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498.0000 Family Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 1: 62 (1809), nom. cons.
26 genera, ca. 740 spp. Systematics according to Wallander & Albert (1999)
Species listed in database: 753; hybrids: 8
= Bolivariaceae Griseb.; Gen. Sp. Gent. 20 (1839)
= Forestieraceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 345, Comm. 257 (1842)
= Fraxinaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 269, 288 (1818)
= Jasminaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 104 (1789)
= Ligustraceae G.Mey.; Chloris Han. 245, 254 (1836)
= Nyctanthaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 284 (1858)
= Schreberaceae Schnizl.; Iconogr. Fam. Regn. Veg. 2: ad t. 151x (1857-1870)
= Syringaceae Horan.; Char. Ess. Fam. 115 (1847)
498.0541 Genus Olea L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 8 (1753)
Distribution: Mediterranean, Africa, Madagascar. The remaining Asian species might belong in Tetrapilus.
Species listed in database: 12
= Enaimon Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 9 (1838)
= Leuranthus Knobl.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 117 (1934)
= Steganthus Knobl.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 116 (1934)
= Stereoderma Blume; Fl. Javae ix (1828)
species :
Olea capensis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 8 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. capensis
Name: False Ironwood
Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Enaimon undulata (Aiton) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 9 (1838)
= Olea buxifolia Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 5 (1768)
= Olea capensis var. coriacea Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 13 (1789)
= Olea capensis var. undulata Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 13 (1789)
= Olea cassinifolia Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 13 (1796), nom. superfl.
= Olea concolor E.Mey.; Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. [Meyer] 176 (1836)
= Olea intermedia Tausch; Flora 19: 393 (1836)
= Olea laurifolia Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 1: 29 (1791)
= Olea laurifolia var. concolor (E.Mey.) Harv.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 4(1): 487 (1907)
= Olea nigra Loisel.; Herb. Gén. Amat., t. 256 (1830)
= Olea undulata (Aiton) Jacq.; Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 1: 1, t. 2 (1797)
= Olea undulata var. planifolia E.Mey.; Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. [Meyer] 176 (1836)
subspecies :
subsp. enervis (Harv.) I.Verd.; Bothalia 6: 588 (1956)
Name: Bushveld Ironwood
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Olea enervis Harv.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 4(1): 488 (1907) ex C. H. Wright
subspecies :
subsp. macrocarpa (C.H.Wright) I.Verd.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 4(1): 1129 (1909)
Name: Ironwood
Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Ivory Coast; Nigeria; Cameroon; São Tomé; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; ?Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.)
22 GUI IVO NGA SIE 23 BUR CMN RWA SAO ZAI 24 ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZIM 27 SAF SWZ 29 COM MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Linociera urophylla Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 373 (1901)
= Olea capensis subsp. hochstetteri (Baker) Friis & P.S.Green; Kew Bull. 41: 36 (1986)
= Olea guineensis Hutch. & C.A.Sm.; Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: 26 (1931), et Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 336 (1937)
= Olea hochstetteri Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1): 17 (1902)
= Olea macrocarpa C.H.Wright; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 4(1): 1129 (1909), et in Kew Bull. 186 (1909)
= Olea madagascariensis Boivin ex H.Perrier; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 2: 277 (1950)
= Olea perrieri A.Chev. ex H.Perrier; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 2: 276 (1950)
= Olea urophylla (Gilg) Gilg & G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 75 (1913)
= Steganthus urophyllus (Gilg) Knobl.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 116 (1934)
species :
Olea cerasiformis (Webb & Berthel.) Rivas Mart. & del Arco; Itinera Geobot. 15(2): 705 (2002)
Name: Kanaren-Ölbaum (DE); Acebuche (ES)
Distribution: Canary Isl. (Hierro, La Palma, Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote)
21 CNY
Synonyms: hidden
= Olea europaea subsp. cerasiformis (Webb & Berthel.) Kunkel & Sunding; Monogr. Biol. Canar. 3: 58 (1972)
= Olea europaea subsp. guanchica P.Vargas, J.Hess, Muñoz Garm. & Kadereit; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 58(2): 361 (2001)
= Olea europaea var. cerasiformis Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 3): 162 (1845), nom. illeg.
