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342.0000 Family Euphorbiaceae A.Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 384 (1789), nom. cons. (s. str.)
210 genera, ca. 6700 spp.
Species listed in database: 6532; hybrids: 56
= Acalyphaceae A.Juss. ex Menge; Cat. Pl. Grudent. Gedan. 172 (1839)
= Bertyaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 190 (1858)
= Cheilosaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: xxxi (2001)
= Crotonaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 258 (1858)
= Hippomanaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 244 (1858)
= Mercurialaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 237 (1820)
= Ricinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 547 (1820)
= Ricinocarpaceae Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 224 (1954)
= Tithymalaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 3: 483 (1799)
= Tragiaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 111 (1838)
= Trewiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 174 (1836)
342.5306 Genus Stillingia L.; Mant. Pl. 1: 19 (1767)
Distribution: Mascarenes (1) to Fiji, mostly tropical and subtropical America
Species listed in database: 26
= Gymnostillingia Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 89 (1863)
species :
Stillingia acutifolia (Benth.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 3: 135 (1883)
Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacán, Chiapas, Hidalgo, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Yucatán); Guatemala; Honduras
79 MEX 80 GUA HON
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnostillingia acutifolia (Benth.) Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 90 (1863)
= Gymnostillingia macrantha Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 90 (1863)
= Sapium acutifolium Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 90 (1842)
= Stillingia macrantha (Müll.Arg.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 3: 135 (1883)
= Stillingia pietatis McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 20: 210 (1995)
= Stillingia propria Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 185 (1915)
species :
Stillingia aquatica Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S. 405 (1860)
Name: Water toothleaf
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina)
78 USA
species :
Stillingia argutedentata Jabl.; Phytologia 14: 451 (1967)
Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)
84 BRA
species :
Stillingia bicarpellaris S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 455 (1886)
Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí)
79 MEX
species :
Stillingia bodenbenderi (Kuntze) D.J.Rogers; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 222 (1951)
Distribution: S-Brazil (Paraná); Argentina (Córdoba)
84 BRA 85 ARG
Synonyms: hidden
= Excoecaria bodenbenderi (Kuntze) K.Schum.; Just´s Bot. Jahresber. 26(1): 349 (1900)
= Sapium bodenbenderi Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 292 (1898)
= Sapium bolanderi Kuntze ex Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 225 (1912), nom. illeg.
= Sapium subsessile Hemsl.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 27: t. 2684 (1901)
= Stillingia dusenii Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.XVII, Heft 85 (Euph. Addit. VII): 202 (1924)
species :
Stillingia dichotoma Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 88 (1863)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia); SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Sapium dichotomum Klotzsch ex Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 184 (1912), nom. inval.
species :
Stillingia diphtherina D.J.Rogers; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 226 (1951)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas); Guatemala; Honduras
79 MEX 80 GUA HON
species :
Stillingia linearifolia S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 297 (1879)
Name: Queen´s-root
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Sonora)
76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Stillingia gymnogyna Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 196 (1912)
species :
Stillingia lineata (Lam.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1157 (1866)
subspecies :
subsp. lineata
Distribution: Mauritius; La Réunion
29 MAU REU
Synonyms: hidden
= Excoecaria mauritiana (Baill.) Baill.; Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 2: 946 (1884)
= Sapium cassinefolium Tausch ex Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 183 (1912), nom. illeg.
