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510.0000 Family Pedaliaceae R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 519 (1810), nom. cons.
14 genera, ca. 80 spp., mostly Africa, some to Madagascar and Australia
Species listed in database: 77
= Petreaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 364 (1858)
= Sesamaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 74 (1834)
510.0301 Genus Sesamum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 634 (1753)
Distribution: trop. and South Africa, trop. Asia and Australia, Morocco and Egypt (1)
Species listed in database: 22
= Anthadenia Lem.; Hort. Vanhoutt. 1: 4 (1845)
= Ceratotheca Endl.; Linnaea 7: 5, t. 1, 2 (1832)
= Dysosmon Raf.; Fl. Ludov. 48 (1817)
= Gangila Bernh.; Linnaea 16: 42 (1842)
= Sesamopteris (Endl.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 251 (1845)
= Sporledera Bernh.; Linnaea 16: 41 (1842) (non Hampe)
species :
Sesamum abbreviatum Merxm.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 3: 4 (1959)
Distribution: W-Namibia
27 NAM
species :
Sesamum alatum Thonn.; Beskr. Guin. Pl. [Schumacher] 284 (1829)
Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); Mauritania; Senegal; Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ghana; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Chad (incl. Tibesti, Ennedi); Sudan; Ethiopia; Kenya; Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Madagascar [I]; India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala)
20 EGY 22 BEN BKN GHA GUI MLI MTN NGA SEN 23 CMN 24 CHA ETH SUD 25 KEN 26 ANG MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ 29 mdg 40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamopteris alata (Thonn.) DC. ex Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner] 2: 206 (1839)
= Sesamopteris alata (Thonn.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 251 (1845)
= Sesamum ekambaramii Naidu; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 698 (1953)
= Sesamum gracile Endl.; Linnaea 7: 10, t. 3 (1832)
= Sesamum pterospermum R.Br.; Voy. Abyss. [Salt] App. 64 (1814)
= Sesamum pterospermum R.Br. ex Guill.; Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. [Bory] 15: 391 (1829)
= Sesamum rostratum Hochst.; Flora 24(1. Intell.): 43 (1841), nomen
= Sesamum sabulosum A.Chev.; Fl. Afr. Centr., Énum. Pl. Récolt. 1: 229 (1913), nomen
= Simsimum rostratum Bernh.; Linnaea 16: 42 (1842)
= Volkameria alata (Thonn.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
species :
Sesamum angolense Welw.; Apont. 588; et in Trans Linn. Soc. 27: 51 (1871)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; N-Namibia
23 ZAI 25 KEN TAN 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum macranthum Oliv.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: 131 (1875)
= Sesamum macranthum var. angustifolium Oliv.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: 131 (1875)
= Volkameria angolensis (Welw.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
= Volkameria macrantha (Oliv.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
species :
Sesamum angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 365 (1895)
Distribution: Nigeria; Cameroon; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; SW-Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Zanzibar; Zambia; Malawi; Mozambique
22 NGA 23 CAF CMN CON GAB ZAI 24 CHA ETH SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum calycinum var. angustifolium (Oliv.) Ihlenf. & Seidenst.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 7: 12 (1968)
= Sesamum indicum var. angustifolium Oliv.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., Ser. 2, 29: 131 (1875)
species :
Sesamum calycinum Welw.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 52 (1871)
subspecies :
subsp. calycinum
Distribution: Congo [Brazzaville]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Angola; Zambia; Malawi
23 CON ZAI 26 ANG MLW ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Volkameria calycina (Welw.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
subspecies :
subsp. baumii (Stapf) Seidenst. ex Ihlenf.; Fl. Zambes. 8(3): 100 (1988)
Distribution: Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia (Caprivi Strip); N-Botswana
26 ANG MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum baumii Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 554 (1906)
subspecies :
subsp. pseudoangolense Seidenst. ex Ihlenf.; Fl. Zambes. 8(3): 100 (1988)
Distribution: Zimbabwe
26 ZIM
subspecies :
subsp. repens (Engl. & Gilg) Seidenst.; Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 22: 232 (1988)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum repens Engl. & Gilg; Kunene-Sambesi-Exped. [Warburg] 371 (1903)
species :
Sesamum capense Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. [N.L.Burman] Prodr. Fl. Cap. 17 (1768)
Distribution: Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal?, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
26 MOZ 27 BOT NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gangila pentaphylla Bernh.; Linnaea 16: 42 (1842)
= Sesamopteris pentaphylla (Bernh.) A.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 251 (1845)
= Sesamum pentaphyllum E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 50, 54 (1843), nom. inval.
