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Ver. 15.1
March 8th, 2023

219.0000 Family Euphorbiaceae A.Juss.; Gen. Pl.: 384 (1789), nom. cons. (s. str.)
210 genera, ca. 6700 spp.
Species listed in database: 6729; hybrids: 46
= Acalyphaceae A.Juss. ex Menge; Cat. Pl. Grudent. Gedan.: 172 (1839)
= Bertyaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl.: 190 (1858)
= Cheilosaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: xxxi (2001)
= Crotonaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl.: 258 (1858)
= Hippomanaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl.: 244 (1858)
= Mercurialaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prir. Rostlin: 237 (1820)
= Ricinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 547 (1820)
= Ricinocarpaceae Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, ser. 3, Bot., 6: 224 (1954)
= Tithymalaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règne Vég. 3: 483 (1799)
= Tragiaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 111 (1838)
= Trewiaceae Lindl.; Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 174 (1836)
219.5282 Genus Ricinus L.; Sp. Pl. 2: 1007 (1753)
Distribution: Mediterranean, Northeast, and tropical E-Africa
Species listed in database: 1
= Cataputia Ludw.; Gen. 81 (1760)
species :
Ricinus communis L.; Sp. Pl. 1007 (1753)
Name: Rizinus, Wunderbaum (DE); Castor oil plant, Castor Bean (EN); Tartago (ES)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Sudan; South Sudan; ?Kenya; Albania [I]; Baleares [I]; Bulgaria [I]; Corsica [I]; Croatia [I]; Bosnia & Hercegovina [I]; Crete [I]; France [I]; Channel Isl. [I]; Greece [I]; Spain [I]; Gibraltar [I]; Italy [I]; Portugal [I]; Slovakia [I]; Romania [I]; Sardinia [I]; Sicily [I]; Germany [I]; Algeria [I]; Morocco [I]; Tunisia [I]; Libya [I]; European Russia [I]; Northern Caucasus [I]; Georgia [Caucasus] [I]; Armenia [I]; Azerbaijan [I]; Uzbekistan [I]; Tajikistan [I]; Kazakhstan [I]; Estonia [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], Northern Territory [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I]); Taiwan [I]; Java [I]; South Africa [I] (widespread); Namibia [I]; Eswatini [Swaziland] [I]; Botswana [I]; Togo [I]; Guinea-Bissau [I]; Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Cameroon [I]; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo] [I]; Gabon [I]; Benin [I]; Chad [I]; Central African Republic [I]; Mozambique [I]; Angola [I]; D.R.Congo [Zaire] [I]; São Tomé [I]; Principe Isl. [I]; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Seychelles [I]; Soqotra [I]; Mozambique Channel Isl. [Iles Éparses] [I] (Juan de Nova Isl. [I]); Iles Glorieuses [I]; St. Helena [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Fiji [I]; Norfolk Isl. [I]; Lord Howe Isl. [I]; Austral Isl. [I]; Pitcairn Isl. [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; New Zealand [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Singapore [I]; Pakistan [I]; India [I] (throughout); Cambodia [I]; Philippines [I]; Vietnam [I]; Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives] [I]; Maldives [I]; Andaman Isl. [I]; Nicobar Isl. [I]; New Guinea [I]; Bismarck Arch. [I]; Borneo [I]; Lesser Sunda Isl. [I]; Christmas Isl. [Austr.] [I]; Cocos [Keeling] Isl. [I]; China [I] (Guangdong [I], Yunnan [I]); Korea [I]; Guyana [I]; Surinam [I]; French Guiana [I]; Venezuela [I]; Chile [I] (Arica y Parinacota [I], Antofagasta [I], Atacama [I], Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], Biobío [I], Los Lagos [I]); Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]; Easter Isl. [I]; Argentina [I]; Brazil [I]; Uruguay [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Galapagos [I]; Peru [I]; Jamaica [I]; Aruba [I]; Bonaire [I]; Curacao [I]; Belize [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Cuba [I]; Barbuda [I]; Antigua [I]; Montserrat [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Dominica [I]; Martinique [I]; St. Lucia [I]; St. Vincent [I]; Trinidad [I]; Tobago [I]; Haiti [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Ecuador [I]; Isla del Coco [I]; Colombia [I]; Bolivia [I]; Navassa Isl. [I]; Mexico [I]; Bahamas [I]; Honduras [I]; Cayman Isl. [I]; Virgin Isl. [I]; Chagos Arch. (Diego Garcia); Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Mangaia [I], Atiu [I], Mauke [I]); Gilbert Isl. [I] (Butaritari [I], Tarawa [I]); Marquesas Isl. [I] (Nuku Hiva [I], Ua Huka [I], Hiva Oa [I], Fatu Hiva [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Enewetok [I], Ailinglapalap [I], Jaluit [I]); Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Yap [I], Truk [I], Udot [I]); Niue [I]; Northern Marianas [I] (Saipan [I], Tinian [I], Aguijan [I], Rota [I], Agrihan [I], Alamagan [I], Sarigan [I], Anatahan [I]); Palau [I] (Peleliu [I], Angaur [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I], Moorea [I], Raiatea [I]); Guam [I]; Tonga [I] (Tongatapu [I], ´Eua [I], Vava´u [I]); Tuamotu Arch. [I] (Makatea Isl. [I], Rangiroa Atoll [I]); Wake Isl. [I]; Bonin Isl. [I] (Hahajima [I]); Volcano Isl. [I] (Iwojima [I]); Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; Turkey [I] (SSW-Anatolia [I], WN-Anatolia [I]); East Aegaean Isl. [I] (incl. Rhodos [I]); Egypt [I] (SE-Egypt [I]); European Turkey [I]; Iran [I] (S-Iran [I], W-Iran [I]); Iraq [I] (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia [I]); Israel [I] (coastal W-Israel [I], Rift Valley [I], Negev Desert [I], N-Israel [I]); Jordania [I] (S-Jordania [I]); Lebanon [I] (coastal W-Lebanon [I]); Oman [I] (Dhofar [I], Mascat & Oman [I]); Saudi Arabia [I] (C-Saudi Arabia [I], Dahana [I], NE-Saudi Arabia [I], Nafud Desert [I], Hejaz [I], Asir [I], Nejd Desert [I]); Sinai peninsula [I] (N-Sinai [I], S-Sinai [I]); Syria [I] (C-Syrian Desert [I], W-Syrian Mountains [I]); Yemen [I] (Aden Desert [I], coastal Hadhramaut [I], Inner Hadhramaut [I], N-Inner Yemen [I], SW-Yemen [I], Tihama [I], W-Yemen [I]); Afghanistan [I]; Qatar [I]; Azores [I] (Santa Maria Isl. [I], Sao Miguel Isl. [I], Terceira [I], Graciosa [I], Pico [I], Faial [I], Flores Isl. [I], Corvo Isl. [I]); Madeira [I] (Madeira Isl. [I], Porto Santo Isl. [I]); Islas Selvagens [I]; Canary Isl. [I] (Lanzarote [I], Fuerteventura [I], Gran Canaria [I], Tenerife [I], La Gomera [I], Hierro [I], La Palma Isl. [I]); Cape Verde Isl. [I] (Santo Antao Isl. [I], Sao Vicente Isl. [I], Santa Luzia Isl. [I], Ilha de Sao Nicolau [I], Ilha de Maio [I], Ilha de Sao Tiago [I], Fogo Isl. [I], Ilha Brava [I]); Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Lanai [I], Maui [I], Kahoolawe Isl. [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arizona [I], California [I], Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Delaware [I], Florida [I], Georgia [I], Illinois [I], Kansas [I], Louisiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Michigan [I], Missouri [I], Mississippi [I], North Carolina [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Carolina [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I])
11 ger slo 12 bal cis cor fra gib por sar spa 13 alb bih bul cro grc ita kri rom sic tue 14 est rus 20 alg egy lby mor tun 21 azo cny cvi mdr sel 22 ben bkn gnb gui tog 23 bio caf cmn gab pri sao zai 24 cha ETH soc SOM SSU SUD 26 ang moz zam zim 27 bot nam saf swz 28 sth 29 CGS igl mau mci reu rod sey 32 kaz tzk uzb 33 arm aze geo ncs 34 afg eai irn irq isr jor leb sin syr tur 35 oma qat sau yem 36 chi 38 kor kzn oga tai 40 ban ind ldv mdv pak 41 and cbd ncb vie 42 bor cki jaw lsi mly nwg phi sng xms 43 bis 50 aus lhi nfk 51 ctm nzl 60 fij gil nue nwc ton 61 aui coo eas mrq pit sci tua 62 gum mic mrn mrs plu wak 63 haw 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 blz coc cos hon nic 81 aba aru bah bon cay cub cur dom gdl his jam mar mts nav pue stl stv trt vir 82 clm frg guy sur ven 83 bol ecu gal per 84 bra 85 arg cle jnf uru
Synonyms: hidden
= Cataputia major Ludw.; Ectyp, t. 7
= Cataputia minor Ludw.; Gen. 81
= Croton spinosus L.; Sp. Pl. 1005 (1753)
= Ricinus africanus Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 5 (1768)
= Ricinus angulatus Thunb.; Diss. Ricin. 6 (1815)
= Ricinus armatus Andrews; Bot. Rep, t. 430 (1805)
= Ricinus atropurpureus Pax & K.Hoffm.; Engl. Pflanzenr. Euphorb.-Plukenetiin. Epiprinin.-Ricinin. 126 (1919)
= Ricinus badius Rchb.; Ic. Bot. Exot. 2: 21, t. 154 (1829)
= Ricinus borboniensis pax & K.Hoffm.; Engl. Pflanzenr. Euphorb.-Plukenetiin. Epiprinin.-Ricinin. 126 (1919)
= Ricinus cambodgensis Benary; Gartenfl. 36: 102 (1887)
= Ricinus communis subsp. africanus (Mill.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 647 (1881)
= Ricinus communis subsp. indicus Popova & Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 35 (1980)
= Ricinus communis subsp. manshuricus V.Bork.; Descr. Var. Azcherkraya 106 (1936)
= Ricinus communis subsp. mexicanus Popova; Bukasov S. M. Vozdelyv. Rast. Meksiki 409 (1931)
= Ricinus communis subsp. persicus Popova; Kleshchevina izd. VIR 27 (1930)
= Ricinus communis subsp. ruderalis Popova & Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 38 (1980)
= Ricinus communis subsp. sanguineus Popova; Kleshchevina izd. VIR 35 (1930)
= Ricinus communis subsp. scaber (Bertol. ex Moris) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 647 (1881)
= Ricinus communis subsp. sinensis Hiltebr.; Mirov. Rast. Res. 63 (1935)
= Ricinus communis subsp. sinensis Popova & Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 34 (1980)
= Ricinus communis subsp. zanzibarinus Popova; Kleshchevina izd. VIR 43 (1930)
