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177.0000 Family Poaceae Barnhart; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 7 (1895), nom. cons., nom. alt.
ca. 800 genera, ca. 12.000 spp. worldwide. Systematics following Soreng et al. (2017) and Soreng et al. (2022)
Species listed in database: 12106; hybrids: 385
= Aegilopaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 221 (1820)
= Agrostidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Alopecuraceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 19 (1820)
= Andropogonaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 28 (1820)
= Anomochloaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Anthoxanthaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Arundinaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 60 (1843)
= Arundinellaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 136 (1940)
= Asperellaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 106, 270 (1827)
= Avenaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 60. 31 (1820)
= Bambusaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Bromaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Cenchraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 9, 268 (1827)
= Chaeturaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 106, 269 (1827)
= Chloridaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Chondrosaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 269 (1827)
= Coleanthaceae Pfeiff.; Nomencl. Bot. [Pfeiffer] 1(2): 818. ante (1873)
= Cynodontaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 51, 269 (1827)
= Cynosuraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271, 272 (1827)
= Echinariaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Ehrhartaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Eragrostidaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 145 (1940)
= Festucaceae Spreng.; Fl. Comit. Pest. 1: 28 (1825)
= Glyceriaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Gramineae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 28 (1789), nom. cons.
= Holcaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 252 (1833)
= Hordeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Laguraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 250 (1833)
= Lepturaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 147 (1940)
= Loliaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 6, 267 (1827)
= Melicaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 390 (1820)
= Miliaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 91, 270 (1827)
= Nardaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 413 (1820)
= Olyraceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Ophiuraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 3, 268 (1827)
= Oryzaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Panicaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Pappophoraceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 145 (1940)
= Parianaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Paspalaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 47, 269 (1827)
= Phalaridaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 250 (1833)
= Pharaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 139 (1940)
= Phleaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 269 (1827)
= Saccharaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Sesleriaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 60 (1843)
= Spartinaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 46, 268 (1827)
= Stipaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Streptochaetaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Triticaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 22, 268 (1827)
= Zeaceae A.J.Kern.; Pflanzenleben 2: 651 (1891)
= Zoysiaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 8, 268 (1827)
177.8204 Genus Phragmites Adans.; Fam. Pl. [Adanson] 2: 34, 559 (1763)
Distribution: almost cosmopolitan, excl. Arctic Regions. The species delimitation is highly controversial, especially in southern Europe
Species listed in database: 7
= Czernya C.Presl; Cyper. Gram. Sicul. 22 (1820)
= Miphragtes Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 332 (1914), nom. inval.
= Oxyanthe Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 1: 197 (1854)
= Trichoon Roth; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1(3): 37 (1798)
= Xenochloa Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 29 (1817)
species :
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841)
Name: Gewöhnliches Schilf (DE); Common Reed (EN); Cafia de indio, Cafia de pantano (ES), Carrizo [Chile]
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (lowlands of mainland, incl. most islands); Crete; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya (incl. Tibesti); Egypt (Desert Oases, Eastern Desert, Great Southwestern Desert, NE-Egypt, Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt, SE-Egypt); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife); Cape Verde Isl. (Ilha de Sao Tiago); N-Chad; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (EC-Iran, E-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Badakshan, Wakhan, Badghys, Balkh, Bamyan, Helmand, Herat, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Nimroz, Parwan, Samangan); Cyprus (E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jazira, NW-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (NE-Saudi Arabia, Asir); Kuwait; Bahrain; Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Oman (Dhofar, Mascat & Oman); Yemen (SW-Yemen, W-Yemen); China (widespread); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Pakistan (Baluchistan, N.W.Frontier Prov., Pakistani Punjab, Chitral, Astor, Baltistan); Nepal; India (Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan); Thailand; Laos; peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Penang Isl., Perak, Pahan, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Johor); Singapore; Australia (SW-Western Australia, S-Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania); Lord Howe Isl. (incl. Roach Isl.); New Zealand [I]; New Caledonia; Hawaii [I] (Oahu [I]); Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Northern Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Lucia; Tobago; Trinidad; Colombia (La Guajira); Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Bolívar, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Sucre, Zulia); Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, La Paz); NE-Brazil; SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro); Uruguay (San Jose); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chubut, Cordoba, Argentina Distrito Federal, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, Santiago del Estero, San Juan, Tucuman); Chile (Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía, Los Rios)
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL CIS COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MLT MNT NMA PEL ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY CVI MDR 24 CHA 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 35 BAR KUW OMA QAT SAU UAE YEM 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS TAI 40 IND NEP PAK 41 LAO THA 42 MLY SNG 50 AUS LHI 51 nzl 60 NWC 63 haw 70 CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 BAH GDL HIS JAM MAR PUE STL TRT 82 CLM FRG SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA 85 ARG CLE URU
Remarks: the correct name is highly disputed. Possibly Phragmites nigricans (Mérat) E. S. Marshall & Shoolbred has priority (Tikhomirov 2021)
Synonyms: hidden
= Arundo aggerum Kit.; Linnaea 32: 307 (1864)
= Arundo australis Cav.; Anales Hist. Nat. 1: 100 (1799)
= Arundo barbata Burch.; Trav. S. Africa 2: 271 (1824)
= Arundo donax Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 23 (1775), nom. illeg.
