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222.0000 Family Lythraceae J.St.-Hil.; Expos. Fam. Nat. 2: 175 (1805), nom. cons.
28 genera, ca. 650 spp. Phylogeny: Maurin et al. (2021), Inglis et al. (2023)
Species listed in database: 679; hybrids: 8
= Ammanniaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 86 (1834)
= Blattiaceae Engl.; Syllabus (ed. 1): 156 (1892)
= Duabangaceae Takht.; Florist. Regions World 332 (1986)
= Lagerstroemiaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 338 (1858)
= Lawsoniaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 338 (1858)
= Punicaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přír. Rostlin Aneb. Rostlin 2(94): 378 (1825), nom. cons.
= Sonneratiaceae Engl.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl], Nachtr. 261 (1897), nom. cons.
= Trapaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 36, 39 (1829), nom. cons.
222.1009 Genus Trapa L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 120 (1753)
Distribution: depending on species concept, trop., subtrop., and temp. regions of the Old World, except Australia. Excessive splitting led to very complicated taxonomy and unnecessary names
Species listed in database: 2
species :
Trapa incisa Siebold & Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(2): 134 (1846)
Distribution: South Africa [I]; Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Yunnan); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Taiwan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); ?Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Java
27 saf 31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO TAI 40 IND 41 CBD VIE 42 JAW MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Trapa bispinosa var. incisa (Siebold & Zucc.) Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 171 (1875)
= Trapa incisa var. pubescens Z.F.Yin, L.Yong Sun & Z.Jiang; Phytotaxa 397: 121 (2019)
= Trapa maximowiczii var. tonkinensis Gagnep.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 2: 984 (1921)
= Trapa natans var. incisa (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 172 (1908)
species :
Trapa natans L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 120 (1753)
Name: Gewöhnliche Wassernuss (DE), Water chestnut (EN)
Distribution: +Sweden [I]; Germany (Brandenburg, +Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, +Schleswig-Holstein, +Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; +Spain [I]; Baleares; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; N-Greece; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Algeria; Tunisia; Siberia (Altay, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Russian Far East (Lower Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; Iran (N-Iran); China (Hainan, Hubei, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Zhejiang); South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, ?Kyushu); Taiwan; Pakistan; India (Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Thailand; Cambodia; Canada [I] (Quebec [I]); USA [I] (District of Columbia [I], Delaware [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Pennsylvania [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I])
10 swe 11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO SWI 12 BAL FRA spa 13 ALB BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS NMA ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG TUN 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ 33 AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR TAI 40 BAN IND PAK 41 CBD THA 72 cdn 75 usa 78 usa
Remarks: Russian authors accept many more species
Synonyms: hidden
= Trapa acicularis V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 188 (1965)
= Trapa alatyrica Sprygin ex V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 207 (1973)
= Trapa algeriensis V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 182 (1965)
= Trapa amurensis Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 34 (1925)
= Trapa amurensis var. bispinosa Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 35 (1925)
= Trapa annosa f. bicornis Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 339 (1986)
= Trapa annosa f. erecticornis Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 339 (1986)
= Trapa annosa f. pseudomuzzanensis Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 339 (1986)