= Ricinus communis var. aegyptiacus (Popova) Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 40 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. africanus (Willd.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1019 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. albus Merrem; 445 (1809)
= Ricinus communis var. badius (Rchb.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1019 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. bailundensis J.M.Coult.; Bull. Soc. Portug. Sci. Nat. 1918: 82 (1918)
= Ricinus communis var. benguelensis Müll.Arg.; J. Bot. 1: 337 (1864)
= Ricinus communis var. borboniensis André; Pl. Feuill. Ornem. 206 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. brevinodis Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 32 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. caesius Popova; Kul´t. Fl. SSSR 7: 287 (1941)
= Ricinus communis var. giganteus André; Pl. Feuill. Ornem. 206 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. glaucus Popova & Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 37 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. griseofolius Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 36 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. indehiscens Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 33 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. inermis (Mill.) Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenr. IV, 147, XI: 122 (1919)
= Ricinus communis var. japonicus Popova & Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 35 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. lividus (Jacq.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1018 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. megalospermus (Delile) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1017 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. mexicanus (Popova) Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 40 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. microcarpus Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1020 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. microspermus Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 31 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. nanus Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 38 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. purpurascens (Bertol.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1018 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. reichenbachianus Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1019 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. rheedianus Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1020 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. roseus Popova & Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 31 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. ruber Merrem; 445 (1809)
= Ricinus communis var. rubescens Herder; Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 1868: 91 (1869)
= Ricinus communis var. rugosus Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1018 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. sanguineus Baill.; Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 342 (1861)
= Ricinus communis var. speciosus (Burm.f.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1021 (1866)
= Ricinus communis var. spontaneus Popova & Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 39 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. vasconcellosii T.Carvalho; Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 33 (1956)
= Ricinus communis var. violaceocaulis Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 34 (1980)
= Ricinus communis var. virens Popova; Kul´t. Fl. SSSR 7: 290 (1941)
= Ricinus communis var. viridis Popova & Moshkin; Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 32 (1980)
= Ricinus digitatus Noronha; Verh. Batav. Gen. 5: (1790) ed. I. Art. IV. 26
= Ricinus europaeus T.Nees; Gen. Pl. Monochl, t. 38
= Ricinus giganteus Pax & K.Hoffm.; Engl. Pflanzenr. Euphorb.-Plukenetiin. Epiprinin.-Ricinin. 126 (1919)
= Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns.; Verz. Pfl. Nachtr. 2: 199 (1826)
= Ricinus hybridus Besser; Cat. Hort. Crem. (1816) Suppl. 2: 13
= Ricinus inermis Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 6 (1768), Jacq. Misc. 2: 362
= Ricinus japonicus Thunb.; Diss. Ricin. 4 (1815)
= Ricinus krappa Hort.Berol. ex Steud.; Nom. ed. II. 2: 459 (1841)
= Ricinus laevis DC.; Not. Jard. Genev. 1: 31 (1823)
= Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol.; Giorn. Arcad. 21: (1824) 192 (bis)
= Ricinus lividus Jacq.; Misc. 2: 360
= Ricinus macrocarpus Steud.; Nom. ed. II. 2: 459 (1841)
= Ricinus macrocarpus Popova; Fl. Cult. Pl., USSR, ed. Vavilov et al., VII. (Oleiferous Plants) 278 (1941),rossice.