= Arundo filiformis Hassk.; Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10: 117 (1843), nomen
= Arundo flexuosa Brongn.; Voy. Monde, Phan. [Brongniart] 29 (1829), nom. illeg.
= Arundo graeca Link; Linnaea 9: 136 (1834)
= Arundo naga J.Koenig ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 144 (1841), pro syn.
= Arundo nigricans (Mérat) Mérat; Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 2: 33 (1821)
= Arundo occidentalis Sieber ex Schult.; Mant. 2 [Schultes]: 289 (1824)
= Arundo palustris Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 24 (1796) [nom. illeg. superfl.]
= Arundo phragmites f. salsa Podp.; Kvetena Moravy 6: 247 (1926)
= Arundo phragmites L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 81 (1753)
= Arundo phragmites var. gracilis Mérat; Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris 35 (1812)
= Arundo phragmites var. nigricans (Mérat) Bréb.; Fl. Normandie 378 (1835)
= Arundo phragmites var. picta E.F.von Bary, B.Mey.bis, Jos.Meyer, Schinnerl & Schnabl; Ber. Bot. Vereines Landshut 11: 154 (1889)
= Arundo phragmites var. pumila G.Mey.; Hannover. Mag. 5: 171 (1824)
= Arundo phragmites var. rivularis Griseb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 4: 394 (1852)
= Arundo phragmites var. stolonifera G.Mey.; Hannover. Mag. 5: 171 (1824)
= Arundo phragmites var. subuniflora DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 263 (1815)
= Arundo phragmites var. tenella Nolte; Fl. Dan. [Oeder et al.] t. 2164
= Arundo phragmites var. variegata (Gray) J.Lloyd; Fl. Loire-Inf. 301 (1844)
= Arundo pseudophragmites Lej.; Fl. Spa 1: 64 (1811), nom. illeg.
= Arundo pumila (Willk.) Griseb.; Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 76 (1868)
= Arundo pungens Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 144 (1841), pro syn.
= Arundo rivularis Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 144 (1841), pro syn.
= Arundo vallatoria Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 128 (1821 publ. 1822), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Arundo vallatoria var. variegata Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 128 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Arundo vulgaris Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 615 (1779) [nom. illeg. superfl.]
= Arundo vulnerans Gilib.; Exerc. Phyt. 2: 541 (1792), opus utique oppr.
= Calamagrostis nigricans Mérat; Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 2, 2: 33 (1821)
= Cenchrus frutescens L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 1050 (1753)
= Cynodon phragmites (L.) Raspail; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 5: 302 (1825)
= Cynodon phragmites var. durvillaei Raspail; Ann. Sci. Observ. 3: 109 (1830)
= Czernya arundinacea C.Presl; Cyper. Gram. Sicul. 6 (1818)
= Donax australis Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 524 (1841), nom. inval.