= Trapa annosa Janković; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays Serbe, Sér. B, 10: 112 (1957)
= Trapa araborum V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 178 (1965)
= Trapa assamica Wójcicki; Polish Bot. J. 47(1): 5 (2002)
= Trapa astrachanica (Flerow) N.A.Winter; Trudy Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 43: 756 (1931)
= Trapa astrachanica var. caspica (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 106 (1993)
= Trapa bicornis var. iwasakii (Nakano) Nakano; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 77: 165 (1964)
= Trapa bicornis var. jinumae (Nakano) Nakano; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 77: 165 (1964)
= Trapa bispinosa var. iwasakii Nakano; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50: 454 (1913)
= Trapa bispinosa var. jinumae Nakano; Bot. Jaarb. 50: 455 (1913)
= Trapa borysthenica V.N.Vassil.; Fl. BSSR [Schischkin] 3: 460 (1950)
= Trapa brevicarpa f. effigia Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 350 (1986)
= Trapa brevicarpa f. miniata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 349 (1986)
= Trapa brevicarpa f. muzzanensoides Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 348 (1986)
= Trapa brevicarpa f. perexcelsa Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 348 (1986)
= Trapa brevicarpa f. quadrata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 350 (1986)
= Trapa brevicarpa Janković; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays Serbe, Sér. B, 10: 141 (1957)
= Trapa brevicarpa subsp. calosa Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 347 (1986)
= Trapa brevicarpa subsp. rubida Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 350 (1986)
= Trapa brevicarpa var. delicata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 349 (1986)
= Trapa brevicarpa var. mirabila Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 348 (1986)
= Trapa carinthiaca (Beck) V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 661 (1949)
= Trapa caspica V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 203 (1973)
= Trapa castanea Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 127 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Trapa caucasica f. microcarpa Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 32 (1925)
= Trapa caucasica Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 30 (1925)
= Trapa caucasica var. astrachanica Flerow
= Trapa caucasica var. colchica (Albov) Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 31 (1925)
= Trapa caucasica var. tanaitica Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 31 (1925)
= Trapa colchica Albov; Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 237 (1895)
= Trapa conocarpa (F.Aresch.) Flerow; Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. Inst. 10(Prilozheniye 1): 24 (1926)
= Trapa conocarpa f. flerovii (Dobrocz.) Tacik
= Trapa conocarpa subsp. laevigata (Nath.) Tacik
= Trapa conocarpa var. pyramidalis (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 104 (1993)
= Trapa conocarpa var. suecica (Nath.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 104 (1993)
= Trapa cruciata (Glück) V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 650 (1949)
= Trapa danubialis Dobrocz.; Fl. URSR 7: 635 (1955)
= Trapa europaea Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 23 (1925)
= Trapa europaea Janković; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays Serbe, Sér. B, 10: 136 (1957), non Flerow
= Trapa europaea var. clipeata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 346 (1986)
= Trapa europaea var. egregia Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 346 (1986)
= Trapa europaea var. macrocarpa Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 345 (1986)
= Trapa fastigiata P.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 205 (1973)
= Trapa flerovii Dobrocz.; Fl. URSR 7: 634 (1955)
= Trapa grozdovii V.N.Vassil. ex V.N.Tikhom.; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 100(1): 89 (1995)
= Trapa hankensis Pshenn.; Fl. Ross. Dal´nego Vostoka 451 (2006)
= Trapa hungarica Opiz ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 249 (1879)
= Trapa hyrcana Woronow; Izv. Kavkazsk. Muz. 10: 334 (1917)
= Trapa jankovicii Tacik; Fl. Polska 10: 21 (1963), in adnot.
