Search

Reset
* Only valid names are shown as results

Filter

Reset

Order

Family (9)

Genus (67)

Prev genus | Next genus

Display options

245.0000 Family Rhamnaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 376 (1789), nom. cons.
72 genera, ca. 1150 spp. Phylogeny: Hauenschild et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2021
Species listed in database: 1195; hybrids: 27
= Frangulaceae DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4(2): 619 (1805)
= Gouaniaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 2: 73 (1837)
= Phylicaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 186 (1858)
= Ziziphaceae Adans.; Lex. Gen. Phan. [Post & Kuntze] 665, 714 (1903)
245.1604 Genus Pomaderris Labill.; Nov. Holl. Pl. 1: 61. tt. 86, 87 (1804)
Distribution: Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand
Species listed in database: 75
= Ledelia Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 154 (1838)
species :
Pomaderris adnata N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 39 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris amoena Colenso; Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 18: 258 (1885 publ. 1886)
Distribution: New Zealand
51 NZL
species :
Pomaderris andromedifolia A.Cunn.; Geogr. Mem. New South Wales [Field] 351 (1825)
subspecies :
subsp. andromedifolia
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris elliptica var. phylliraeoides (Sieber ex DC.) Fenzl; Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] 21 (1837)
= Pomaderris phillyreifolia Fenzl; Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] 22 (1837)
= Pomaderris phylliraeoides Sieber ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 33 (1825)
subspecies :
subsp. confusa N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 48 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris angustifolia N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 142 (sphalm. 141) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris apetala Labill.; Nov. Holl. Pl. 1: 52, t. 87 (1804)
subspecies :
subsp. apetala
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria); New Zealand (Kawhia to Waitara)
50 AUS 51 NZL
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris mollis Colenso; Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 25: 327 (1892 publ. 1893)
= Pomaderris scabra Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 379 (1841)
= Pomatoderris apetala (Labill.) Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 415 (1819)
subspecies :
subsp. maritima N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 34 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (Tasmania, Victoria); New Zealand (North Isl.)
50 AUS 51 NZL
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris tainui Hector; Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 11: 429 (1879)
species :
Pomaderris argyrophylla N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 141 (sphalm. 142) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (South Australia, Queensland)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris aspera Sieber ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 33 (1825)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria); New Zealand [I]
50 AUS 51 nzl
species :
Pomaderris aurea N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 140 (1951)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris betulina A.Cunn.; Bot. Mag. 60: t. 3212 (1833)
subspecies :
subsp. betulina
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Ledelia betulina (A.Cunn.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 154 (1838)
subspecies :
subsp. actensis N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 49 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris bodalla N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 42 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris brevifolia N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 8(2): 107 (1994)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris briagolensis Messina; Muelleria 28(2): 141 (2010)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris brogoensis N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 6(6): 429 (1988)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris brunnea N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 142 (sphalm. 141) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris buchanensis N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 26(2): 11 (2008)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris canescens (Benth.) N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 141 (sphalm. 142) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris ferruginea var. canescens Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 417 (1863)
species :
Pomaderris cinerea Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 420 (1863)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris clivicola E.M.Ross; Austrobaileya 3(2): 315 (1990)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris cocoparrana N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 7(2): 209 (1990)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris coomingalensis N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 37 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris costata N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 142 (sphalm. 141) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris cotoneaster N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 141 (sphalm. 142) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris crassifolia N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 35 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris delicata N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 40 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris discolor (Vent.) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 8: 591 (1808)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus discolor Vent.; Jard. Malmaison 58 (1804)
= Pomaderris acuminata Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 235 (1821)
= Pomaderris discolor (Vent.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 33 (1825), isonym
species :
Pomaderris edgerleyi Hook.f.; Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 43 (1864)
Distribution: New Zealand
51 NZL
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris prunifolia var. edgerleyi (Hook.f.) L.B.Moore; Fl. New Zealand 1: 421 (1961)
species :