= Sapium laevifolium Thouars ex Baill.; Étude Euphorb. 513 (1858)
= Sapium laevigatum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 735 (1788)
= Sapium lineatum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 734 (1788)
= Sapium obtusifolium Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 735 (1788)
= Sapium tanguinum (Baill.) Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 116 (1863)
= Stillingia lineata var. laevigata (Lam.) Baill.; Adansonia 2: 27 (1861 publ. 1862)
= Stillingia lineata var. obtusifolia (Lam.) Baill.; Adansonia 2: 27 (1861 publ. 1862)
= Stillingia lineata var. tanguina (Baill.) Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 183 (1912)
= Stillingia mauritiana Baill.; Adansonia 2: 27 (1861 publ. 1862)
= Stillingia obtusifolia (Lam.) Baill.; Étude Euphorb. 513 (1858)
= Stillingia tanguinia Baill.; Adansonia 2: 28 (1861 publ. 1862)
subspecies :
subsp. pacifica (Müll.Arg.) Steenis; Blumea, Suppl. 5: 302 (1966)
Distribution: South China Sea Isl.; Philippines (Babuyanes); Lesser Sunda Isl. (Timor); East Timor; Moluccas (Babar, Seram); Fiji
42 LSI MOL PHI SCS 60 FIJ
Synonyms: hidden
= Sapium plumerioides Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 507 (1942)
= Stillingia pacifica Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1156 (1866)
species :
Stillingia oppositifolia Baill.; Étude Euphorb. Atlas, 13 (1866)
Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Sapium oppositifolium Klotzsch ex Baill.; Étude Euphorb. 513 (1858)
= Sapium sanguinolentum Klotzsch ex Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 191 (1912), pro syn.
species :
Stillingia parvifolia Sánchez Vega, Sagást. & Huft; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(4): 1666 (1988 publ. 1989)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Stillingia paucidentata S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 298 (1879)
Name: Mojave toothleaf
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Stillingia linearifolia var. paucidentata (S.Watson) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 598 (1925)
species :
Stillingia peruviana D.J.Rogers; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 223 (1951)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Stillingia salpingadenia var. peruviana J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A): 192 (1951)
species :
Stillingia querceticola McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 20: 213 (1995)
Distribution: Mexico (Nayarit, Sinaloa)
79 MEX
species :
Stillingia salpingadenia (Müll.Arg.) Huber; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 6: 452 (1906)
Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso); Paraguay (Amambay, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Guaira, Paraguari, San Pedro, Cordillera); Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Misiones)
83 BOL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Excoecaria salpingadenia (Huber) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1209 (1866)
= Sapium cupuliferum Hemsl.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 27: t. 2679 (1901)
= Sapium salpingadenium Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 121 (1863)
= Stillingia salpingadenia subsp. anadena Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 190 (1912)
= Stillingia salpingadenia var. angustior (Chodat & Hassl.) Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 190 (1912)
= Stillingia salpingadenia var. cupulifera (Hemsl.) Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 190 (1912)
= Stillingia salpingadenia var. elliptica Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 189 (1912)
= Stillingia salpingadenia var. grandifolia (Chodat & Hassl.) Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 190 (1912)
= Stillingia salpingadenia var. salicina (Chodat & Hassl.) Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 190 (1912)
= Stillingia saxatilis f. angustior Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 676 (1905)
= Stillingia saxatilis f. latior Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 676 (1905)
= Stillingia saxatilis var. grandifolia Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 676 (1905)
= Stillingia saxatilis var. salicifolia Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 676 (1905)
= Stillingia saxatilis var. salicina Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 677 (1905)
= Stillingia scutellifera D.J.Rogers; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 235 (1951)
species :
Stillingia sanguinolenta Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 88 (1863)
Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Honduras
79 MEX 80 HON
Synonyms: hidden
= Sapium angulatum Klotzsch ex Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 191 (1912), pro syn.