species :
Olea chimanimani Kupicha; Kew Bull. 34(1): 71 (1979)
Distribution: Zimbabwe; Mozambique
26 MOZ ZIM
species :
Olea europaea L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 8 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. europaea
Name: Ölbaum (DE); European olive (EN); Olivo (ES)
Distribution: Switzerland [I]; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Monaco [c]; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Malta [I]; San Marino [c]; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; European Turkey; Greece (lolands of C- & S-Greece, almost all islands); Crete; Crimea [I]; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma, Fuerteventura); Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl.); Turkmenistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos, Kastellorhizo Isl.); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan [c]; Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, SW-Cyprus); Syria (coastal W-Syria, NW-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (N-Israel); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Oman (Mascat & Oman); China [I] (Anhui [I], Fujian [I], Guangdong [I], Guangxi [I], Guizhou [I], Hainan [I], Hubei [I], Hunan [I], Jiangsu [I], Jiangxi [I], Shaanxi [I], Sichuan [I], Yunnan [I], Zhejiang [I]); Tibet [I]; South Korea [I]; Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I]); Guam [I]; Hawaii [I] (E-Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA [I] (California [I]); Mexico [I]; Colombia [I] (Boyacá [I], Cundinamarca [I]); Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]
11 swi 12 BAL COR FRA GIB mco POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI mlt MNT SIC SLV sma SRB TUE 14 kry 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY CVI 32 TKM 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 afg CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR SYR TUR 35 OMA SAU 36 chi tib 38 kor tai 40 pak 50 aus 61 sci 62 gum 63 haw 76 usa 79 mex 82 clm 83 bol per
Synonyms: hidden
= Olea alba Lam. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 562 (1821)
= Olea amygdalina Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 264 (1796)
= Olea angulosa Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 264 (1796)
= Olea angustifolia Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 9 (1838), nom. illeg.
= Olea argentata Clemente ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 209 (1841)
= Olea arolensis Clemente ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 209 (1841), pro syn.
= Olea atrorubens Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 264 (1796)
= Olea bifera Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 8 (1838)
= Olea brevifolia Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 9 (1838)
= Olea buxifolia (Aiton) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 562 (1821), nom. illeg.
= Olea cajetana Petagna; Inst. Bot. 2: 19 (1787)
= Olea cayana Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 9 (1838)
= Olea communis Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 562 (1821), pro syn.
= Olea craniomorpha Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 264 (1796)
= Olea europaea proles sativa Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 224 (1908)
= Olea europaea subsp. sativa (Loudon) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 465 (1882)
= Olea europaea var. alba Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 22 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. amygdalina Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 31 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. angustifolia Alleiz.; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 12: 122 (1921)
= Olea europaea var. araban Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 9 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. atrorubens Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 26 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. atroviolacea Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 11 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. bifera Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 24 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. buxifolia Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 13 (1789)
= Olea europaea var. celina Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 9 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. columballa Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 18 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. communis Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 13 (1789)
= Olea europaea var. conditiva Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 30 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. corniola Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 28 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. crispa Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 15 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. curvifolia Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 25 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. dulcis Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 29 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. ferruginea Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 13 (1789)
= Olea europaea var. fragilis Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 30 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. guttata Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 23 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. hermaphrodita Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 25 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. hispanica Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 31 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. latifolia Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 13 (1789)
= Olea europaea var. laurifolia Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 21 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. longifolia Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 13 (1789)
= Olea europaea var. macrocarpa Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 16 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. minima Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 12 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. nigerrima Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 32 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. obliqua Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 13 (1789)
= Olea europaea var. oblonga Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 10 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. papillata Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 26 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. pendulina Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 17 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. pignola Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 20 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. polymorpha Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 16 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. praecox Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 11 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. racemosa Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 13 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. regalis Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 27 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. rissoi Alef.; Landw. Fl. 265 (1866), nom. superfl.