Pomaderris elachophylla F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 2: 131 (1861)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria, Tasmania)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris elliptica Labill.; Nov. Holl. Pl. 1: 61, t. 86 (1805)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, Tasmania)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomatoderris elliptica (Labill.) Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 414 (1819)
variant :
var. diemenica N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 51 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (Tasmania)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris eriocephala N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 141 (sphalm. 142) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris flabellaris (Reissek) J.M.Black; Fl. S. Austral. [J.M.Black] 366 (1926)
Distribution: Australia (South Australia)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Trymalium flabellare F.Muell. ex Reissek; Linnaea 29: 281 (1857 publ. 1858)
species :
Pomaderris forrestiana F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 9: 139 (1875)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, South Australia)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris mayeri Gardner; J. Proc. Roy. Soc. Western Australia 9: 141 (1923)
species :
Pomaderris gilmourii N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 7(1): 81 (1989)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
variant :
var. cana N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 7(1): 82 (1989)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris grandis F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 3: 68 (1862)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris graniticola (N.G.Walsh & Coates) K.L.McDougall & Millott; Telopea 11(1): 86 (2005)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris argyrophylla subsp. graniticola N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 46 (1997)
species :
Pomaderris halmaturina J.M.Black; Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia 49: 273 (1925)
subspecies :
subsp. halmaturina
Distribution: Australia (South Australia)
50 AUS
subspecies :
subsp. continentis N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 7(2): 282 (1990)
Distribution: Australia (South Australia, Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris hamiltonii L.B.Moore; Fl. New Zealand 1: 420, 974 (1961)
Distribution: New Zealand
51 NZL
species :
Pomaderris helianthemifolia (Reissek) N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 142 (sphalm. 141) (1951)
subspecies :
subsp. helianthemifolia
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Trymalium helianthemifolium Reissek; Linnaea 29: 271 (1857 publ. 1858)
subspecies :
subsp. hispida N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 31 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria, New South Wales)
50 AUS
subspecies :
subsp. minor N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 33 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris humilis N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 7(1): 84 (1989)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris intermedia Sieber ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 33 (1825)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris affinis N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 140 (1951)
= Pomaderris sieberiana N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 140 (1951)
species :
Pomaderris kumarahou A.Cunn. ex Fenzl; Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] 21 (1837), et in Ann. Nat. Hist., Sér. 1, 3: 248 (1839)
Distribution: New Zealand (North Cape to Tauranga)
51 NZL
species :
Pomaderris lanigera (Andrews) Sims; Bot. Mag. 43: t. 1823 (1816)
Distribution: India [c]; Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria)
40 ind 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus ferrugineus H.L.Wendl. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 313 (1841)
= Ceanothus laniger Andrews; Bot. Repos. 9: t. 569 (1809)
= Pomaderris ferruginea var. pubescens Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 417 (1863)
= Pomaderris obscura Sieber ex Fenzl; Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] 21 (1837)
= Pomaderris simsii Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 2: 114 (1830)
= Pomatoderris lanigera (Andrews) Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 415 (1819), isonym
species :
Pomaderris ledifolia A.Cunn.; Geogr. Mem. New South Wales [Field] 351 (1825)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris calvertiana F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 9: 138 (1875)
= Pomaderris ledifolia var. angustifolia Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 419 (1863)
species :
Pomaderris ligustrina Sieber ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 34 (1825)
subspecies :
subsp. ligustrina
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
subspecies :
subsp. latifolia N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 50 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris mediora N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 38 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris multiflora Sieber ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 33 (1825)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris multiflora Sieber ex Fenzl; Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] 21, adnot. 11 (1837)
= Pomaderris malifolia Sieber ex Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 418 (1863)
= Pomaderris malifolia Sieber ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 379 (1841), nom. superfl.
species :
Pomaderris myrtilloides Fenzl; Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] 22 (1837)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris myrtilloides var. major Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 419 (1863)
= Pomaderris stenopetala F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 3: 69 (1862)
species :
Pomaderris nitidula (Benth.) N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 141 (1951)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris phylliraeoides var. nitidula Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 418 (1863)
species :
Pomaderris notata S.T.Blake; Queensland Naturalist 12: 85 (1945)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris obcordata Fenzl; Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] 23 (1837)
Distribution: Australia (South Australia, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris biaurita F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 3: 73 (1862)
