferrandianus Gaudich.; Voy. Uranie [Freycinet] 477 (1830)
= Cocculus hexagynus Colebr.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 63 (1821)
= Cocculus integer Hillebr.; Fl. Hawaiian Isl. [Hillebrand] 7 (1888)
= Cocculus lenissimus Gagnep.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 36 (1908)
= Cocculus lonchophyllus (Miers) Hillebr.; Fl. Hawaiian Isl. [Hillebrand] 8 (1888)
= Cocculus mokiangensis W.Y.Lien; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(4): 42 (1975)
= Cocculus mollis (Miers) Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 102 (1872)
= Cocculus nephroia DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 531 (1817)
= Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 806 (1906), isonym
= Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 523 (1817)
= Cocculus orbiculatus f. macrophyllus (Nakai) S.Y.Oh; Res. Rev. Kyungpook Natl. Univ. 25: 29 (1978)
= Cocculus orbiculatus var. mollis (Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Hara; Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 35 (1971)
= Cocculus ovalifolius (Vahl ex Pers.) DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 526 (1817)
= Cocculus ovalifolius Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 25 (1825)
= Cocculus perraudi Lign. & Bey; Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, Sér. 5, 5: 173 (1902)
= Cocculus sarmentosus (Lour.) Diels; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.94, Heft 46 (Menisperm.): 233 (1910)
= Cocculus sarmentosus var. linearis Yamam.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 34: 200 (1943)
= Cocculus sarmentosus var. pauciflorus Y.C.Wu; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 71(2): 173-174 (1940)
= Cocculus sarmentosus var. stenophyllus Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 13: 10 (1918)
= Cocculus thunbergii DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 524 (1817)
= Cocculus triflorus DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 529 (1817)
= Cocculus trilobus (Thunb.) DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 522 (1818)
= Cocculus umbellatus (Vahl ex Pers.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 392 (1841)
= Cocculus virgatus Hillebr.; Fl. Hawaiian Isl. [Hillebrand] 8 (1888)
= Ferrandia oleifera Gaudich.; Voy. Uranie [Freycinet] 477 (1830)
= Holopeira fecunda Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 19: 29 (1867)
= Holopeira lonchophylla Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 19: 29 (1867), Miers, Contr. Bot. 3: 273 (1871)
= Limacia kunstleri King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 58: 383 (1889)
= Menispermum hexagynum (Colebr.) Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 816 (1832)
= Menispermum orbiculatum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 341 (1753)
= Menispermum orbiculatum Thunb.; Fl. Jap. [Thunberg] 194 (1784) non L.
= Menispermum ovalifolium Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 628 (1807)
= Menispermum reniforme Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 156 (1825)
= Menispermum triflorum (DC.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 157 (1825)
= Menispermum trilobum Thunb.; Syst. Veg., ed. 14 [J.A.Murray] 892 (1784)
= Nephroia cuneifolia Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 14: 26 (1867)
= Nephroia dilatata Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 14: 26 (1867), et Contr. Bot. 3: 264 (1871)
= Nephroia elegans Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 54: 15 (1910)
= Nephroia pycnantha Miers; Contr. Bot. 3: 268 (1871)
= Nephroia sarmentosa Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 539, 565 (1790)
= Nephroica cuneifolia Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 19: 26 (1867)
= Nephroica cynanchoides Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 19: 26 (1867), et er´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 259 (1851)
= Nephroica dianthera Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, 7: 42 (1851)
= Nephroica dilatata Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 19: 26 (1867)
= Nephroica ferrandiana (Gaudich.) Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, 7: 42 (1851)
= Nephroica hastata Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 19: 26 (1867)
= Nephroica hexagyna Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 19: 26 (1867)
= Nephroica mollis Miers; Contr. Bot. 3: 265 (1871)
= Nephroica ovalifolius Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, 7: 42 (1851)
= Nephroica pubinervis Miers ex Benth.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 259 (1851)
= Nephroica pycnantha Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 19: 26 (1867)
= Nephroica sarmentosa Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 19: 25 (1867)
= Nephroica thunbergii Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 19: 26 (1867)
= Nephroica triloba Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, 7: 42 (1851)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life