= Olea europaea var. rostrata Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 28 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. rotundata Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 8 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. rubra Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 18 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. rufa Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 19 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. sativa (Weston) Lehr; Diss. Bot.-Med. Olea 21 (1779)
= Olea europaea var. saurina Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 12 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. serotina Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 15 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. steudelii Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 21 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. strobilina Alef.; Landw. Fl. 263 (1866), nom. superfl.
= Olea europaea var. umbraculata Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 14 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. uvaria Risso; Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 14 (1826)
= Olea europaea var. violacea Alef.; Landw. Fl. 262 (1866), nom. superfl.
= Olea ferruginea (Aiton) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 563 (1821)
= Olea gallica Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 1 (1768)
= Olea hispanica Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 2 (1768)
= Olea lancifolia Moench; Methodus [Moench] 478 (1794)
= Olea latifolia (Aiton) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 563 (1821), nom. illeg.
= Olea longifolia (Aiton) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 563 (1821)
= Olea lorentii Hochst.; Wanderungen Morgenl. [Lorent] 322 (1845)
= Olea obliqua (Aiton) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 563 (1821)
= Olea oblonga Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 264 (1796)
= Olea odorata Rozier ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 1: 69 (1817)
= Olea officinarum Crantz; Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 379 (1766)
= Olea pallida Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 13 (1796), nom. illeg.
= Olea polymorpha Risso ex Schult.; Mant. 1 [Schultes]: 75 (1822)
= Olea praecox Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 264 (1796)
= Olea racemosa Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 264 (1796)
= Olea regia Rozier ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 1: 69 (1817)
= Olea sativa Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 1: 388 (1813)-1820, nom. illeg.
= Olea sativa Weston; Bot. Univ. 1: 191 (1770)
= Olea sphaerica Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 264 (1796)
= Olea subrotunda Vilm.; Bon Jard. 1837: 417 (1837)
= Olea variegata Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 264 (1796)
= Olea viridula Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 264 (1796)
= Phillyrea lorentii Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 6: 461 (1847)
variant :
var. oleaster (Hoffmanns. & Link) A.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 284 (1844)
Name: Wilder Ölbaum (DE); Wild Olive Tree (EN)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; European Turkey; Greece (lowlands of C- & S-Greece, many islands); Crete; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey; Cyprus; Israel; Jordania
12 BAL COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA PEL PTL SIC SLV SRB TUE 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 34 CYP EAI ISR JOR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Olea europaea proles sylvestris (Mill.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 223 (1908)
= Olea europaea subsp. oleaster (Hoffmanns. & Link) Negodi; Arch. Bot. Sist. 3: 79 (1927)
= Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris (Mill.) Rouy ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5: 1936 (1927)
= Olea europaea var. sylvestris (Mill.) Lehr; Diss. Bot.-Med. Olea 20 (1779)
= Olea oleaster Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 1: 387 (1813)-1820
= Olea sylvestris Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: Olea n 3 (1768)
subspecies :
subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) Cif.; Olivicoltore Rivista Olearia Ital. 19(5): 96 (1942)
Name: African Wild Olive
Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]; St. Helena [I]; Mauritius; La Réunion; Iran (S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Asir); United Arab Emirates; Oman (Dhofar, Mascat & Oman); Yemen (coastal Hadhramaut, W-Yemen); Yemen (W-Yemen); China (Yunnan); Pakistan (N. W. Frontier Prov., Dir, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Murree); Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Maharashtra Uttarakhand); Java [I]; Australia [I] (New South Wales [I]); Norfolk Isl. [I]; New Zealand [I]; Kermadec Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], E-Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA [I] (California [I])