= Trapa kasachstanica V.N.Vassil.; Fl. Kazakhst. 6: 251, 429 (1963)
= Trapa kashmirensis Wójcicki; Polish Bot. J. 46(2): 133 (2001 publ. 2002)
= Trapa kazakorum P.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 201 (1973)
= Trapa komarovii var. tetracorna A.I.Baranov & Skvortzov; Clavis Pl. Chinae Bor.-Or. 240 (1959)
= Trapa kozhevnikoviorum Pshenn.; Fl. Ross. Dal´nego Vostoka 451 (2006)
= Trapa krauselii P.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 210 (1973)
= Trapa laevis C.Presl ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 249 (1879)
= Trapa laevis var. pseudorossica (V.N.Vassil) Val.N.Tikhom.; Konspekt Fl. Vost. Evr. 2(1): 47 (2025)
= Trapa longicarpa f. alticarpa Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 343 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. amplicornis Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 344 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. arcuata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 341 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. bicornis Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 340 (1986), simultaneous homonym see pp. 342, 343 and ICBN(1988) Art.24.5, Note 1 and Art.64.5
= Trapa longicarpa f. brevicola Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 342 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. columnifera Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 342 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. concamerata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 341 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. coronatoides Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 341 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. depressa Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 340 (1986), simultaneous homonym see pp. 342, 343 and ICBN(1988) Art.24.5, Note 1 and Art.64.5
= Trapa longicarpa f. elata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 340 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. elongata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 342 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. falcata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 344 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. perangusticornis Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 340 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. producticarpa Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 344 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. pseudomuzzanensis Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 345 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. subcoronata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 343 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. tesselata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 345 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa f. turgida Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 340 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa Janković; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays Serbe, Sér. B, 10: 115 (1957)
= Trapa longicarpa subsp. perlongicornis Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 339 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa subsp. valida Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 342 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa subvar. miniata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 342 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa var. contortula Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 341 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa var. loricata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 345 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa var. mammeata Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 344 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa var. rubra Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 340 (1986)
= Trapa longicarpa var. spatiosa Janković; Fl. Srbije 10: 341 (1986)
= Trapa longicornis V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 698 (1949)
= Trapa macrorhiza Dobrocz.; Fl. URSR 7: 634 (1955)
= Trapa maeotica Woronow; Izv. Kavkazsk. Muz. 10: 334 (1917)
= Trapa maleevii V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 696 (1949)
= Trapa manshurica Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 37 (1925)
= Trapa manshurica var. rubra Pshenn. & Kozhevn.a; Turczaninowia 22(2): 201 (2019)
= Trapa manshurica var. tranzschelii (V.N.Vassil.) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 466 (1979)
= Trapa manshurica var. tranzschelii (V.N.Vassil.) Pshenn.; Fl. Ross. Dal´nego Vostoka 184 (2006), isonym
= Trapa media (Glück) V.N.Vassil.; Fl. BSSR [Schischkin] 3: 461 (1950)
= Trapa metschorica P.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 208 (1973)
= Trapa muzzanensis Jäggi; Rosl. Polsk., ed. 1: 421 (1924)
= Trapa natans var. amurensis (Flerow) Kom.; Opred. Rast. Dal´nevost. Kraia 2: 779 (1932)
= Trapa natans var. bohemica Flerow; Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. Inst. 10(Prilozheniye 1): 24 (1926)
= Trapa natans var. borysthenica (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 105 (1993)
= Trapa natans var. conocarpa F.Aresch.; J. Bot. 11: 246 (1873)
= Trapa natans var. europaea (Flerow) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 105 (1993)
= Trapa natans var. glaberrima Wahlenb.; Fl. Suec. [Wahlenberg] 1: 100 (1824)
= Trapa natans var. hamata Tzvelev; Opred. Sosud. Rast. Severo-Zap. Rossii 680 (2000)
= Trapa natans var. rubeola Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 251 (1913)
= Trapa natans var. surajensis Flerow; Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. Inst. 10(Prilozheniye 1): 23 (1926)
= Trapa natans var. suroshensis Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 29 (1925)
= Trapa natans var. verbanensis (De Not.) Flerow; Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. Inst. 10(Prilozheniye 1): 23 (1926)
= Trapa nedoluzhkoi Pshenn.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(1): 160 (159) (2007)
= Trapa numidica V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 180 (1965)
= Trapa okensis P.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 201 (1973)
= Trapa pectinata V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 697 (1949)
= Trapa potaninii V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 693 (1949)
= Trapa pseudocolchica V.N.Vassil.; Fl. BSSR [Schischkin] 3: 459 (1950)
= Trapa pseudoincisa var. potaninii (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 104 (1993)
= Trapa pseudorossica V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 199 (1973)
= Trapa pyramidalis V.N.Vassil.; Fl. BSSR [Schischkin] 3: 454 (1950)
= Trapa quadricornis Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 229 (1812)
= Trapa raciborskii Jent.-Szaf. ex Tacik; Fl. Polska 10: 21 (1963)
= Trapa rossica V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 695 (1949)
= Trapa rossica var. pseudorossica (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 105 (1993)
= Trapa saissanica (Flerow) V.N.Vassil.; Fl. Kazakhst. 6: 252, 429 (1963), cum descr.