= Oxyanthe phragmites (L.) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 332 (1914)
= Phalaris communis var. rubriculmis Wikstr.; Stockh. Fl. 56 (1839)
= Phragmites arundinacea P.Beauv. ex Strumpf; Syst. Handb. Arzneimittellehre 2: 358 (1855), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Phragmites australis f. goldstripe Xi Zhang, T.H.Qiu, A.A.Wang, H.J.Zhou, M.Yuan, Li Li, S.L.Bai & S.X.Cui; Chin. Bull. Bot. 55(6): 701 (2020)
= Phragmites australis f. pilifer (Ohwi) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 55: 327 (1980)
= Phragmites australis f. subuniflora (DC.) Dobrescu; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 12: 212 (1972)
= Phragmites australis subsp. humilis (De Not.) Kerguélen; Lejeunia, n. s., 75: 235 (1975)
= Phragmites australis subsp. humilis (De Not.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Prír. 150(3-4): 140 (1981 publ. 1982), isonym
= Phragmites australis subsp. maritimus (Mabille) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23: 389 (1977 publ. 1978)
= Phragmites australis var. berlanderi (E.Fourn.) C.F.Reed; Phytologia 63(5): 410 (1987)
= Phragmites australis var. flavescens (Custer) Tzvelev; Zlaki S.S.S.R. 607 (1976)
= Phragmites australis var. humilis (De Not.) Tzvelev; Zlaki S.S.S.R. 607 (1976)
= Phragmites australis var. salsa (Podp.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23: 389 (1977 publ. 1978), no basionym year page
= Phragmites australis var. stenophylla (Boiss.) Jain & Doli Das; Indian Forester 99(9): 575 (1973)
= Phragmites australis var. striatopictus (Rchb.) Tzvelev; Zlaki S.S.S.R. 607 (1976)
= Phragmites australis var. turkestanicus (Drobow) Tzvelev; Zlaki S.S.S.R. 607 (1976)
= Phragmites barbatus Stapf; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 7: 541 (1899), pro syn.
= Phragmites bhattacharyyae Kandwal, Uniyal & Rajesw.; J. Jap. Bot. 85(3): 153 (2010)
= Phragmites breviglumis Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 2: 386 (1875)
= Phragmites capensis Nees; Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. 356 (1841)
= Phragmites caudatus Nees; Observ. Bot. [Meyen] 1: 407 (1843), nomen
= Phragmites chilensis Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841), nomen
= Phragmites communis proles humilis (De Not.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 14: 165 (1913)
= Phragmites communis proles stenophyllus (Boiss.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 14: 165 (1913)
= Phragmites communis f. coarctata Raunk.; Bot. Tidsskr. 18: 276 (1893)
= Phragmites communis f. flavescens (Custer) Holmb.; Skand. Fl. 2: 187 (1926), isonym
= Phragmites communis f. flavescens (Custer) Vollm.; Fl. Bayern [Vollmann] 71 (1914)
= Phragmites communis f. pilifer Ohwi; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 10: 266 (1941)
= Phragmites communis f. repens G.Mey.; Chloris Han. 650 (1836)
= Phragmites communis f. salsa (Podp.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 120 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Phragmites communis f. stolonifera (G.Mey.) Holmb.; Skand. Fl. 2: 186 (1926)
= Phragmites communis f. striatipictus (Rchb.) Jaap; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 20(2): 28 (1902)
= Phragmites communis f. subuniflora (DC.) Holmb.; Skand. Fl. 2: 187 (1926)
= Phragmites communis subsp. flavescens Custer; Fl. Helv. 6: 341 (1830)
= Phragmites communis subsp. hispanicus (Nees) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. [K.Richter] 1: 71 (1890)
= Phragmites communis subsp. humilis (De Not.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 767 (1882)
= Phragmites communis subsp. maritima (Mabille) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. [K.Richter] 1: 71 (1890)
= Phragmites communis subsp. nigricans (Mérat) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. [K.Richter] 1: 71 (1890)
= Phragmites communis subsp. stenophyllus (Boiss.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. [K.Richter] 1: 71 (1890)
= Phragmites communis Trin.; Fund. Agrost. [Trinius] 134 (1820), nom. nov. for Arundo phragmites L. 1753
= Phragmites communis var. arundinacea (Roem. & Schult.) Conert; Syst. Anat. Arundineae 54 (1961)
= Phragmites communis var. biflorus Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 1(12): 186 (1850), nom. inval.
= Phragmites communis var. flavescens (Custer) Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 699 (1845)
= Phragmites communis var. flavescens (Custer) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 2: 909 (1844)
= Phragmites communis var. hirsutus (Kitag.) Conert; Syst. Anat. Arundineae 49 (1961)
= Phragmites communis var. humilis (De Not.) Parl.; Fl. Ital. [Parlatore] 1: 77 (1850)
= Phragmites communis var. innubus Iverus; Bot. Not. 1875: 81 (1875)
= Phragmites communis var. longivalvis (Steud.) Miq.; Prolus. Fl. Jap. 166 (1866)
= Phragmites communis var. maritima (Mabille) Gaut.; Cat. Rais. Fl. Pyr.-Or. 440 (1898)
= Phragmites communis var. minor Le Gall; Fl. Morbihan 713 (1852)
= Phragmites communis var. minor Tourlet; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Indre-et-Loire 558 (1908)
= Phragmites communis var. nana G.Mey.; Chloris Han. 650 (1836), nom. illeg.
