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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.5925 Genus Scolosanthus Vahl; Eclog. Amer. 1: 11, t. 10 (1796)
Distribution: Caribbean
Species listed in database: 29
= Anthacanthus Rich. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 484 (1830)
= Echinodendrum A.Rich.; Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 18 (1855)
species :
Scolosanthus acanthodes (Spreng.) Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 481 (1900)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti
81 HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Anthacanthus sprengelii DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 461 (1847)
= Eranthemum acanthodes Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 88 (1825)
species :
Scolosanthus acunae Borhidi & O.Muñiz; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 197 (1983)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Conservation Status: vulnerable (Red List of the Vascular Flora of Cuba)
species :
Scolosanthus bahamensis Britton; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 452 (1905)
Distribution: Bahamas; Cuba; Cayman Isl.
81 BAH CAY CUB
species :
Scolosanthus crucifer Wright ex Sauv.; Anales Real Acad. Ci. Méd. Fís. Nat. Habana Revista Ci. 6: 126 (1869)
subspecies :
subsp. crucifer
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Scolosanthus crucifer var. acutus Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 198 (1983)
= Scolosanthus crucifer var. subtomentosus Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 198 (1983)
subspecies :
subsp. microphyllus (Borhidi) Delprete; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 19(4): 575 (2025)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Scolosanthus crucifer var. microphyllus Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 198 (1983)
species :
Scolosanthus densiflorus Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 3: 381 (1903)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti
81 HIS
species :
Scolosanthus ekmanii Borhidi; Nordic J. Bot. 3: 351 (1983)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Scolosanthus grandifolius Krug & Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 442 (1899)
Name: Espuela de galan
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Puerto Rico
81 HIS PUE
species :
Scolosanthus granulatus Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 9: 164 (1923)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Conservation Status: threatened (Red List of the Vascular Flora of Cuba)
species :
Scolosanthus hirsutus Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 198 (1983)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Conservation Status: vulnerable (Red List of the Vascular Flora of Cuba)
species :
Scolosanthus hispidus Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 199 (1983)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Scolosanthus howardii Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 199 (1983)
Distribution: Jamaica
81 JAM
Conservation Status: IUCN E
species :
Scolosanthus leonardii Alain; Brittonia 20: 160 (1968)
Distribution: Hispaniola (Haiti)
81 HIS
species :
Scolosanthus liogieri Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 200 (1983)
Distribution: Dominican Republic
81 HIS
species :
Scolosanthus lucidus Britton; Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 112 (1920)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Scolosanthus maestrensis Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 17: 11 (1959)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Scolosanthus densiflorus subsp. maestrensis (Alain) Borhidi; Bot. Közlem. 58: 177 (1971)
species :
Scolosanthus moanus Borhidi & O.Muñiz; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 201 (1983)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Conservation Status: threatened (Red List of the Vascular Flora of Cuba)
species :
Scolosanthus multiflorus (Sw.) Krug & Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 442 (1899)
subspecies :
subsp. multiflorus
Distribution: Jamaica
81 JAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Ixora multiflora Sw.; Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. [O.P.Swartz] 30 (1788)
= Scolosanthus versicolor Griseb.; Fl. Brit. W. I. [Grisebach] 335 (1861)
subspecies :
subsp. hirticalyx Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 201 (1983)
Distribution: Jamaica
81 JAM
species :
Scolosanthus nannophyllus Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 202 (1983)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Scolosanthus nipensis Borhidi ex Delprete; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 19(4): 578 (2025)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Scolosanthus portoricensis Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 202 (1983)
Distribution: Puerto Rico
81 PUE
species :
Scolosanthus pycnophyllus Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 203 (1983)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Scolosanthus reticulatus Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 29: 203 (1983)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Conservation Status: vulnerable (Red List of the Vascular Flora of Cuba)
species :
Scolosanthus roulstonii Proctor; Fl. Cayman Islands 620 (2012)
Distribution: Cayman Isl.
81 CAY
species :
Scolosanthus selleanus Urb. & Ekman; Ark. Bot. 20A(5): 60 (1926)
Distribution: Hispaniola
81 HIS
species :
Scolosanthus strictus Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 9: 533 (1923)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Conservation Status: vulnerable (Red List of the Vascular Flora of Cuba)
species :
Scolosanthus subsessilis Alain; Phytologia 25: 278 (1973)
Distribution: Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
81 HIS
species :
Scolosanthus triacanthus (Spreng.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 484 (1830)
Name: Vidrio (Dominican Republic)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti
81 HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Catesbaea triacantha Spreng.; Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. [Sprengel] 3: 47 (1822)
= Chomelia triacantha (Spreng.) Griseb.; Cat. Pl. Cub. [Grisebach] 133 (1866)
= Guettarda triacantha (Spreng.) M.Gómez; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 23: 290 (1894)
species :
Scolosanthus versicolor Vahl; Eclog. Amer. 1: 11 (1796)
Name: Puerto Rico devilbrush
Distribution: Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Guana, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda)
81 HIS PUE VIR
Synonyms: hidden
= Chomelia versicolor (Vahl) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 410 (1825)
species :
Scolosanthus wrightianus (Griseb.) Wright; Fl. Cub. [Sauvalle] 6: 126 (1869)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Conservation Status: threatened (Red List of the Vascular Flora of Cuba)
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia wrightiana Griseb.; Cat. Pl. Cub. [Grisebach] 122 (1866)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life