Name: Kohl-Gänsedistel (DE); Smooth Saw-thistle (EN); Algodoncillo (ES)
Distribution: England; Northern Ireland; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Gibraltar; Baleares (Ibiza & Formentera, Mallorca, Menorca); France; Monaco; Channel Isl.; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread, incl. all islands); Crete (incl. islets); S-European Russia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; NW-European Russia (incl. Kaliningrad region); Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Desert Oases, Eastern Desert, Great Southwestern Desert, NE-Egypt, Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt, SE-Egypt); Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Graciosa, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores Isl., Corvo Isl.); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.); Islas Selvagens; Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma Isl.); Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Sao Vicente Isl., Ilha de Sao Nicolau, Sal Isl., Ilha de Maio, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl., Ilha Brava); Mauritania; Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; São Tomé; N-Chad (Tibesti); Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Soqotra; Angola [I]; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Mozambique [I]; Namibia [I]; Botswana [I]; South Africa [I] (widespread); Lesotho [I]; Eswatini [Swaziland] [I]; St. Helena [I]; Madagascar [I]; Mozambique Channel Isl. [Iles Éparses] [I] (Ile Europa [I]); Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; Agalega Isl. [I]; Siberia [I] (Altai [I], Buryatia [I], Chita [I], Irkutsk [I], Krasnoyarsk [I], W-Siberia [I], Yakutia [I]); Russian Far East [I] (Amur [I], Khabarovsk [I], Kuril Isl. [I], Primorye [I], Sakhalin [I]); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan, Talysh); East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, S-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, E-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Wakhan, Baghlan, Bamyan, Farah, Faryab, Jawzjan / Sar-e-Pol, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunar / Nuristan, Wardak, Nangarhar); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (C-Israel, coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, NE-Saudi Arabia, N-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Asir, Nejd Desert); Bahrain; Qatar [I]; United Arab Emirates; Yemen (Aden Desert, N-Inner Yemen, SW-Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen); China [I] (Anhui [I], Fujian [I], Gansu [I], Guangxi [I], Guizhou [I], Hainan [I], Hebei [I], Henan [I], Hubei [I], Hunan [I], Jiangsu [I], Jiangxi [I], Liaoning [I], Ningxia [I], Qinghai [I], Shaanxi [I], Shandong [I], Shanxi [I], Sichuan [I], Xinjiang [I], Yunnan [I], Zhejiang [I]); Tibet [I]; Mongolia; North Korea [I]; South Korea [I]; Japan [I]; Bonin Isl. (Keetaajima, Nakohdojima, Chichijima, Minamijima, Nishinoshima); Volcano Isl. (Kita-Iwojima, Minami-Iwojima); Taiwan [I]; Pakistan (Sind, Baluchistan, N. W. Frontier Prov., Pakistani Punjab, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Murree, Baltistan, Gilgit); Nepal; Bhutan; India (throughout, Jammu & Kashmir); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh [I]; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam [I]; South China Sea Isl. [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]; Philippines (Luzon); Java; Cocos [Keeling] Isl. [I]; Christmas Isl. [Austr.] [I]; New Guinea [I] (alpine [I]); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], Northern Territory [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); Lord Howe Isl. [I]; Norfolk Isl. [I] (incl. Nepean Isl. [I]); New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Auckland Isl. [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Vanuatu [I]; Tonga [I] (Late Isl. [I], Tongatapu [I], ´Eua [I]); Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; N-Line Isl. [I] (Tabueran [I]); Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Mangaia [I], Aitutaki [I], Ngaputoru Group [I]); Marquesas Isl. [I] (Eiao [I], Nuku Hiva [I], Ua Huka [I], Ua Pou [I], Hiva Oa [I], Tahuata [I], Mohotani [I], Fatu Hiva [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I], Raiatea [I], Bora Bora [I]); Austral Isl. [I] (Rapa Iti [I], Raivavae [I], Rurutu [I], Tubuai [I]); Pitcairn Isl. [I]; Easter Isl. [I]; Marcus Isl. [Minami-Torishima] [I]; Guam [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Pohnpei [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Kwajalein [I], Majuro [I], Arno [I]); Wake Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (Kure Isl. [I], Midway Isl. [I], Pearl and Hermes Reef [I], French Frigate Shoals [I], Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Lanai [I], Maui [I], Kahoolawe Isl. [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); Alaska [I]; Greenland [I]; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], N. W. T. [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); St. Pierre et Miquelon [I]; USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arizona [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], Delaware [I], District of Columbia [I], Florida [I], Georgia [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Iowa [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Louisiana [I], Maine [I], Maryland [I], Massachusetts [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Mississippi [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], Nebraska [I], Nevada [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New Mexico [I], New York [I], North Dakota [I], Ohio [I], Oklahoma [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Carolina [I], South Dakota [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Vermont [I], Virginia [I], Washington [I], West Virginia [I], Wisconsin [I], Wyoming [I]); Mexico [I] (widespread); Isla Guadalupe [I]; Guatemala [I]; Belize [I]; El Salvador [I]; Honduras [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Panama [I]; Bahamas [I]; Turks & Caicos Isl. [I]; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Hispaniola [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I] (St. Croix [I], St. John [I], St. Thomas [I], Tortola [I]); Anguilla [I]; St. Martin/St. Maarten [I]; St. Barthélémy [I]; Saba [I]; St. Eustatius [I]; Antigua [I]; Montserrat [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Dominica [I]; Martinique [I]; St. Lucia [I]; Grenadines [I]; St. Vincent [I]; Grenada [I]; Barbados [I]; Trinidad [I]; Colombia [I]; Isla Margarita [I]; Venezuela [I]; Ecuador [I]; Galapagos [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Brazil [I]; Paraguay [I]; Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Arica y Parinacota [I], Tarapacá [I], Antofagasta [I], Atacama [I], Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Los Rios [I], Los Lagos [I], Aisén [I], Magallanes [I]); Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]; Falkland Isl. [I]; Gough Isl. [I]; Tristan da Cunha [I]; South Georgia Isl. [I]
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL CIS COR FRA GIB MCO POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MLT MNT NMA PEL PTL ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY CVI MDR SEL 22 BKN GUI IVO MLI MTN 23 BIO CMN SAO 24 CHA DJI ERI ETH SOC SOM SSU SUD 26 ang moz zam zim 27 bot les nam saf swz 28 sth 29 aga mau mci mdg reu rod 30 sib 31 rfe 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 35 BAR qat SAU UAE YEM 36 chi tib 37 MON 38 jap kor KZN nko OGA tai 40 ban BHU IND NEP PAK SRL 41 MYA THA vie 42 cki JAW mly nwg PHI scs xms 50 aus lhi nfk 51 auc ctm nzl 60 fij nue nwc ton van 61 aui coo eas lin mrq pit sci 62 gum mcu mic mrs wak 63 haw 70 ask cdn gnl 71 cdn 72 cdn spm 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 glp mex 80 blz cos els gua hon pan 81 aba agu bah bbd cub dom gdl gre his jam mar mts pue sab sba ste stl stm stv tci trt ven vir 82 clm ven 83 bol ecu gal per 84 bra 85 arg cle jnf par uru 91 fal sge tdc
Synonyms: hidden
= Carduus amplexicaulis Noronha; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 11 (1790), nom. nud.
= Hieracium oleraceum (L.) E.H.L.Krause; 113 (1906), nom. inval.
= Hieracium oleraceum (L.) Scop.; Fl. Carniol. ed. II. 2: 110 (1771)
= Sonchus ciliatus Lam.; Fl. Franc. (Lam.) 2: 87 (1779)
= Sonchus ciliatus var. subbipinnatifidus Guss.; Enum. Pl. Inarim.: 196 (1854)
= Sonchus fabrae Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 1929 28: 114 (1930)
= Sonchus glaber Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 242 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Sonchus gracilis Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 87: 325 (1894)
= Sonchus gracilis Sennen; Sennen & Mauricio, Cat. Fl. Rif Orient.: 72 (1933), nom. inval.
= Sonchus lacerus Willd.; Sp. Pl. 3: 1513 (1803)
= Sonchus laevis Garsault; Fig. Pl. Méd. 4: t. 564 (1764), opus utique oppr.