= Phragmites communis var. nigricans (Mérat) Bréb.; Fl. Normandie, éd. 2: 307 (1849), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Phragmites communis var. nigricans (Mérat) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. [K.Richter] 1: 71 (1890)
= Phragmites communis var. repens G.Mey.; Chloris Han. 650 (1836)
= Phragmites communis var. salina J.T.Jansen & Wacht.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 44: f. 4 (1934)
= Phragmites communis var. stenophyllus Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 5: 563 (1884)
= Phragmites communis var. stolonifera (G.Mey.) Schroet.; Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 13: 119 (1903)
= Phragmites communis var. striatopictus Rchb.; Fl. Saxon. 13 (1842)
= Phragmites communis var. subbiflora Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 742 (1866), nom. illeg.
= Phragmites communis var. subuniflora Boreau; Fl. Centre France [Boreau] 2: 534 (1840)
= Phragmites communis var. subuniflora Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 115 (1843), nom. illeg.
= Phragmites communis var. subuniflorus Sehlm.; Prodr. Fl. Preuss. Rheinl. [Wirtgen] 189 (1842), nom. inval.
= Phragmites communis var. tenella (Nolte) Blytt; Norsk Fl. 125 (1847)
= Phragmites communis var. turkestanicus Drobow; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 16: 134 (1916)
= Phragmites communis var. uniflora Boenn.; Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal. 24 (1824)
= Phragmites communis var. uniflora Mutel; Fl. Franç. [Mutel] 4: 45 (1837)
= Phragmites communis var. variegata Mutel; Fl. Franç. [Mutel] 4: 45 (1837)
= Phragmites communis var. variegatus (Gray) Hitchc.; Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2601 (1916)
= Phragmites communis var. vulgaris Boenn.; Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal. 24 (1824)
= Phragmites congestus Lowe; Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 6(3): 529 (1838)
= Phragmites dioica Hack. ex Conert; Syst. Anat. Arundineae 58 (1961) [nom. illeg., non Hack. ex Hicken 1918]
= Phragmites distichus Buse; Pl. Jungh. [Miquel] 344 (1854)
= Phragmites emodi Arn. & Nees; Gramineae [Nees] 42 (1841)
= Phragmites explanatus Trin. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841), pro syn.
= Phragmites filiformis Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 1: 196 (1854)
= Phragmites fissifolius Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 1: 195 (1854)
= Phragmites flavescens (Custer) Hegetschw.; Fl. Schweiz [Hegetschweiler] 68 (1839)
= Phragmites flexuosus Trin. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841)
= Phragmites graecus (Link) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841)
= Phragmites hirsutus Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 9: 108, 117 (1933)
= Phragmites hispanicus Nees; Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl. 1: 152 (1843)
= Phragmites humilis De Not.; Index Sem. (Genoa) 1847: 27 (1847)
= Phragmites jahandiezii Sennen & Mauricio; Cat. Fl. Rif Orient. 131 (1933), nomen
= Phragmites jeholensis Honda; Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo, Sect. IV, 4 (Index Fl. Jehol.) 10 (1936)
= Phragmites longivalvis Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 196 (1854)
= Phragmites loscosii Willk.; Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 13 (1893)
= Phragmites maritimus Mabille; Rech. Pl. Corse 2: 42 (1869)
= Phragmites martinicensis Trin. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841), nomen
= Phragmites maximus var. variegatus (Bailey) Moldenke; Phytologia 1: 170 (1935)
= Phragmites minor Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841), nomen
= Phragmites nagus Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841), pro syn.
= Phragmites nakaianus Honda; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 3: 118 (1930)
= Phragmites nigricans (Mérat) E.S.Marshall & Shoolbred; Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1893: 427 (1894)
= Phragmites nigricans (Mérat) Mabille; Rech. Pl. Corse 2: 44 (1869), comb. inval. in syn.
= Phragmites occidentalis Trin. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841), pro syn.
= Phragmites phragmites (L.) H.Karst.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten] 378 (1883), nom. inval.
