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270.0000 Family Simaroubaceae DC.; Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 209 (1811), nom. cons.
24 genera, ca. 120 spp. Systematics mostly following Cole (Phylogeny Poster, 2023)
Species listed in database: 128
= Ailanthaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 223 (1858)
= Castelaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 181 (1858)
= Leitneriaceae Benth. & Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3: vi, 396 (1880), nom. cons.
= Quassiaceae Bertol.; Prael. Rei Herb. 262 (1827)
= Simabaceae Horan.; Char. Ess. Fam. 179 (1847)
= Soulameaceae Pfeiff.; Nomencl. Bot. [Pfeiffer] 2: 1202 (1874)
270.0103 Genus Picrasma Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 247 (1825)
Distribution: S-Himalayas, tropical Asia, E-Asia to Solomon Isl., Fiji, tropical America (6)
Species listed in database: 12
= Aeschrion Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 58 1: t. 152 (1825 publ. 1829)
= Euleria Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 66 (1925)
= Muenteria Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 5: 398 (1846)
= Nima Buch.-Ham. ex A.Juss.; Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 516 (1825)
= Picraena Lindl.; Fl. Med. 208 (1838)
= Picrita Schumach.; Med. Plantel. 1: 203 (1825)
= Thevetia Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 57 (1825 publ. 1829), nom. illeg.
= Thevetiana Kuntze; Lex. Gen. Phan. [Post & Kuntze] 558 (1903)
= Triscaphis Gagnep.; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 190 (1948 publ. 1949)
species :
Picrasma chinensis P.Y.Chen; Acta Bot. Austro Sin. 1: 71 (1983)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Yunnan); Tibet
36 CHI TIB
species :
Picrasma crenata (Vell.) Engl.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 4: 222 (1896)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraná); Argentina (Misiones)
84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Aeschrion crenata Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 58 1: t. 152 (1825 publ. 1829)
= Picraena palo-amargo Speg. ex Molfino; Physis (Buenos Aires) 7: 93 (1923)
= Picraena vellozoi Engl.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 12(2): 227 (1874), nom. superfl.
= Picrasma palo-amargo Speg.; Cat. Descr. Maderas [Spegazzini & Girola] 339 (1910) (An. Soc. Rural Argentina.1910), et Physis 3: 173 (1917)
= Picrasma vellozoi Planch.; London J. Bot. 5: 574 (1846), nom. superfl.
= Thevetia pinnata Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 57 (1825 publ. 1829)
species :
Picrasma cubensis Radlk. & Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 363 (1922)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Conservation Status: vulnerable (Red List of the Vascular Flora of Cuba)
Synonyms: hidden
= Aeschrion cubensis (Radlk. & Urb.) Engl.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl], 2. Aufl., 19a: 389 (1931)
species :
Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch.; London J. Bot. 5: 574 (1846)
Name: Cuasia (Cuba), Goric (Dominican Republic), Frene (Haiti), Bitterwood, Jamaican quassia (Jamaica), Bitter ash, Bitter tree, Bois amer, Bois-noyer, Peste a poux, Raw dog (Lesser Antilles), Lena amarga, Palo amargo (Puerto Rico)
Distribution: Mozambique [I]; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola); Nevis; St. Kitts; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Marie-Galante; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; St. Vincent; Barbados; Colombia (Meta, Risaralda, Valle); Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Monagas, Nueva Esparta); ?French Guiana; Ecuador; Bolivia (Santa Cruz)
26 moz 80 COS GUA HON NIC 81 ABA BBD CUB DOM GDL HIS MAR MTS PUE STK STL STV VIR 82 CLM VEN 83 BOL ECU
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Aeschrion antillana (Eggers) Small; N. Amer. Fl. 25: 233 (1911)
= Aeschrion excelsa (Sw.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 183 (1891)
= Aeschrion excelsa var. microcarpa Krug & Urb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15: 306 (1892)
= Aeschrion medica Cuatrec.; Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 8: 466 (1952)
= Muenteria excelsa (Sw.) Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 5: 398 (1846)
= Picraena antillana (Eggers) Stehlé; Caribbean Forest. 4: 120 (1943)
= Picraena excelsa (Sw.) Lindl.; Fl. Med. 208 (1838)
= Picrasma antillana (Eggers) Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 378 (1908)
= Picrita fraxinea Schumach.; Med. Plantel. 1: 203 (1825)
= Quassia excelsa Sw.; Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. [O.P.Swartz] 67 (1788)
= Quassia pentandra Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 2: 489 (1812)
= Quassia polygama Linds.; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 3: 205 (1794)
= Simarouba excelsa (Sw.) DC.; Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 17: 424 (1811)
species :
Picrasma javanica Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 248 (1825)
Distribution: Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Odisha, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl.); Myanmar (widespread); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka); Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Solomon Isl.
40 BAN BHU IND NEP 41 AND CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SUL SUM 43 SOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Brucea dubia Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 230 (1841)
= Picrasma andamanica Kurz ex A.W.Benn.; Pharm. J. Trans., Ser. 3, 3: 882 (1873)
= Picrasma javanica var. napalensis (Benn.) Badhw.; Sci. Monogr. Imp. Council Agric. Res. India 17: 281 (1940)
= Picrasma nepalensis Benn.; Pl. Jav. Rar. [Bennett] 201 (1840)
= Picrasma philippinensis Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 5: 1837 (1913)
= Triscaphis kerrii Gagnep.; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 191 (1948)
species :
Picrasma longistaminea W.Palacios; Neotrop. Biodivers. 1(1): 60 (2015)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
species :
Picrasma mexicana Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 10: 410 (1924)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Veracruz, Zacatecas)
79 MEX
species :
Picrasma nanophylla Majure & Clase; Brittonia 73(3): 337 (2021)
Distribution: Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
81 HIS
species :
Picrasma pauciflora A.Noa & P.A.González; Willdenowia 49(2): 189 (2019)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn.; Pl. Jav. Rar. [Bennett] 198 (1844)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Hongkong, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Taiwan; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh); N-Myanmar
36 CHI TIB 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS TAI 40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Nima quassioides Buch.-Ham. ex A.Juss.; Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 517 (1825)
= Picrasma ailanthoides (Bunge) Planch.; London J. Bot. 5: 573 (1846)
= Picrasma ailanthoides var. dasycarpa Kitag.
= Picrasma japonica A.Gray; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n. s. 6: 383 (1858 publ. 1859)
= Picrasma quassioides f. dasycarpa (Kitag.) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 424 (1979)
= Picrasma quassioides var. dasycarpa (Kitag.) S.Z.Liou; Fl. Liaoningica 1: 1054 (1988)
= Rhus ailanthoides Bunge; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2: 89 (1835)
= Simaba quassioides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 248 (1825)
= Zwingera quassioides (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2), Cur. Post.: 163 (1827)
variant :
var. glabrescens Pamp.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., Ser. 2, 18: 171 (1911)
Distribution: China (Hubei, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Picrasma quassioides f. glabrescens (Pamp.) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 424 (1979)
species :
Picrasma selleana Urb.; Ark. Bot. 20A(15): 38 (1926), et Ark. Bot. 23A. No. 5, 75 (1930)
Distribution: Hispaniola (Haiti)
81 HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Aeschrion selleana (Urb.) Engl.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl], 2. Aufl., 19a: 389 (1931)
species :
Picrasma tetramera (Urb.) W.W.Thomas, J.D.Mitch. & A.Noa; Brittonia 63(4): 420 (2011)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Euleria tetramera Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 66 (1925)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.06 (June 15th, 2025)

Covering 356,645 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,237 synonyms,
in total 1,416,735* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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