= Volkameria pentaphylla (Bernh.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
species :
Sesamum indicum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 634 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. indicum
Name: Ajonjoli; Benny seed, Sesame (EN), Sesam (DE)
Distribution: France [c]; Croatia [c]; Bulgaria [c]; European Turkey [c]; Greece [c]; Crete [c]; European Russia [c]; Crimea [c]; Morocco [c]; Libya [c]; Mauritania [c]; Gambia [c]; Guinea [c]; Burkina Faso [c]; Togo [c]; Benin [c]; Cameroon [c]; Gabon [c]; Congo [Brazzaville] [c]; Central African Republic [c]; Chad [c]; Sudan [c]; South Sudan [c]; Ethiopia [c]; Eritrea [c]; Somalia [c]; Angola [c]; Zambia [c]; Zimbabwe [c]; Mozambique [c]; Namibia [c]; South Africa [c]; Eswatini [Swaziland] [c]; Madagascar [c]; Mauritius [c]; Kazakhstan [c]; Turkmenistan [c]; Uzbekistan [c]; Tajikistan [c]; East Aegaean Isl. [c]; Turkey [c]; Iran [c]; Afghanistan [c]; Lebanon [c]; Saudi Arabia [c]; Yemen [c]; China [c]; South Korea [c]; Taiwan [c]; Pakistan [c]; India (throughout); Sri Lanka [c]; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. [c]; Nicobar Isl. [c]; Myanmar [c]; Thailand [c]; Laos [c]; Cambodia [c]; Vietnam [c]; peninsular Malaysia [c]; Singapore [c]; Sumatra [c]; Borneo [c]; Sulawesi [c]; Philippines [c]; Java [c]; Lesser Sunda Isl. [c] (Bali [c]); Moluccas [c]; New Guinea [c]; Australia [c] (Northern Territory [c], Queensland [c]); Fiji [c]; Guam [c]; Fed. States of Micronesia [c] (Yap [c]); USA [c] (Alabama [c], California [c], Florida [c], Georgia [c], Louisiana [c], Massachusetts [c], Missouri [c], New York [c], Ohio [c], Pennsylvania [c], South Carolina [c], Texas [c], Wisconsin [c]); Mexico [c]; Guatemala [c]; Belize [c]; El Salvador [c]; Honduras [c]; Nicaragua [c]; Panama [c]; Bahamas [c]; Cuba [c]; Jamaica [c]; Dominican Republic [c]; Haiti [c]; Puerto Rico [c]; Virgin Isl. [c]; Guadeloupe [c]; Martinique [c]; St. Lucia [c]; St. Vincent [c]; Grenada [c]; Trinidad & Tobago [c]; Colombia [c]; Guyana [c]; Surinam [c]; French Guiana [c]; Ecuador [c]; Peru [c]; Bolivia [c]; Brazil [c]
12 fra 13 bul cro grc kri tue 14 kry rus 20 lby mor 22 ben bkn gam gui mtn tog 23 caf cmn con gab 24 cha eri eth som ssu sud 26 ang moz zam zim 27 nam saf swz 29 mau mdg 32 kaz tkm tzk uzb 34 afg eai irn leb tur 35 sau yem 36 chi 38 kor tai 40 BAN IND pak srl 41 and cbd lao mya ncb tha vie 42 bor jaw lsi mly mol nwg phi sng sul sum 50 aus 60 fij 62 gum mic 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 blz els gua hon nic pan 81 bah cub gdl gre his jam mar pue stl stv trt vir 82 clm frg guy sur 83 bol ecu per 84 bra
Synonyms: hidden
= Anthadenia sesamoides Lem.; Hort. Vanhoutt. 1(1): 4 (1845)
= Sesamum africanum Tod.; Index Sem. (Panormitani) 1866: 34 (1867)
= Sesamum auriculatum C.Presl; Isis [Oken] 21: 275 (1828)
= Sesamum brasiliense Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 264 (1825 publ. 1829)
= Sesamum edule Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 769 (1821), nomen
= Sesamum foetidum Afzel. ex Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 156 (1894)
= Sesamum hopkinsii Suess.; Trans. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc. 43: 47 (1951)
= Sesamum indicum var. grandidentatum DC.; Rapp. [Not.] Pl. Rar. Genève 18 (1825)
= Sesamum indicum var. integerrimum Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 115 (1903)
= Sesamum indicum var. subdentatum DC.; Rapp. [Not.] Pl. Rar. Genève 18 (1825)
= Sesamum indicum var. subindivisum DC.; Rapp. [Not.] Pl. Rar. Genève 18 (1825)
= Sesamum luteum Retz.; Observ. Bot. [Retzius] 6: 31 (1791)
= Sesamum occidentalis Heer & Regel; Index Sem. (Turin) (1842)
= Sesamum oleiferum Moench; Methodus [Moench], Suppl. 174 (1802), nom. superfl.