= Phragmites phragmites var. subuniflorus (DC.) Druce; Fl. Oxfordshire, ed. 2: 482 (1927), nom. inval.
= Phragmites pumilus Willk.; Strand-Steppengeb. Iber. Halbins. [Thes.]: 157 (1852)
= Phragmites pungens A.Chev.; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 5: 84 (1933), pro syn.
= Phragmites stenophyllus (Boiss.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 14: 165 (1913)
= Phragmites turkestanicus (Drobow) Tzvelev; Zlaki Rossii 464 (2019)
= Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) Crép.; Man. Fl. Belgique, ed. 2: 345 (1866), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Phragmites willkommianus Mabille; Rech. Pl. Corse 2: 58 (1869)
= Phragmites xenochloa Trin. ex Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 1: 196 (1854)
= Reimaria diffusa Spreng.; Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. [Sprengel] 3: 14 (1822)
= Trichoon phragmites (L.) Rendle; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 2: 218 (1899)
= Xenochloa arundinacea Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 501 (1817)
variant :
var. americanus (Saltonst., P.M.Peterson & Soreng) Tiehm; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 17(1): 26 (2023)
Distribution: USA (Montana, etc.); Mexico (Sonora)
73 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Phragmites americanus (Saltonst., P.M.Peterson & Soreng) A.Haines; Stantec Bot. Notes 13(add.): 1 (2010)
= Phragmites australis subsp. americanus Saltonst., P.M.Peterson & Soreng; Sida 21(2): 690 (2004)
= Phragmites australis subsp. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Saltonst. & Hauber; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(1): 387 (2007)
= Phragmites australis var. americanus (Saltonst., P.M.Peterson & Soreng) Tiehm; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 17(1): 26 (2023)
= Phragmites australis var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) C.F.Reed; Phytologia 63: (1987)
= Phragmites berlandieri E.Fourn.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 24: 178 (1877)
= Phragmites communis subsp. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Á.Löve; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 81: 33 (1954)
= Phragmites communis var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Fernald; Rhodora 34: 211 (1925)
= Phragmites maximus var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Moldenke; Torreya 36: 93 (1936)
species :
Phragmites frutescens H.Scholz; Taxon 45(3): 522 (1996)
Name: Buschiges Schilf (DE); Bushy Reed (EN)
Distribution: Greece (Chalkidiki, Limnos, coastal Peloponnisos); Crete; East Aegaean Isl. (Samos, Kos, Simi, Rhodos)
13 GRC KRI 34 EAI
Remarks: status disputed, often included in P. australis
species :
Phragmites isiacus Rchb. ex Kunth; Révis. Gramin. 1: 80 (1829)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; SE-Europe; Italy; Latvia; Belarus [I]; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt; Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Burkina Faso; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Congo [Brazzaville]; Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Kenya; Angola; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]; Madagascar; Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Sakhalin); Turkmenistan; Northern Caucasus; Armenia; Azerbaijan
11 ger 12 BAL POR SPA 13 ITA 14 blr LAT 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 22 BEN BKN GAM GNB MTN NGA NGR SEN 23 BIO CMN CON 24 ERI ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN 26 ANG 27 BOT LES NAM SAF SWZ 29 MDG 31 RFE 32 TKM 33 ARM AZE NCS
Remarks: valid name very controversial, P. maximus or P. isiacus might have priority. The name ´altissimus´ probably belongs to P. australis
Synonyms: hidden
= Arundo altissima Benth.; Cat. Pl. Pyrénées 62 (1826)
= Arundo isiaca Delile; Descr. Égypte, Hist. Nat. 2: 82 (1813), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Arundo maxima Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 24 (1775), nom. illeg.
= Arundo phragmites proles maxima P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 44 (1934)
= Arundo phragmites var. isiaca Griseb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 4: 394 (1852), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Cynodon maximus (Forssk.) Raspail; Ann. Sci. Observ. 2: 79 (1829)
= Cynodon petitii Raspail; Ann. Sci. Observ. 2: 79 (1829), pro syn.
