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Ver. 15.1
March 8th, 2023

513.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Comment. Bot. 55 (1822)
1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and other recent publications
Species listed in database: 35212; hybrids: 658
= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)
= Ambrosiaceae Martynov Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 23 (1820), nom. cons.
= Anthemidaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar. 33 (1820)
= Arctotaceae Bessey Nebraska Univ. Stud. 14: 107 (1914) (Arctotidaceae)
= Artemisiaceae Martynov Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 48 (1820) (Artemisiae)
= Athanasiaceae Martynov Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 56 (1820) (Athanasiae)
= Calendulaceae Link; (1829)
= Carduaceae Dumort. Comment. Bot.: 56 (1822)
= Centaureaceae Martynov Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 117 (1820) (Centaureae)
= Cichoriaceae Durandé Notions Elém. Bot.: 272 (1782) (Cichoraceae), nom. cons
= Cnicaceae Vest Anleit. Stud. Bot.: 273, 297 (1818) (Cnicoideae)
= Compositae Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 103 (1763), nom. cons., nom. alt.
= Coreopsidaceae Link Handbuch 1: 768 (1829) (Coreopsideae)
= Cynaraceae Durandé Notions Elém. Bot.: 273 (1782) (Cinarocephalae)
= Echinopaceae Dumort. Comment. Bot.: 56 (1822) (Echinopsidea)
= Eupatoriaceae Martynov Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 239 (1820)
= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg.: 46 (1830) (Gnaphalieae)
= Heleniaceae Raf. Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824) (Helenidia)
= Helianthaceae Dumort. Comment. Bot.: 56 (1822) (Heliantheae)
= Helichrysaceae Link Handbuch 1: 712 (1829) (Elichryseae)
= Inulaceae Bessey Nebraska Univ. Stud. 14: 107 (1914)
= Lactucaceae Drude; J.A. Schenk, Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)
= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)
= Matricariaceae J.Voigt; (1845)
= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outl. Bot.: 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 1: 290 (1837)
= Partheniaceae Link Handbuch 1: 816 (1829)
= Perdiciaceae Link Handbuch 1: 728 (1829) (Perdicieae)
= Picridaceae Martynov Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 482 (1820) (Picrides)
= Santolinaceae Martynov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 560 (1820) (Santolinae)
= Senecionaceae Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 1: 339 (1834) (Senecionideae)
= Serratulaceae Martynov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 577 (1820) (Serratulae)
= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot.: 273, 298 (1818) (Tanacetoideae)
= Vernoniaceae Burm.; Handb. Naturgesch. 1: 296 (1837)
= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot.: 273, 298 (1818) (Xanthoideae)
513.5144 Genus Scolymus L.; Sp. Pl. 2: (1753)
Distribution: Canary Isl., Mediterranean, Southeast Europe, W-Asia (incl. Caucasus)
Species listed in database: 3; hybrids: 1
= Myscolus Cass.; Bull. Soc. Philom. 33 (1818)
species :
Scolymus grandiflorus Desf.; Fl. Atl. 2: 240 (1799)
Name: Großblütige Golddistel (DE); Large-flowered Golden Thistle (EN); Escolimo, Cardillo (ES)
Distribution: France; Baleares (Mallorca, Menorca); Italy; Corsica; Sardinia; Sicily; Malta; European Turkey; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Canary Isl. (Tenerife); Lebanon; East Aegaean Isl. (incl. Rhodos)
12 BAL COR FRA SAR 13 ITA MLT SIC TUE 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY 34 EAI LEB
Remarks: included by Flora Iberica in S. hispanicus s. l.
Synonyms: hidden
= Myscolus grandiflorus (Desf.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. 4: 1333 (1847)
= Myscolus megacephalus Cass.; Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ed. 2. 34: 84 (1825)
= Scolymus hispanicus subsp. grandiflorus (Desf.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 1027 (1940)
= Scolymus hispanicus subsp. grandiflorus (Desf.) Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 10: 51 (1908)
species :
Scolymus hispanicus L.; Sp. Pl. 813 (1753)
Name: Spanische Golddistel (DE); Spanish Golden Thistle (EN)