= Sesamum orientale L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 634 (1753)
= Sesamum somalense Chiov.; Fl. Somala 2: 343 (1932)
= Sesamum tavakarii M.R.Almeida & S.M.Almeida; Fl. Maharashtra 3B: 463 (2001)
= Sesamum trifoliatum Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 3 (1768)
= Volkameria orientalis (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
= Volkameria orientalis var. indica (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 481 (1891)
= Volkameria sesamoides (Lem.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
subspecies :
subsp. malabaricum (Burm.) Bedigian; Novon 23(1): 6 (2014)
Distribution: India (Goa, Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum malabaricum Burm.; Fl. Malab. [Burman] 4 (1769)
= Sesamum mulayanum N.C.Nair; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 251 (1964)
= Solanum orientale var. malabaricum G.V.Narayana; Madras Agric. J. 37: 48 (1950), nom. inval.
species :
Sesamum integribracteatum (Engl.) Byng & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 146 (2018)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Angola; NW-Namibia
23 ZAI 26 ANG 27 NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceratotheca elliptica Schinz; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 452 (1896)
= Ceratotheca integribracteata Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 156 (1894)
= Ceratotheca integribracteata subsp. elliptica (Schinz) Ihlenf.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 6: 598 (1967)
= Ceratotheca vanderystii De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 3: 256 (1911)
species :
Sesamum latifolium J.B.Gillett; Kew Bull. [8]: 118 (1953)
Distribution: Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya
24 ETH SSU SUD 25 KEN UGA
species :
Sesamum marlothii Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 257 (1888)
Distribution: Namibia
27 NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum dinteri Schinz; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 65 (1899)
= Volkameria marlothii (Engl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
species :
Sesamum parviflorum Seidenst.; Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 22: 232 (1988)
Distribution: Gabon; D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 GAB ZAI
species :
Sesamum pedalioides Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 799 (1898)
Distribution: Angola; NW-Namibia
26 ANG 27 NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum microcarpum Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 554 (1908)
species :
Sesamum prostratum Retz.; Observ. Bot. [Retzius] 4: 28 (1779)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum laciniatum J.G.Klein ex Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 359 (1800)
= Sesamum prostratum var. laciniatum (Klein ex Willd.) Seidenst.