= Cynodon phragmites var. maximus (Forssk.) Raspail; Ann. Sci. Observ. 3: 109 (1830)
= Phragmites altissimus (Benth.) Mabille; Rech. Pl. Corse 2: 39 (1869)
= Phragmites altissimus var. confertus Debeaux; Bull. Soc. Dauphin. Échange Pl. 7: 276 (1880)
= Phragmites australis subsp. altissimus (Benth.) Clayton; Taxon 17: 169 (1968)
= Phragmites australis subsp. chrysanthus (Mabille) Kerguélen; Lejeunia, 120: 139 (1987), isonym
= Phragmites australis subsp. chrysanthus (Mabille) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Prír. 150(3-4): 140 (1981 publ. 1982)
= Phragmites australis subsp. isiacus (Arcang.) J.H.Xue, Chepinoga & K.P.Ma; Checkl. Vasc. Pl. N. Asia 90 (2024)
= Phragmites australis subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23: 390 (1977 publ. 1978), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Phragmites australis var. altissimus (Benth.) D.Rivera & M.A.Carreras; Anales Biol., Fac. Biol., Univ. Murcia 13: 27 (1987)
= Phragmites australis var. marsillianus (Mabille) Kerguélen; Lejeunia, n. s., 75: 234 (1975)
= Phragmites chrysanthus Mabille; Rech. Pl. Corse 2: 37 (1869)
= Phragmites chrysanthus var. marsillianus Mabille; Rech. Pl. Corse 2: 37 (1869)
= Phragmites communis proles isiacus Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 14: 164 (1913)
= Phragmites communis f. giganteus (J.Gay ex F.W.Schultz) Maire & Weiller; Fl. Afrique N. 2: 220 (1953)
= Phragmites communis f. pungens L.Chevall.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 3: 779 (1903)
= Phragmites communis subsp. chrysanthus (Mabille) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. [K.Richter] 1: 71 (1890)
= Phragmites communis subsp. clarianus Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 207 (1936 publ. 1951)
= Phragmites communis subsp. giganteus (J.Gay ex F.W.Schultz) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 354 (1894)
= Phragmites communis subsp. isiacus Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 767 (1882)
= Phragmites communis subsp. marsillianus (Mabille) Cif. & Giacom.; Nomenclator Fl. Ital. 1: 33 (1950)
= Phragmites communis subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Clayton; Kew Bull. 21: 116 (1967)
= Phragmites communis var. altissimus (Benth.) Mutel; Fl. Franç. [Mutel] 4: 46 (1837)
= Phragmites communis var. chrysanthus (Mabille) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 14: 165 (1913)
= Phragmites communis var. isiacus Coss.; Expl. Sci. Algérie 2: 125 (1855), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Phragmites communis var. marsillianus (Mabille) Briq.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 112 (1910)
= Phragmites communis var. nitens Debeaux; Bull. Soc. Dauphin. Échange Pl. 7: no. 2660 (1880)
= Phragmites communis var. ruscinonensis Endress; Exsicc. (Unio Itin. Pyr.) 1830: s.n. (1830)
= Phragmites giganteus J.Gay ex F.W.Schultz; Arch. Fl. France Allem. [F.W.Schultz] 200 (1830)
= Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 26: 80 (1919)
= Phragmites maximus var. isiaca Coss.; Expl. Sci. Algérie 2: 125 (1855), nom. inval.
= Phragmites persepolitanus Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 301 (1919 publ. 1920)
= Phragmites ruscinonensis (Endress) Mabille; Rech. Pl. Corse 2: 41 (1869)
= Phragmites splendens Mabille; Rech. Pl. Corse 2: 42 (1869)
= Phragmites vulgaris subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Chiov.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1923: 113 (1923), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Phragmites vulgaris var. isiacus (Arcang.) T.Durand & Schinz; Consp. Fl. Afr. [Durand & Schinz] 5: 876 (1894), nom. illeg. superfl.
