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452.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 55 (1822)
1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and Zuntini et al. (2024). Barnadesioideae (so far treated as most basal member of Asteraceae) might be a separate family, more related to Calyceraceae.
Species listed in database: 35280; hybrids: 678
= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)
= Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820), nom. cons.
= Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Aposeridaceae Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 106 (1838)
= Arctotaceae Bessey; Univ. Stud. Nebraska 14: 107 (1914)
= Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Artemisiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 48 (1820)
= Athanasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 56 (1820)
= Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Carlinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Centaureaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Cichoriaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 168 (1789), nom. cons.
= Cnicaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 297 (1818)
= Compositae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 538 (1792), nom. cons.
= Coreopsidaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 768 (1829)
= Cynaraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 926, 931, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 253 (1820)
= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 46 (1830)
= Grindeliaceae Rchb. ex A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 330 (1907)
= Heleniaceae Raf.; Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824)
= Helianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Helichrysaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 712 (1829)
= Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Ivaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 1: 31 (1837)
= Lactucaceae Drude; Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)
= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)
= Madiaceae A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 332 (1907)
= Matricariaceae Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 400 (1845)
= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 290 (1836)
= Partheniaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 816 (1829)
= Perdiciaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 728 (1829)
= Picridaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 482 (1820)
= Santolinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 560 (1820)
= Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Serratulaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 577 (1820)
= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Tussilagaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Vernoniaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 296 (1836)
= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Xeranthemaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 498 (1843)
452.6571 Genus Phymaspermum Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 253 (1832)
Distribution: South Africa
Species listed in database: 24
= Adenachaena DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 49 (1838)
= Brachymeris DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 76 (1838)
= Brachystylis E.Mey. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 76 (1838)
= Iocaste E.Mey. ex Harv.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 160 (1865), nom. superfl.
= Jacosta DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 76 (1838)
= Oligoglossa DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 76 (1838)
species :
Phymaspermum acerosum (DC.) Källersjö; Nordic J. Bot. 5(6): 538 (1985 publ. 1986)
Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 LES SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Athanasia acerosa (DC.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 4: 1401 (1847)
= Athanasia natalensis Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 95 (1907)
= Morysia acerosa DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 92 (1838)
= Pentzia stenocephala Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 61: 456 (1916)
species :
Phymaspermum aciculare (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 423 (1873) ex B. D. Jacks., Index Kew. 2(1): 339, 514 (1894)
Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (North-West Prov., Free State, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Iocaste acicularis (DC.) E.Mey. ex Harv.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 160 (1865)
= Jacosta acicularis E.Mey. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 796 (1841)
= Oligoglossa acicularis E.Mey. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 76 (1837)
species :
Phymaspermum aphyllum Magee & Ruiters; Syst. Bot. 41(2): 442 (2016)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Phymaspermum appressum Bolus; Trans. S. African Philos. Soc. 16: 139 (1906)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Phymaspermum argenteum Brusse; Bothalia 19(1): 29 (1989)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo); Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 SAF SWZ
species :
Phymaspermum athanasioides (S.Moore) Källersjö; Nordic J. Bot. 5(6): 538 (1985 publ. 1986)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State); Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Brachymeris athanasioides (S.Moore) Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 173 (1916)
= Pentzia athanasioides S.Moore; J. Bot. 41: 133 (1903)
species :
Phymaspermum bolusii (Hutch.) Källersjö; Nordic J. Bot. 5(6): 538 (1985 publ. 1986)
Distribution: Zimbabwe; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, Free State); Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 ZIM 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Brachymeris bolusii Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 174 (1916)
species :
Phymaspermum comptonii Magee & Ruiters; Syst. Bot. 41(2): 451 (2016)
Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga); Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 SAF SWZ
species :
Phymaspermum equisetoides Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 68: 446 (1923)
Distribution: Lesotho
27 LES
species :
Phymaspermum erubescens (Hutch.) Källersjö; Nordic J. Bot. 5(6): 538 (1985 publ. 1986)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Brachymeris erubescens Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 173 (1916)
species :
Phymaspermum junceum (P.J.Bergius) Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 253 (1832)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Osteospermum junceum P.J.Bergius; Descr. Pl. Cap. 334 (1767)
species :
Phymaspermum leptophyllum (DC.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 423 ex Jackson (1873)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenachaena leptophylla DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 49 (1837)
species :
Phymaspermum montanum (Hutch.) Källersjö; Nordic J. Bot. 5(6): 538 (1985 publ. 1986)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Brachymeris montana Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 174 (1916)
species :
Phymaspermum oppositifolium Magee & Ruiters; Syst. Bot. 41(2): 443 (2016)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Phymaspermum parvifolium (DC.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 423 ex Jackson (1873)
Distribution: South Africa (Free State, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenachaena parvifolia DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 49 (1837)
species :
Phymaspermum peglerae (Hutch.) Källersjö; Nordic J. Bot. 5(6): 538 (1985 publ. 1986)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Brachymeris peglerae Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 174 (1916)
species :
Phymaspermum pinnatifidum (Oliv.) Källersjö; Nordic J. Bot. 5(6): 538 (1985 publ. 1986)
Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Athanasia pinnatifida (Oliv.) Hilliard; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32(3): 330 (1973)
= Pentzia pinnatifida Oliv.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 14: t. 1340 (1881)
species :
Phymaspermum pubescens (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 167 (1898)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenachaena pubescens DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 49 (1837)
species :
Phymaspermum schroeteri Compton; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 19: 320 (1931)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Phymaspermum scoparium (DC.) Källersjö; Nordic J. Bot. 5(6): 538 (1985 publ. 1986)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Brachymeris scoparia DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 76 (1838)
= Brachystylis scoparia E.Mey. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 76 (1838)
species :
Phymaspermum thymelaeoides (DC.) Magee & Ruiters; Syst. Bot. 41: 439 (2016)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Osteospermum thymelaeoides DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 462 (1838)
species :
Phymaspermum trifidum Magee & Ruiters; Syst. Bot. 41(2): 440 (2016)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Phymaspermum villosum (Hilliard) Källersjö; Nordic J. Bot. 5(6): 538 (1985 publ. 1986)
Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Athanasia villosa Hilliard; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32(3): 330 (1973)
species :
Phymaspermum woodii (Thell.) Källersjö; Nordic J. Bot. 5(6): 538 (1985 publ. 1986)
Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho
27 LES SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Athanasia woodii (Thell.) Hilliard; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32: 331 (1973)
= Pentzia tysonii Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 61: 455 (1916)
= Pentzia woodii Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 61: 454 (1916)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.09 (Sept. 4th, 2025)

Covering 357,029 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,070 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,004,054 synonyms,
in total 1,417,941* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life