= Sonchus laevis Vill.; Hist. Pl. Dauphine 3: 158 (1788)
= Sonchus longifolius Trevir.; Index Sem. (Breslau) 6 (1818)
= Sonchus macrotus Fenzl; Flora 27: 312 (1844), nom. inval.
= Sonchus maritimus Moc. & Sessé; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 177 (1894), nom. illeg.
= Sonchus oleraceus f. gracilis (A.F.Schwarz) Vollm.; 776 (1914)
= Sonchus oleraceus f. integrifolius (Wallr.) Vollm.; 776 (1914), nom. illeg.
= Sonchus oleraceus f. lacerus (Willd.) Vollm.; 776 (1914)
= Sonchus oleraceus f. runcinatus Fiori; Fiori et al., Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 417 (1904)
= Sonchus oleraceus f. triangularis (Wallr.) Werner Christ.; J. A. Christ. & al., 243 (1922)
= Sonchus oleraceus subsp. angustissimus H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1: 169 (1932)
= Sonchus oleraceus subsp. integrifolius (Wallr.) Schübl. & G.Martens; 509 (1834)
= Sonchus oleraceus subsp. laevis Ehrh.; 230 (1780), nom. inval.
= Sonchus oleraceus subsp. triangularis (Wallr.) Schübl. & G.Martens; 509 (1834)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. angustifolius Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 419 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. gracilis A.F.Schwarz; 478 (1899)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. inermis Wibel; 151 (1799)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. integrifolius Boenn.; 231 (1824), nom. illeg.
= Sonchus oleraceus var. integrifolius Desv.; 124 (1818), nom. inval.
= Sonchus oleraceus var. integrifolius Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 419 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. integrifolius Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 1: 432 (1822)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. lacer Murr; 341, var. orthogr. (1924)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. laceratus Wender.; 267 (1846)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus (Willd.) Desv.; 124 (1818)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus (Willd.) Wallr.; Sched. Crit.: 432 (1822)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. laciniatus Boenn.; 231 (1824)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. laciniatus Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 419 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. laciniatus Lej.; 164 (1825), nom. inval.
= Sonchus oleraceus var. laevis L.; 794 (1753), nom. inval.
= Sonchus oleraceus var. latifolius Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 419 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. litoralis P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 532 (114) (2006)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. pinnatifidus Günther, Grab. & E.Wimm.; 127 (1824), nom. inval.
= Sonchus oleraceus var. runcinatus W.D.J.Koch; 433 (1837), nom. illeg.
= Sonchus oleraceus var. subrotundus Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 419 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Sonchus oleraceus var. triangularis Wallr.; Sched. Crit.: 432 (1822)
= Sonchus pallescens Pancic; Elench. Pl. Vasc.: 55 (1875)
= Sonchus parviflorus Lej. ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 274 (1831)
= Sonchus plumieri Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 178 (1894), nom. illeg.
= Sonchus reversus E.Mey. ex DC.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 7: 186 (1838)
= Sonchus rivularis Phil.; Linnaea 30: 194 (1859)
= Sonchus roseus Besser; Spreng. Syst. 3: 651 (1826)
= Sonchus royleanus DC.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 7: 184 (1838)
= Sonchus runcinatus (Fiori) Zenari; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s. 31: 11 (1924), nom. illeg.
= Sonchus schimperi A.Braun & C.D.Bouché; Index Seminum hort. Berol. 1857(App.): 1 (1857)
= Sonchus schmidianus K.Koch; Index Seminum hort. Berol. 1853(App.): 12 (1853), nom. superfl.
= Sonchus spinulifolius Sennen; Sennen & Mauricio, Cat. Fl. Rif Orient.: 72 (1933), nom. inval.
= Sonchus subbipinnatifidus (Guss.) Zenari; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s. 31: 9 (1924)
= Sonchus sundaicus Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 15: 888 (1826)
= Sonchus tenerrimus Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 371 (1866), nom. inval.
= Sonchus umbellifer Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 139 (1800)
= Sonchus zacinthoides DC.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 7: 184 (1838)