species :
Phragmites japonicus Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 196 (1854)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Oxyanthe japonica (Steud.) Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 1: 197 (1854)
= Phragmites japonicus var. prostratus (Makino) L.Liu; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 9(2): 27 (2002)
= Phragmites prostratus Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 237 (1912)
= Phragmites serotinus Kom.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 2: 305, 751 (1934)
= Sericura japonica Steud.; Flora 29: 20 (1846)
species :
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841)
Distribution: Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Sierra Leone; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon; SW-Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Iran (?C-Iran); Yemen (W-Yemen); China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan); South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Pakistan (Karachi, Sind, Baluchistan, Peshawar, Pakistani Punjab, Chitral); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andamans, Middle Andamans, South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobars, Central Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore [I]; Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Cebu, Mindanao); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Australia (NE-Western Australia, N-Northern Territory, N-South Australia, N-Queensland); New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Palau (Babeldaob, Koror); Northern Marianas (Saipan, Tinian, Rota); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Truk, Moen, Dublon, Fefan, Pohnpei, Kosrae)
22 BEN BKN GAM GHA GNB MLI NGA NGR SEN SIE TOG 23 CMN 24 CHA ERI ETH SOM SSU SUD 25 KEN UGA 34 IRN 35 YEM 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NNS TAI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK SRL 41 AND CBD LAO MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI PLW sng SUL SUM 43 BIS SOL 50 AUS 60 NWC VAN 62 GUM MIC MRN PLU
Synonyms: hidden
= Arundo corea Rottler ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 7: 304 (1896), pro syn.
= Arundo karka Retz.; Observ. Bot. [Retzius] 4: 21 (1786)
= Arundo roxburghii Kunth; Révis. Gramin. 1: 79 (1829), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Arundo tecta Blanco; Fl. Filip. [Blanco] 48 (1837), nom. illeg.
= Arundo tibialis Roxb. ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 5017B (1831), nomen
= Arundo vallatoria L.; Herb. Amboin. [Linnaeus] 15 (1754)
= Calamagrostis karka (Retz.) J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 172 (1791)
= Phragmites bifarius Wight ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 7: 304 (1896), pro syn.
= Phragmites cinctus (Hook.f.) B.S.Sun; Fl. Yunnan. 9: 224 (2003)
= Phragmites communis var. zeylanicus Nees; Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl. 1: 173 (1843), pro syn.
= Phragmites karka var. cinctus Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 7: 305 (1896)
= Phragmites laxiflorus Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 1: 196 (1854)
= Phragmites nepalensis Nees ex Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 196 (1854)
= Phragmites roxburghii (Kunth) Trin. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 324 (1841)
= Phragmites vallatorius (L.) Veldkamp; Blumea 37: 233 (1992)
= Trichoon karka (Retz.) Roth; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1(3): 37 (1798)
= Trichoon roxburghii (Kunth) W.Wight; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 9: 390 (1905)
species :
Phragmites mauritianus Kunth; Révis. Gramin. 1: 80 (1829)
Distribution: Egypt; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; ?Sudan; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]; ?Madagascar; Mauritius; La Réunion; Rodrigues
20 EGY 23 CAF CON ZAI 24 SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ 29 MAU REU ROD
Synonyms: hidden
= Phragmites communis var. mauritianus (Kunth) Baker; Fl. Mauritius [J.G.Baker] 454 (1877)
= Phragmites communis var. mossambicensis Andersson; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 2: 555 (1864)
= Phragmites communis var. nudus (Nees) T.Durand & Schinz; Consp. Fl. Afr. [Durand & Schinz] 5: 876 (1894)
= Phragmites nudus Nees; Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. 356 (1841)
= Phragmites pungens Hack.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 1: 771 (1901)
= Phragmites vulgaris var. mauritianus (Kunth) T.Durand & Schinz; Consp. Fl. Afr. [Durand & Schinz] 5: 876 (1894), nom. illeg.
= Phragmites vulgaris var. mossambicensis (Andersson) T.Durand & Schinz; Consp. Fl. Afr. [Durand & Schinz] 5: 876 (1894), nom. illeg.
species :
Phragmites tzvelevii Val.N.Tikhom.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 52: 14 (2021), nom. nov. pro sp.
Distribution: Germany [I]; Poland; Belarus
11 ger POL 14 BLR
Remarks: likely of hybridogenous origin P. isiacus (altissimus) x P. australis (nigricans)
Synonyms: hidden
= Arundo phragmites var. pseudodonax (Rabenh.) Asch. & Graebn.; Fl. Nordostdeut. Flachl. 102 (1898)
= Phragmites australis subsp. pseudodonax (Rabenh.) Rauschert; Feddes Repert. 93(1-2): 20 (1982)
= Phragmites communis subsp. pseudodonax (Rabenh.) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 1: 273 (1907)
= Phragmites communis subsp. pseudodonax (Rabenh.) Rothm.; Exkursionsfl. Deutschland [Rothmaler] 4: 33 (1963), nom. inval.
= Phragmites communis var. pseudodonax Rabenh.; Bot. Centralbl. 1: 242 (1846)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life