= Trapa sajanensis P.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 202 (1973)
= Trapa septentrionalis V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 695 (1949)
= Trapa sibirica Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 32 (1925)
= Trapa sibirica var. altaica Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 33 (1925)
= Trapa sibirica var. saisanica Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 33 (1925)
= Trapa spryginii V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 697 (1949)
= Trapa tranzschelii V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 692 (1949)
= Trapa turbinata P.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 207 (1973)
= Trapa ucrainica P.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 209 (1973)
= Trapa uralensis P.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 200 (1973)
= Trapa verbanensis De Not.; Index Sem. (Roma) 1875: 28 (1875)
= Trapa verbanensis var. tanaitica (Flerow) Val.N.Tikhom.; Konspekt Fl. Vost. Evr. 2(1): 48 (2025)
= Trapa wolgensis P.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 197 (1973)
variant :
var. africana Brenan; Kew Bull. [8]: 171 (1953)
Distribution: Uganda; Tanzania
25 TAN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Trapa africana Flerow
= Trapa natans var. africana (Flerow) Gams; nomen
variant :
var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 11: (283) (1897)
Distribution: Guinea-Bissau; SW-Burkina Faso; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; SW-Chad; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; Russian Far East (Amur, Primorye); China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang); Japan; Pakistan (Sind, Pakistani Punjab, Peshawar); India; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar (Sagaing, Shan, Yangon); Laos; S-Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia [I]
22 BKN GHA GNB NGA 23 CAF CMN EQG GAB ZAI 24 CHA SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM 31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP 40 BAN IND PAK SRL 41 LAO MYA VIE 42 mly
Synonyms: hidden
= Trapa arcuata S.H.Li & Y.L.Chang; Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Or. 6: 291 (1977)
= Trapa austroafricana V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 192 (1965)
= Trapa bicornis Osbeck; Dagb. Ostind. Resa 191 (1757)
= Trapa bicornis var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Nakano; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 77: 163 (1964)
= Trapa bicornis var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Z.T.Xiong; J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(1): 52, 53 (1985), without basionym ref., et J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 160 (1985), with basionym ref.
= Trapa bicornis var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) H.Glück; Dagb. Ostind. Resa 191 (1757)
= Trapa bicornis var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Steenis; Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermatoph. 4: 43 (1954)
= Trapa bicornis var. makinosa (Nakano) Nakano; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 77: 165 (1964)
= Trapa bicornis var. taiwanensis (Nakai) Z.T.Xiong; J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(1): 160 (1985), without basionym ref., et J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 160 (1985), with basionym ref.
= Trapa bispinosa Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 11 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 449 (1820), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 428 (1832)
= Trapa bispinosa var. cochinchinensis Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 18: 427 (1942)
= Trapa bispinosa var. makinoa Nakano; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50: 440 (1913)
= Trapa chinensis Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 41 (1925), nom. illeg.
= Trapa chinensis Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 86 (1790), nom. superfl.
= Trapa chinensis var. flerovii Skvortsov; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 26: 630 (1927)
= Trapa chinensis var. manshurica Skvortsov; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 26: 630 (1927)
= Trapa cochinchinensis Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 108 (1790)
= Trapa congolensis V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 184 (1965)
= Trapa dimorphocarpa Z.S.Diao; J. S. W. Agric. Univ. 12(1): 70 (1990), et Guihaia 40(1): 10 (2020), pro syn.