= Volkameria laciniata (J.G.Klein ex Willd.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
= Volkameria prostrata (Retz.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
species :
Sesamum radiatum Schumach. & Thonn.; Beskr. Guin. Pl. [Schumacher] 282 (1827)
Distribution: Cape Verde Isl. (Ilha de Sao Tiago, Ilha Brava); Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; SW-Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Chad; India (Kerala); Sri Lanka; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore; Java
21 CVI 22 BEN BKN GHA GNB GUI IVO MLI NGA TOG 23 BIO CAF CMN CON EQG GAB ZAI 24 CHA 40 IND SRL 42 JAW MLY SNG
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamopteris radiata (Thonn. ex Hornem.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 251 (1845)
= Sesamopteris radiata (Thonn. ex Hornem.) DC. ex Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner] 2: 206 (1839)
= Sesamum biapiculatum De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 5: 58 (1915)
= Sesamum caillei A.Chev.; Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 488 (1920), nomen
= Sesamum mombazense De Wild. & T.Durand; Pl. Thonn. Congol. 36 (1900)
= Sesamum talbotii Wernham; Cat. Pl. Oban [Rendle et al.] 73 (1913)
= Sesamum thonneri De Wild. & T.Durand; Pl. Thonn. Congol. 37 (1900)
species :
Sesamum reniforme (Abels) Byng & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 146 (2018)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceratotheca reniformis Abels; Morphol., Geogr., Taxon., Dicerocaryum & Ceratotheca (Hamburg): 177, 183 (1973)
species :
Sesamum rigidum Peyr.; Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 38: 572 (1860)
subspecies :
subsp. rigidum
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum digitaloides Welw. ex Schinz; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 454 (1896)
subspecies :
subsp. merenskyanum Ihlenf. & Seidenst.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 6: 7 (1968)
Distribution: Angola; NW-Namibia
26 ANG 27 NAM
species :
Sesamum rosaceum (Engl.) J.C.Manning & Magee; Bothalia 48(1; a2363): 2 (2018)
Distribution: Somalia; Kenya
24 SOM 25 KEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Josephinia africana Vatke; Linnaea 43: 541 (1880 publ. 1882)
= Pretreothamnus africanus B.Fedtsch.; Izv. Imp. Bot. Sada Petra Velikago 15: 404 (1915)
= Pretreothamnus rosaceus Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 228 (1905)
= Sesamum byngianum Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 145 (2018), nom. nov.
species :
Sesamum saxicola (E.A.Bruce) Byng & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 146 (2018)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceratotheca saxicola E.A.Bruce; Bothalia 6: 233 (1951)
species :
Sesamum schinzianum Asch. ex Schinz; Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 182 (1888)
Distribution: Angola; Namibia
26 ANG 27 NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum antirrhinoides Welw. ex Asch.; Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 183 (1888)
= Volkameria antirrhinoides (Welw. ex Asch.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
= Volkameria schinziana (Asch. ex Schinz) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
species :
Sesamum sesamoides (Endl.) Byng & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 146 (2018)
Distribution: Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; etc.
22 BEN BKN GAM GHA GNB GUI LBR MLI MTN SEN SIE TOG 23 CAF CMN 24 CHA SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceratotheca melanosperma Hochst. ex Bernh.; Linnaea 16: 32 (1842)
= Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl.; Linnaea 7: 5, t. 1, 2 (1832)
= Ceratotheca sesamoides f. latifolia Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 115 (1902)
= Ceratotheca sesamoides var. baoulensis A.Chev.; Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 489 (1920)
= Ceratotheca sesamoides var. grandiflora Berhaut; Fl. Senegal 67 (1954)
= Ceratotheca sesamoides var. melanoptera A.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 252 (1845)
= Ceratotheca sesasmoides var. baoulensis A.Chev.; Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 490 (1920)
= Sesamum heudelotii Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 552 (1906)
species :
Sesamum trilobum (Bernh.) Byng & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 146 (2018)
Name: Wild foxglove
Distribution: Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]; USA [I] (Florida [I])
26 MOZ ZIM 27 BOT SAF SWZ 78 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceratotheca kraussiana Bernh.; Linnaea 16: 32 (1842)
= Ceratotheca lamiifolia (Engl.) Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 156 (1894)
= Ceratotheca triloba (Bernh.) Hook.f.; Bot. Mag. 114: t. 6974 (1888)
= Sesamum lamiifolium Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 256 (1888)
= Sporledera kraussiana Bernh.; Linnaea 16: 42 (1842)
= Sporledera triloba Bernh.; Linnaea 16: 42 (1842)
= Volkameria lamiifolia (Engl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
species :
Sesamum triphyllum Welw. ex Asch.; Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 185 (1888); et 239 (1889)
Distribution: Angola; Zimbabwe; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, N-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 ANG ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum gibbosum Bremek. & Oberm.; Ann. Transvaal Mus. 16: 434 (1935)
= Sesamum lepidotum Schinz; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 455 (1896)
= Volkameria triphylla (Welw. ex Asch.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
variant :
var. grandiflorum (Schinz) Merxm.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 1960: 10 (1960)
Distribution: C-Namibia
27 NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Sesamum grandiflorum Schinz; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 453 (1896)
= Sesamum schenckii Asch. ex Schinz; Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 184 (1888)
= Volkameria schenkii (Asch. ex Schinz) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 482 (1891)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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