= Stillingia sanguinolenta var. angustifolia Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 88 (1863)
= Stillingia sanguinolenta var. lanceolata Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 88 (1863)
species :
Stillingia saxatilis Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 539 (1873)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnostillingia loranthacea Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 541 (1873)
= Stillingia loranthacea (Müll.Arg.) Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 185 (1912)
= Stillingia salpingadenia subsp. saxatilis (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 189 (1912)
species :
Stillingia spinulosa Torr.; Notes Milit. Reconn. [Emory] 151 (1848)
Name: Annual toothleaf
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Nevada); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Nuevo León, Sonora)
76 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Sapium annuum Torr.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 201 (1858)
= Stillingia annua (Torr.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1160 (1866)
species :
Stillingia sylvatica L.; Mant. Pl. 1: 126 (1767)
Name: Queen´s-delight
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia); Mexico (Coahuila, Michoacán, Tamaulipas)
73 USA 74 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Ditrysinia sylvatica (L.) Raf. ex B.D.Jacks.; Index Kew. 1: 783 (1893)
= Excoecaria sylvatica (L.) Baill.; Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 2: 946 (1884)
= Sapium sylvaticum (L.) Torr.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 201 (1859)
= Stillingia angustifolia (Müll.Arg.) Engelm. ex S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 154 (1888)
= Stillingia lanceolata Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 5: 176 (1835)
= Stillingia salicifolia (Torr.) Raf.; Atlantic J. 1: 146 (1832)
= Stillingia salicifolia (Torr.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 704 (1903), isonym
= Stillingia smallii Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 19: 405 (1915)
= Stillingia spathulata (Müll.Arg.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 704 (1903)
= Stillingia sylvatica f. major Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1158 (1866)
= Stillingia sylvatica f. minor Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1158 (1866)
= Stillingia sylvatica subsp. tenuis (Small) D.J.Rogers; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 241 (1951)
= Stillingia sylvatica var. angustifolia Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1158 (1866)
= Stillingia sylvatica var. salicifolia Torr.; Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 245 (1827)
= Stillingia sylvatica var. spathulata Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1158 (1866)
= Stillingia tenuis Small; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 429 (1905)
species :
Stillingia tenella (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Esser; Novon 20(2): 147 (2010)
Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz, Tarija); Argentina (Jujuy, Salta)
83 BOL 85 ARG
Synonyms: hidden
= Sapium tenellum Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.XVII, Heft 85 (Euph. Addit. VII): 202 (1924)
= Stillingia yungasensis Belgrano & Pozner; Syst. Bot. 30(1): 134 (2005)
species :
Stillingia terminalis Baill.; Adansonia 2: 29 (1861 publ. 1862)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Sapium terminale (Baill.) Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 116 (1863)
= Stillingia mauritiana var. salicina Baill.; Adansonia 2: 27 (1861 publ. 1862)
= Stillingia terminalis var. salicina Baill.; Adansonia 2: 27 (1861 publ. 1862)
species :
Stillingia texana I.M.Johnst.; Contr. Gray Herb. 68: 91 (1923)
Name: Texas toothleaf
Distribution: USA (New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas); Mexico (Coahuila)
74 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Sapium sylvaticum var. linearifolium Torr.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 201 (1859)
= Stillingia linearifolia (Torr.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 704 (1903), nom. illeg.
= Stillingia sylvatica var. linearifolia (Torr.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1158 (1866)
= Stillingia texana var. latifolia Waterf.; Rhodora 50: 95 (1948)
species :
Stillingia trapezoidea Ule; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 223 (1908)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Piauí)
84 BRA
species :
Stillingia treculiana (Müll.Arg.) I.M.Johnst.; Contr. Gray Herb. 68: 91 (1923)
Name: Trecul´s toothleaf
Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas)
77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnanthes treculiana Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 216 (1865 publ. 1866)
= Sapium annuum var. bidentatum Torr.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 201 (1859)
= Sapium annuum var. dentatum Torr.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 201 (1859)
= Sebastiania treculiana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1165 (1866)
= Stillingia dentata (Torr.) Britton & Rusby; Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 14 (1887), Coult. In Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. ii. 405 (1894)
= Stillingia torreyana S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 298 (1879)
species :
Stillingia uleana Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 187 (1912)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)
84 BRA
species :
Stillingia zelayensis (Kunth) Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 32: 87 (1863)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Ciudad de Mexico, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala); Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Panama
79 MEX 80 BLZ GUA HON PAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Sapium zelayense Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 65 (1817)
= Stillingia microsperma Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.V, Heft 52 (Euph.-Hippomaneae): 187 (1912)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life