= Trapa insperata V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 178 (1965)
= Trapa japonica Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 39 (1925)
= Trapa japonica var. jeholensis (Nakai) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 466 (1979)
= Trapa japonica var. macrocarpa Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 40 (1925)
= Trapa japonica var. oblonga Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 41 (1925)
= Trapa jeholensis Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 18: 437 (1942)
= Trapa manshurica var. bispinosa Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 39 (1925)
= Trapa natans var. bicornis (Osbeck) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 172 (1908)
= Trapa taiwanensis Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 18: 424 (1942)
variant :
var. japonica Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 18(8): 429 (1942)
Distribution: North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
38 JAP KOR NKO
variant :
var. komarovii (Skvortsov) B.Y.Ding & X.F.Jin; Guihaia 40(1): 8 (2020)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Upper Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; Japan; Taiwan
31 RFE 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Trapa amurensis var. komarovii Skvortsov; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 26: 630 (1927)
= Trapa komarovii V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 693 (1949)
= Trapa manshurica f. komarovii (Skvortsov) S.H.Li & Y.L.Chang; Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Or. 6: 137 (1977), as ´komarovi´
= Trapa natans var. complana (Z.T.Xiong) B.Y.Ding & X.F.Jin; Guihaia 40: 13 (2020)
= Trapa pseudincisa Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 18: 436 (1942)
= Trapa pseudincisa var. aspinifa Z.T.Xiong; J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(1): 52, 53 (1985), without latin descr. or type, et J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 162 (1985), with latin descr. and type
= Trapa pseudincisa var. complana Z.T.Xiong; J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3: 163 (1985)
= Trapa pseudincisa var. nanchangensis W.H.Wan; J. Jiangxi Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 15(2): 75 (1991)
variant :
var. magnicorona (Z.T.Xiong) B.Y.Ding & X.F.Jin; Guihaia 40(1): 7 (2020)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Lower Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (fairly widespread); North Korea; South Korea; Japan
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Trapa japonica var. longicollum Z.T.Xiong; J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3: 161 (1985)
= Trapa japonica var. magnicorona Z.T.Xiong; J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(1): 52, 53 (1985), without latin descr. or type, et J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 161 (1985), with latin descr. and type
= Trapa japonica var. tuberculifera (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 106 (1993)
= Trapa korshinskyi V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 694 (1949)
= Trapa litwinowii V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 694 (1949)
= Trapa litwinowii var. chihuensis S.F.Guan & Q.Lang; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 7(1): 77 (1987)
= Trapa tuberculifera V.N.Vassil.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 15: 692 (1949)
variant :
var. quadricaudata (Glück) B.Y.Ding & X.F.Jin; Guihaia 40(1): 12 (2020)
Distribution: Cameroon; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal); Russian Far East (Upper Amur, Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning); South Korea; Japan; Bangladesh; Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam
23 CMN 27 SAF 31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR 40 BAN 41 CBD THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Trapa incisa var. quadricaudata Glück; Symb. Sin. 7: 605 (1929)
= Trapa maximowiczii Korsh.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 336 (1892)
= Trapa maximowiczii var. brevispina Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 37 (1925)
= Trapa maximowiczii var. tenuis Flerow; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 37 (1925)
= Trapa natans var. pumila Nakano ex Verdc.; Kew Bull. 41: 448 (1986)
variant :
var. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Makino; Somoku Dzusetsu, ed. 3, 1: 81 (1907)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (Hainan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Zhejiang); Japan; India; Thailand
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP 40 IND 41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Trapa acornis Nakano; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 77: 165 (1964)
= Trapa bicornis var. acornis (Nakano) Z.T.Xiong; J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(1): 52, 53 (1985), without basionym ref., et J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 160 (1985) with basionym ref.
= Trapa bicornis var. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Z.T.Xiong; J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 160 (1985)
= Trapa natans f. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 172 (1908)
= Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 11 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 451 (1820), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 430 (1832)
= Trapa quadrispinosa var. yongxiuensis W.H.Wan; J. Jiangxi Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 15(2): 76 (1991)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life