= Ricinus macrocarpus var. nudus Popova; Kul´t. Fl. SSSR 7: 287 (1941)
= Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol.; Giorn. Arcadico Sci. 21: 192 (1824)
= Ricinus medicus Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 164 (1775)
= Ricinus medius J.F.Gmel.; Syst. 1615
= Ricinus megalosperma Delile; Cent. Pl. Meroe, 89
= Ricinus metallicus Pax & K.Hoffm.; Engl. Pflanzenr. Euphorb.-Plukenetiin. Epiprinin.-Ricinin. 126 (1919)
= Ricinus microcarpus Popova; Fl. Cult. Pl., USSR, ed. Vavilov et al., VII. (Oleiferous Plants) 287 (1941),rossice.
= Ricinus microcarpus var. atrovirens Popova; Kul´t. Fl. SSSR 7: 290 (1941)
= Ricinus microcarpus var. spontaneus Popova; Kul´t. Fl. SSSR 7: 288 (1941)
= Ricinus minor Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 7 (1768)
= Ricinus nanus Balb.; Cat. Hort. Bot. Taurin. 65 (1813)
= Ricinus obermanni Groenland; Rev. Hortic. Ser. IV. 7: 601 (1858)
= Ricinus peltatus Noronha; Verh. Batav. Gen. 5: (1790) ed. I. Art. IV. 25
= Ricinus perennis Steud.; Nom. ed. II. 2: 459 (1841)
= Ricinus persicus Popova; Bull. Applied Bot., Leningrad, 16: 229 (1926)
= Ricinus purpurascens Bertol.; Misc. Bot. 9: 4 (1851)
= Ricinus ruber Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 390 (1859)
= Ricinus rugosus Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 4 (1768)
= Ricinus rutilans Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 15(2): 1017 (1866)
= Ricinus sanguineus Groenland; Rev. Hortic. Ser. IV. 7: 601 (1858)
= Ricinus scaber Bertol. ex Moris; Stirp. Sard. Elench. 41
= Ricinus speciosus Burm. f. [Fl.Ind.207 (1768)]
= Ricinus spectabilis Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 623 (1826)
= Ricinus tunisensis Desf.; Cat. Hort. Par. ed. III. 340 (1829)
= Ricinus undulatus Besser; Cat. Hort. Bot. Krzem. 90 (1811)
= Ricinus urens Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 3
= Ricinus viridis Willd.; Sp. Pl. 4: 564 (1806)
= Ricinus vulgaris Garsault; Fig. Pl. Anim. Med, t. 66 (1764), Descr. Pl. Anim. 50 (1767), Thell. in Bull. Herb. Boissier Ser. II. 8: 784
= Ricinus vulgaris Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 1 (1768)
= Ricinus zanzibarensis Hort.; ex Illustr. Hortic. 41: (1894) 99, fig. 19
= Ricinus zanzibarinus Popova; Fl. Cult. Pl., USSR, ed. Vavilov et al., VII. (Oleiferous Plants) 292 (1941), rossice
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World


Version 15.1 (March 8th, 2023)

Covering 353,598 accepted species,
8,943 hybrids, 50,327 accepted infraspecific taxa and 959,496 synonyms,
in total 1,372,364* names

[*about 39,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]


With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,290 pictures of 15,532 species

Assembled through 30 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life