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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.2912 Genus Pentanisia Harv.; London J. Bot. 1: 21 (1842)
Distribution: Tropical and NE-S-Africa, Madagascar
Species listed in database: 19
= Calanda K.Schum.; Kunene-Sambesi-Exped. [Warburg] 386 (1903)
= Chlorochorion Puff & Robbr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 110: 547 (1989)
= Diotocarpus Hochst.; Flora 26: 70 (1843)
= Holocarpa Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 414 (1886)
= Neopentanisia Verdc.; Kew Bull. [8]: 113 (1953)
= Otocephalus Chiov.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1924: 40 (1924)
= Pentacarpaea Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 439 (1898)
= Pentacarpus Post & Kuntze; Lex. Gen. Phan. [Post & Kuntze] 422 (1903)
species :
Pentanisia angustifolia (Hochst.) Hochst.; Flora 27: 555 (1844)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 LES SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Diotocarpus angustifolius Hochst.; Flora 26: 71 (1843)
= Pentanisia variabilis var. glaucescens Cruse ex Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 24 (1865)
species :
Pentanisia annua K.Schum.; Kunene-Sambesi-Exped. [Warburg] 385 (1903)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Angola
23 ZAI 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Neopentanisia annua (K.Schum.) Verdc.; Kew Bull. [8]: 114 (1953)
species :
Pentanisia arenaria (Hiern) Verdc.; Kew Bull. [7(3)]: 361 (1952)
Distribution: Tanzania; Angola
25 TAN 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentacarpaea arenaria Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 439 (1898)
= Pentanisia pentagyne K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 350 (1903)
species :
Pentanisia calcicola Verdc.; Kew Bull. 36(3): 495 (1981)
Distribution: Somalia
24 SOM
species :
Pentanisia confertifolia (Baker) Verdc.; Kew Bull. [7]: 361 (1952)
Distribution: Zambia
26 ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentanisia confertifolia f. glabrifolia Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 22: 273 (1952)
= Pentas confertifolia Baker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 67 (1895)
species :
Pentanisia foetida Verdc.; Kew Bull. [6]: 381 (1951 publ. 1952)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania
25 KEN TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Chlorochorion foetidum (Verdc.) Puff & Robbr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 110(4): 547 (1989)
species :
Pentanisia gossweileri (Verdc.) Kårehed & B.Bremer; Taxon 56(4): 1076 (2007)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Neopentanisia gossweileri Verdc.; Kew Bull. [8]: 114 (1953)
species :
Pentanisia longipedunculata Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 22: 278 (1952)
Distribution: Somalia
24 SOM
species :
Pentanisia longituba (Franch.) Oliv.; Unknown Horn of Afr. [F.L.James], Append. 319 (1888)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya
24 ETH SOM 25 KEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Knoxia longituba Franch.; Sert. Somal. [Révoil, ed.] 32 (1882)
species :
Pentanisia microphylla (Franch.) Chiov.; Fl. Somala 1: 193 (1929)
Distribution: N-Somalia
24 SOM
Synonyms: hidden
= Knoxia microphylla Franch.; Sert. Somal. [Révoil, ed.] 33 (1882)
species :
Pentanisia monticola (K.Krause) Verdc.; Kew Bull. [6]: 362 (1951 publ. 1952)
Distribution: Burundi; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi
23 BUR 25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Chlorochorion monticola (K.Krause) Puff & Robbr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 110(4): 547 (1989)
= Otomeria monticola K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 26 (1920)
species :
Pentanisia ouranogyne S.Moore; J. Bot. 18: 4 (1880)
Distribution: South Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania
24 DJI ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentanisia ouranogyne var. glabrifolia Cufod.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 55: 87 (1948)
= Pentanisia pentasiana Mattei; Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 189 (1908)
species :
Pentanisia procumbens R.D.Good; J. Bot. 64(Suppl.): 2, 20 (1926)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
species :
Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 2: 941 (1843)
subspecies :
subsp. prunelloides
Distribution: Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 MOZ 27 LES SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Crusea glaucescens E.Mey. ex Harv.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: 22 (1842), pro syn.
= Crusea lanceolata E.Mey. ex Hochst.; Flora 26: 70 (1843), pro syn.
= Crusea variabilis E.Mey. ex Harv.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: 22 (1842), pro syn.
= Declieuxia prunelloides Klotzsch; Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 363 (1837)
= Diotocarpus prunelloides (Klotzsch) Hochst.; Flora 26: 70 (1843)
= Diotocarpus prunelloides var. latifolia Hochst.; Flora 26: 70 (1843)
= Pentanisia glaucescens Harv.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: 22 (1842)
= Pentanisia longisepala K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 532 (1907)
= Pentanisia prunelloides var. longifolia Bär; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 68: 437 (1923)
= Pentanisia variabilis Harv.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: 22 (1842)
= Pentanisia variabilis var. intermedia Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 24 (1865)
subspecies :
subsp. latifolia (Hochst.) Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 22: 250 (1952)
Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; South Africa (Limpopo, Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]
25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM 27 LES SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Declieuxia latifolia Hochst.; Flora 26: 70 (1843)
= Pentanisia prunelloides var. latifolia (Hochst.) Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 2: 941 (1843)
= Pentanisia variabilis var. latifolia (Hochst.) Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 24 (1865)
species :
Pentanisia renifolia Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 22: 271 (1952)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; N-Zimbabwe
23 ZAI 26 ZIM
species :
Pentanisia rubricaulis (K.Schum.) Kårehed & B.Bremer; Taxon 56(4): 1076 (2007)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Calanda rubricaulis K.Schum.; Kunene-Sambesi-Exped. [Warburg] 386 (1903)
= Calanda rubricaulis var. pubescens Figueiredo; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 156(4): 549 (2008)
= Otocephalus umbellifer Chiov.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1924: 41 (1924)
species :
Pentanisia schweinfurthii Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 131 (1877)
Distribution: Nigeria; Cameroon; D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Burundi; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
22 NGA 23 BUR CMN ZAI 24 SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentanisia crassifolia K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 531 (1907)
= Pentanisia rhodesiana S.Moore; J. Bot. 40: 252 (1902)
= Pentanisia schweinfurthii var. puberula Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 22: 258 (1952)
= Pentanisia sericocarpa S.Moore; J. Bot. 40: 251 (1902)
species :
Pentanisia sykesii Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 248 (1906)
subspecies :
subsp. sykesii
Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi
25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM
subspecies :
subsp. otomerioides Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 22: 268 (1952)
Distribution: Zimbabwe; South Africa (Limpopo)
26 ZIM 27 SAF
species :
Pentanisia veronicoides (Baker) Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 4: 90 (1891)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Holocarpa veronicoides Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 414 (1886)
= Knoxia veronicoides Drake; Hist. Phys. Madagascar [Grandidier] 36, Hist. Nat. Pl. 6, Atlas 4: t. 441 (1897)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life