Distribution: France; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares (Ibiza & Formentera, Mallorca, Menorca); Switzerland; Italy; San Marino; Corsica; Sardinia; Sicily; Malta; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia & Kosovo; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (incl. Kiklades); Crete; Germany [I]; East Aegaean Isl. (incl. Rhodos); European Turkey; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Azores (Faial); Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro); Ukraine; Crimea; Georgia [Caucasus]; Northern Caucasus; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Egypt (Desert Oases, NW-coastal Egypt); European Turkey; Iran (W-Iran); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel); Jordania (S-Jordania); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, C-Syrian Desert, W-Syrian Mountains); Australia [I] (New South Wales [I], Victoria [I]); Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I]); Argentina [I]; USA [I] (Alabama [I], California [I], New York [I], Pennsylvania [I])
11 ger SWI 12 BAL COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KRI MLT ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 KRY UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY 33 GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR 50 aus 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 85 arg cle
Synonyms: hidden
= Myscolus hispanicus (L.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. 4: 1333 (1847)
= Myscolus microcephalus Cass.; Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ed. 2. 34: 85 (1825)
= Scolymus angiospermus Gaertn.; Fruct. 2: 355. t. 157 (1791)
= Scolymus congestus Lam.; Fl. Franc. 2: 116 (1779), nom. illeg.
= Scolymus hispanicus subsp. occidentalis F.M.Vázquez; An. Jard. Bot. Madrid, 58(1): 91 (2000)
= Scolymus hispanicus var. aggregatus (Ruch.) F.M.Vázquez; An. Jard. Bot. Madrid, 58(1): 89 (2000)
= Scolymus perennis Gérard; Fl. Gallo-Prov.: 175 (1761)
= Scolymus perennis Gérard ex Steud.; Nom. ed. I. 753 (1821)
= Scolymus theophrasti Bubani; Fl. Pyrenees 2: 116 (1899)
= Scolymus vivax Sauvages ex DC.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 7: 76 (1838)
species :
Scolymus maculatus L.; Sp. Pl. 813 (1753)
Name: Gefleckte Golddistel (DE); Spotted Golden Thistle (EN); Cardo de leche (ES)
Distribution: England; France; Portugal; Spain; Baleares (Mallorca, Menorca); Gibraltar; Belgium; Germany [I]; Italy; Sardinia; Sicily; Malta; Bulgaria; Greece (incl. Kiklades); Crete; East Aegaean Isl. (incl. Rhodos); European Turkey; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Australia [I] (Queensland [I], New South Wales [I]); trop. Africa; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Egypt (Desert Oases, Great Southwestern Desert, Nile Delta); European Turkey; Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, Jbel Druze); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma Isl.); Ethiopia; Eritrea; Sudan; USA [I] (North Carolina [I])
10 GRB 11 BGM ger 12 BAL FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 BUL GRC ITA KRI MLT SIC TUE 20 ALG EGY MOR TUN 21 CNY MDR 24 ERI ETH SUD 34 CYP EAI IRQ ISR LEB SYR TUR 50 aus 78 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Scolymus annuus Gérard; Fl. Gallo-Prov.: 175 (1761)
= Scolymus annuus Gérard ex Steud.; Nom. ed. I. 753 (1821)
= Scolymus clusii Bubani; Fl. Pyrenees 2: 117 (1899)
= Scolymus gymnospermus Gaertn.; Fruct. 2: 355 (1791)
= Scolymus paniculatus Ucria; Nuova Racc. Opusc. Aut. Sicil. 6: 255 (1793)
= Scolymus pectinatus Cass.; Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ed. 2. 34: 87 (1825)
species :
Scolymus ×castaneus F.M.Vázquez & J.Blanco; Folia Bot. Extremadur. 5: 104 (103-105; fig. 10) (2011)
Distribution: Spain
12 SPA
Remarks: S. hispanicus x S. maculatus
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 15.1 (March 8th, 2023)

Covering 353,598 accepted species,
8,943 hybrids, 50,327 accepted infraspecific taxa and 959,496 synonyms,
in total 1,372,364* names

[*about 39,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,290 pictures of 15,532 species

Assembled through 30 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life