20 EGY 23 BUR RWA ZAI 24 ERI ETH SOM SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT LES NAM SAF SWZ 28 sth 29 MAU REU 34 AFG IRN 35 OMA SAU UAE YEM 36 CHI 40 IND NEP PAK 42 jaw 50 aus nfk 51 ker nzl 63 haw 76 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Linociera lebrunii Staner; Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 22: 244 (1932)
= Olea africana Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 4 (1768)
= Olea asiatica Desf.; Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3 (Cat. Pl. Horti Paris.) 88 (1829), nomen
= Olea aucheri A.Chev. ex Ehrend.; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 97: 156 (1960)
= Olea chrysophylla Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 1: 29 (1791)
= Olea chrysophylla var. aucheri A.Chev.; Rev. Intern. Bot. Appl. Paris 28(303-304): 18 (1948)
= Olea chrysophylla var. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 18 (1948)
= Olea chrysophylla var. ferruginea (Royle) A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 18 (1948)
= Olea chrysophylla var. nubica (Schweinf. ex Baker) A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 18 (1948)
= Olea chrysophylla var. somaliensis (Baker) A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 18 (1948)
= Olea chrysophylla var. subnuda R.E.Fr.; Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhodesia-Kongo-Exped. 1911-1912 1: 258 (1916)
= Olea chrysophylla var. verrucosa (Willd.) A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 19 (1948)
= Olea cuspidata Wall. ex G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 49 (1837)
= Olea europaea f. dulcis Collen.; Bot. Mag. (Kew Mag.) 5: 38 (1988), nom. illeg.
= Olea europaea subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S.Green; Kew Bull. 34: 69 (1979)
= Olea europaea var. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif.; Olivicoltore Rivista Olearia Ital. 19(5): 96 (1942)
= Olea europaea var. ferruginea (Royle) Cif.; Oleaia 3-4: 3 (1950), nom. illeg.
= Olea europaea var. nubica Schweinf. ex Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1): 18 (1902)
= Olea europaea var. verrucosa Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1: 44 (1797)
= Olea ferruginea Royle; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 267, t. 65, f. 1 (1835)
= Olea indica Kleinhof ex Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. [N.L.Burman] Prodr. Fl. Cap. 6 (1768)
= Olea kilimandscharica Knobl.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 200 (1934)
= Olea monticola Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 58 (1918)
= Olea sativa var. verrucosa (Willd.) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 1: 69 (1817)
= Olea schimperi Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 58 (1918)
= Olea similis Burch.; Trav. S. Africa 1: 177 (1822), nom. illeg.
= Olea somaliensis Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1): 18 (1902)
= Olea subtrinervata Chiov.; Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 11 [Pl. Nov. Aethiop.]: 49 (1940)
= Olea verrucosa (Willd.) Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 33 (1821)
= Olea verrucosa var. brachybotrys DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 285 (1844)
subspecies :
subsp. laperrinei (Batt. & Trab.) Cif.; Olivicoltore Rivista Olearia Ital. 19(5): 96 (1942)
Distribution: S-Algeria (Hoggar); Niger (Air Mts.); Sudan (Jbel Marra)
20 ALG 22 NGR 24 SUD
Synonyms: hidden
= Olea europaea var. cyrenaica Cif.
= Olea europaea var. maireana Cif.
= Olea laperrinei Batt. & Trab.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 626 (1911 publ. 1912)
= Olea laperrinei Batt. & Trab. ex Maire; Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 3: 166, 168 (1933)
subspecies :
subsp. maroccana (Greuter & Burdet) P.Vargas, J.Hess, Muñoz Garm. & Kadereit; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 58(2): 361 (2001)
Distribution: Morocco
20 MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Olea maroccana Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 19: 37 (1989)
= Olea salicifolia Barbero et al.; Doc. Phytosoc., n. s. 6: 319 (1982) (non G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 48 (1837)) (syn. subst.)
species :
Olea exasperata Jacq.; Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 1, t. 251 (1798)
Name: Dune Olive
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Olea glabella Banks ex Lowe; Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 6(3): 537 (1838), nomen
= Olea humilis Eckl.; S. African Quart. J. 1: 370 (1830), nom. illeg.