= Trymalium biauritum Reissek & F.Muell.; Linnaea 29: 281 (1857 publ. 1858)
= Trymalium bilobatum F.Muell. ex Reissek; Linnaea 29: 279 (1857 publ. 1858)
species :
Pomaderris oblongifolia N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 7(2): 284 (1990)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris oraria F.Muell. ex Reissek; Linnaea 29: 268 (1858)
subspecies :
subsp. oraria
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania)
50 AUS
subspecies :
subsp. calcicola N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 7(2): 271 (1990)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris pallida N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 142 (sphalm. 141) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris paniculosa F.Muell. & Reissek; Linnaea 29: 269 (1857 publ. 1858)
subspecies :
subsp. paniculosa
Distribution: Australia
50 AUS
subspecies :
subsp. novaezelandiae (L.B.Moore) N.G.Walsh; New Zealand J. Bot. 30(1): 117 (1992)
Distribution: New Zealand
51 NZL
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris oraria var. novae-zelandiae L.B.Moore; Fl. New Zealand 1: 975 (1961)
subspecies :
subsp. paralia N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 7(2): 274 (1990)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris parrisiae N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 7(2): 207 (1990)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris pauciflora N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 142 (sphalm. 141) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris phylicifolia Lodd.; Bot. Cab., t. 120 (1821)
subspecies :
subsp. phylicifolia
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania); New Zealand
50 AUS 51 NZL
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris ericifolia Hook.; London J. Bot. 1: 257 (1834)
= Pomaderris phylicifolia var. ericifolia (Hook.) L.B.Moore; Fl. New Zealand 1: 423 (1961)
= Pomaderris phylicifolia var. latifolia Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 423 (1863)
= Pomaderris phylicifolia var. polifolia (Reissek & F.Muell.) L.B.Moore; Fl. New Zealand 1: 423 (1961)
= Pomaderris polifolia Reissek & F.Muell.; Linnaea 29: 269 (1857 publ. 1858)
subspecies :
subsp. ericoides (Maiden & Betche) N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 52 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris phylicifolia var. ericoides Maiden & Betche; Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales (1905)
species :
Pomaderris pilifera N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 140 (1951)
subspecies :
subsp. pilifera
Distribution: Australia (Victoria, Tasmania)
50 AUS
subspecies :
subsp. talpicutica A.M.Gray & Wapstra; Muelleria 25: 129 (2007)
Distribution: Australia (Tasmania)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris precaria N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 43 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris prunifolia A.Cunn. ex Fenzl; Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] 22 (1837)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria); New Zealand
50 AUS 51 NZL
species :
Pomaderris queenslandica C.T.White; Queensland Naturalist 14: 48 (1951)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris racemosa Hook.; London J. Bot. 1: 256 (1834)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Victoria, Tasmania)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris subrepanda F.Muell. ex Reissek; Linnaea 29: 267 (1858)
= Pomaderris ovaria F.Muell. ex Reissek; Linnaea 29: 268 (1857 publ. 1858)
species :
Pomaderris reperta N.G.Walsh & Coates; Muelleria 10: 45 (1997)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris rotundifolia (F.Muell.) Rye; Nuytsia 11(1): 109 (1996)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cryptandra rotundifolia (F.Muell.) F.Muell.; Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 61 (1882)
= Spyridium rotundifolium F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 4(24): 25 (1863)
species :
Pomaderris rugosa Cheeseman; Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 54: 566 (1923)
Distribution: New Zealand (Northland, Coromandel peninsula, Mayor Isl.)
51 NZL
species :
Pomaderris sericea N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 140 (1951)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris subcapitata N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 141 (sphalm. 142) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris subplicata N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 7(4): 447 (1992)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris tropica N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 141 (sphalm. 142) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris vacciniifolia Reissek; Linnaea 29: 266 (1857 publ. 1858)
Distribution: Australia (Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Pomaderris phillyrifolia F.Muell. ex Reissek; Linnaea 29: 266 (1857 publ. 1858)
species :
Pomaderris vellea N.A.Wakef.; Vict. Naturalist 68: 142 (sphalm. 141) (1951)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris velutina J.H.Willis; Vict. Naturalist 58: 177 (1942)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris virgata N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 6(6): 431 (1988)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris viridis N.G.Walsh; Muelleria 26(2): 15 (2008)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris walshii Millott & K.L.McDougall; Telopea 11(1): 82 (2005)
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Pomaderris wendlandiana (Roem. & Schult.) G.Don; Hort. Brit. [Loudon] 84 (1830)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus wendlandianus Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 299 (1819)
= Pomaderris elliptica var. ferruginea (Sieber ex Fenzl) C.Moore; Handb. Fl. N.S.W. 210 (1893)
= Pomaderris ferruginea Sieber ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 33 (1825)
= Pomaderris ferruginea Sieber ex Fenzl; Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] 21 (1837)
= Pomaderris hirta Reissek; Nov. Stirp. Dec. [Endlicher & Fenzl] 31 (1839)
= Pomaderris viridirufa Sieber ex Fenzl; Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] 21 (1837)
= Trymalium wendlandianum (Roem. & Schult.) G.Don; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 3: 137 (1839)
Loading ...

A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World


Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]


With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life