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480.0000 Family Solanaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 124 (1789), nom. cons.
96 genera, ca. 2900 spp. Phylogeny: Olmstead et al. (2008), Cole et al. (2020)
Species listed in database: 2802; hybrids: 19
= Atropaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 57 (1820)
= Browalliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 243 (1820)
= Cestraceae Schltdl.; Linnaea 8: 250 (1833)
= Daturaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 243 (1820)
= Duckeodendraceae Kuhlm.; Arq. Serv. Florest. 3: 7 (1950)
= Goetzeaceae Miers; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 191 (1870)
= Hyoscyamaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 272, 294 (1818)
= Lyciaceae Raf.; Autik. Bot. 1: 15 (1840)
= Nicotianaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 416 (1820)
= Nolanaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 244 (1820), nom. cons.
= Salpiglossidaceae Hutch.; Evol. Phylogeny Fl. Pl. 631 (1969)
= Sclerophylacaceae Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 58 (1848)
480.8031 Genus Physaliastrum Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 20 (1914)
Distribution: E-Asia. Often included in Withania s. l.
Species listed in database: 6
species :
Physaliastrum echinatum (Yatabe) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 21 (1914)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Chamaesaracha echinata Yatabe; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 5: 355 (1891)
= Physaliastrum echinatum var. occultibaccum X.H.Guo & S.B.Zhou; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 15(4): 331 (1993)
= Withania echinata (Yatabe) Hunz.; Lorentzia 8: 7 (1995)
species :
Physaliastrum heterophyllum (Hemsl.) Migo; J. Shanghai Sci. Inst., Sect. 3, 4: No. 17, 171 (1939)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Chamaesaracha heterophylla Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 174 (1890)
= Leucophysalis heterophylla (Hemsl.) Averett; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 57(3): 380 (1970 publ. 1971)
= Withania heterophylla (Hemsl.) Hunz.; Lorentzia 8: 7 (1995)
species :
Physaliastrum japonicum (Franch. & Sav.) Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 45: 139 (1931)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Chamaesaracha japonica Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 454 (1878)
= Chamaesaracha savatieri Makino; Ill. Fl. Japan 1(11): 1 (1891)
= Chamaesaracha watanabaei Yatabe; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 5: 315 (1891)
= Leucophysalis japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Averett; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64(1): 141 (1977)
= Leucophysalis kimurae (Makino) Averett; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 142 (1977)
= Leucophysalis savatieri (Makino) Averett; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64(1): 142 (1977)
= Physaliastrum japonicum f. kimurae (Makino) Yonek.; J. Jap. Bot. 80(6): 329 (2005)
= Physaliastrum kimurae Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 3: 37 (1926)
= Physaliastrum savatieri (Makino) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 22 (1914)
= Withania japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Hunz.; Lorentzia 8: 7 (1995)
species :
Physaliastrum kweichouense Kuang & A.M.Lu; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 351 (1965)
Distribution: China (Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Withania kweichouensis (Kuang & A.M.Lu) Hunz.; Lorentzia 8: 7 (1995)
= Leucophysalis kweichouense (Kuang & A.M.Lu) Averett; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64(1): 141 (1977)
species :
Physaliastrum sinicum Kuang & A.M.Lu; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 352 (1965)
Distribution: China (Hebei, Shanxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Leucophysalis sinicum (Kuang & A.M.Lu) Averett; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64(1): 141 (1977)
= Withania sinica (Kuang & A.M.Lu) Hunz.; Lorentzia 8: 7 (1995)
species :
Physaliastrum yunnanense Kuang & A.M.Lu; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 348 (1965)
subspecies :
subsp. yunnanense
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Leucophysalis yunnanense (Kuang & A.M.Lu) Averett; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64(1): 141 (1977)
= Withania yunnanensis (Kuang & A.M.Lu) Hunz.; Lorentzia 8: 8 (1995)
subspecies :
subsp. bhutanicum (Grierson & D.G.Long) D´Arcy & Z.Y.Zhang; Novon 2(2): 127 (1992)
Distribution: Bhutan
40 BHU
Synonyms: hidden
= Leucophysalis yunnanense subsp. bhutanicum Grierson & D.G.Long; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36: 141 (1978)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life