species :
Olea lancea Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 1: 29 (1791)
Distribution: Madagascar; Mauritius; La Réunion; Rodrigues
29 MAU MDG REU ROD
Synonyms: hidden
= Olea lancea var. latifolia Balf.f.; Philos. Trans. 168: 54 (1878)
= Steganthus lanceus (Lam.) Knobl.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 116 (1934)
species :
Olea maderensis (Lowe) Rivas Mart. & del Arco; Itinera Geobot. 15(2): 705 (2002)
Distribution: Madeira (Madeira Isl., Ilhas Desertas, Porto Santo Isl.)
21 MDR
Synonyms: hidden
= Olea chrysophylla var. maderensis (Lowe) A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 20 (1948)
= Olea europaea subsp. maderensis (Lowe) O.E.Erikss.; Fl. Macaronesia, ed. 2: 60 (1979)
= Olea europaea var. buxifolia Lowe; Fl. Madeira 2: 22 (1872), nom. illeg.
= Olea europaea var. maderensis Lowe; Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 6: 537 (1838)
species :
Olea paniculata R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 523 (1810)
Distribution: China (Yunnan); Pakistan (Rawalpindi, Murree, Mirpur); Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand); Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Lombok, Timor); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch. (New Ireland, New Britain); Australia (Queensland, New South Wales); Lord Howe Isl.; Norfolk Isl.; New Caledonia (incl. Loyalty Isl., Île des Pins); Vanuatu
36 CHI 40 IND NEP PAK SRL 41 MYA THA 42 JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG SUM 43 BIS 50 AUS LHI NFK 60 NWC VAN
Remarks: probably in Tetrapilus
Synonyms: hidden
= Ligustrum neoebudicum Guillaumin; J. Arnold Arbor. 14: 58 (1933)
= Linociera lauterbachii Lingelsh.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 8 (1927)
= Linociera yunnanensis H.T.Chang; Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1982(2): 1 (1982)
= Notelaea glandulosa Pancher & Guillaumin; Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille, Sér. 2, 9: 192 (1911), in syn.
= Olea bournei Fyson; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 186 (1914)
= Olea capitellata Ridl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 317 (1908)
= Olea glandulifera Desf.; Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3 (Cat. Pl. Horti Paris.) 3: 391 (1829)
= Olea glandulifera Wall. ex G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 49 (1837), nom. illeg.
= Olea glandulosa DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 285 (1844)
= Olea thozettii Pancher & Sebert; Rev. Marit. Colon. 40: 569 (1874)
species :
Olea puberula Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 128 (1911)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia
42 MLY
Remarks: probably in Tetrapilus
species :
Olea schliebenii Knobl.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 199 (1934)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
species :
Olea welwitschii (Knobl.) Gilg & G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 76 (1913)
Distribution: ?Cameroon; São Tomé; Annobon Isl.; ?South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
23 ANN SAO 24 ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Linociera welwitschii (Knobl.) Knobl.; Bot. Centralbl. 61: 129 (1895)
= Mayepea welwitschii Knobl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 580 (1893)
= Olea capensis subsp. welwitschii (Knobl.) Friis & P.S.Green; Kew Bull. 41(1): 36 (1986)
= Olea mussolinii Chiov.; Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 11 [Pl. Nov. Aethiop.]: 48 (1940)
= Osmanthus welwitschii (Knobl.) Knobl.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 1031 (1934)
= Steganthus welwitschii (Knobl.) Knobl.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 116 (1934)
species :
Olea woodiana Knobl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 532 (1893)
subspecies :
subsp. woodiana
Name: Forest Olive
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Olea mackenii Harv.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 4(1): 488 (1907)
= Leuranthus woodianus (Knobl.) Knobl.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 117 (1934)
subspecies :
subsp. disjuncta P.S.Green; Kew Bull. 57(1): 101 (2002)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania
25 KEN TAN
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life