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Ver. 15.1
March 8th, 2023

205.0000 Family Zygophyllaceae R.Br.; M. Flinders, Voy. Terra Austral. 2: 545 (1814), nom. cons.
26 genera, ca. 280 spp.
Species listed in database: 282; hybrids: 1
= Balanitaceae M.Roem.; Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1: 26 (1846), nom. cons.
= Tribulaceae Trautv.; Estestv. Istor. Gub. Kievsk. Uchebn. Okr. Bot. Sist.: 28 (1853)
205.2007 Genus Tribulus L.; Sp. Pl. 1: 386 (1753)
Distribution: Trop., subtrop., and warm-temp. regions of the Old World from Africa to Polynesia; 2 sp. extending to Caucasus, Middle Asia, and S-Siberia
Species listed in database: 29
species :
Tribulus adelacanthus R.M.Barker; Nuytsia, 12(1): 17 (1998)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia: between Newman, Mt Magnet, Leonora and Lake Carnegie)
50 AUS
species :
Tribulus astrocarpus F.Muell.; Fragm. 12: 4 (1882)
Distribution: Australia (Carnarvon to Warburton, Western Australia, S-Northern Territory, SW Queensland and N-South Australia)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia astrocarpa (F.Muell.) Engl. ex Beard; Desc. Cat. W. Austral. Pl. 53 (1965), comb. inval.
species :
Tribulus bimucronatus Viv.; Pl. Aegypt. Dec. 4: 9 (1830)
Distribution: N-Chad (Tibesti, etc.); N-Sudan (Emi Koussi); SE-Libya; Eritrea; ?Ethiopia; Djibouti; N-Somalia; N-Kenya; S-Algeria; Egypt; Sinai peninsula
20 ALG EGY LBY 24 CHA DJI ERI SOM SUD 25 KEN 34 SIN
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus bimucronatus subsp. inermis (Kralik) Hosni ex Hadidi; Fl. Trop. E. Afr., Zygophyllac.: 3 (1985)
= Tribulus bimucronatus var. bispinulosus (Kralik) Hosni; Taeckholmia, 11: 16 (1988)
= Tribulus bimucronatus var. inermis (Kralik) Hosni; Taeckholmia, 11: 14 (1988)
= Tribulus bimucronatus var. tomentosus (Batt.) Ozenda & Quézel; Trav. Inst. Rech. Sahar. 14: 75 (1956)
= Tribulus bispinulosus Kralik; Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. III. 11: 26 (1849)
= Tribulus inermis Kralik; Bot. Jahrb. 10: 32 (1888)
= Tribulus pentandrus var. bimucronatus (Viv.) Hemaid & Jacob-Thomas; Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res., 14(2): 434 (1996)
= Tribulus sinaicus Boiss.; Diagn. Ser. I. 8: 120 (1849)
= Tribulus spurius Kralik; Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. III. 11: 28 (1849)
= Tribulus terrestris var. inermis (Kralik) Chiov.
= Tribulus terrestris var. tomentosus Batt.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53, Sess. extr.: xxvi ´1906´ (1907)
species :
Tribulus cistoides L.; Sp. Pl. 1: 387 (1753)
Name: Jamaican feverplant
Distribution: Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Sao Vicente Isl., Santa Luzia Isl., Ilha de Sao Nicolau, Sal Isl., Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Maio, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl., Ilha Brava); Somalia; South Sudan; Togo; Eritrea; E-Ethiopia; E-Kenya; E-Tanzania; Mozambique; Madagascar; Mauritius; La Réunion; Seychelles; Mozambique Channel Isl. [Iles Éparses] [I] (Juan de Nova Isl. [I]); Iles Glorieuses [I]; St. Helena [I]; Australia (N-Western Australia, Northern Territory, N-Queensland); Java; Qatar [I]; New Caledonia; Johnston Isl.; Ashmoore Reef; China (Hainan, Yunnan); Taiwan; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali); S-Sulawesi; Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Philippines; N-Line Isl. [I] (Kiritimati [I]); Cook Isl. (Penrhyn); Phoenix Isl. (Kanton, Enderbury, Manra, Orona, Nikumaroro, McKean); S-Line Isl. (Caroline Atoll); Marquesas Isl. (Eiao, Ua Huka, Ua Pou, Hiva Oa); Hawaii (widespread, incl. Midway Isl.); USA [I] (Florida [I], Georgia [I], Louisiana [I], Texas[I]); Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Revillagigedos Isl. [I] (Isla Socorro [I], Isla Clarion [I]); Galapagos [I]; Panama [I]; Peru [I]; Turks & Caicos Isl. [I]; Guyana [I]; Surinam [I]; Ecuador [I]; Bolivia [I]; Guatemala [I]; Panama [I]; Mexico [I]; Bahamas [I]; Cayman Isl. [I]; Cuba [I]; Hispaniola [I]; Jamaica [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. (St. Croix [I], St. Thomas [I], Tortola [I], Virgin Gorda); Antigua [I]; Grenada [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Marie-Galante [I]; Martinique [I]; St. Martin/St. Maarten [I]; Aruba [I]; Bonaire [I]; Curacao [I]; Isla Margarita [I]; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Navassa Isl. [I]
21 CVI 22 TOG 24 ERI ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ 28 sth 29 igl MAU mci MDG REU SEY 35 qat 36 CHI 38 TAI 40 SRL 41 CBD THA VIE 42 JAW LSI MOL NWG PHI SUL 50 AUS 60 NWC PHX 61 COO lin LIN MRQ 63 HAW 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex rgi 80 gua pan 81 aba aru bah bon cay cub cur gdl gre his jam mar nav pue stm tci trt ven VIR 82 clm guy sur ven 83 bol ecu gal per
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia cistoides (L.) Endl.; Ann. Wien. Mus. 1: 184 (1836)
= Tribulus alacranensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 54 (1900)
= Tribulus cistoides f. anacanthus (B.L.Rob.) Svenson; Amer. J. Bot. 22: 236 (1935)
= Tribulus cistoides var. anacanthus B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 38: 157 (1902)
= Tribulus cistoides var. arenicola Kitan.; Ann. Univ. Sofia, Fac. Biol., 66(2): 32 (1971-1972 publ.1974)
= Tribulus cistoides var. galapagensis Svenson; Amer. J. Bot. 22: 235 (1935)
= Tribulus cistoides var. medius (Engl.) Cufod.
= Tribulus lanuginosus Blanco; Fl. Filip. ed. I. 350 (1837)
= Tribulus moluccanus Decne.; Nouv. Ann. Mus. Par. 3: 446 (1834)
= Tribulus sericeus Andersson; Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 1853 245 (1855)
= Tribulus sericeus var. erectus Andersson
= Tribulus sericeus var. humifusus Andersson
= Tribulus taiwanense T.C.Huang & T.H.Hsieh; Taiwania 39(1,2): 63-64, f. 1C,D,E, f. 2 & 4 (1994)
= Tribulus terrestris ¿subvar. medius Engl.
= Tribulus terrestris var. cistoides (L.) Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 284 (1868)
= Tribulus terrestris var. sericeus Andersson
species :
Tribulus cristatus C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 460 (1845)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.); Namibia
27 NAM SAF
species :
Tribulus echinops Kers; Bot. Not., 124: 71 (1971)
Distribution: +SW-Angola
26 ANG
Remarks: only known from the type collected in 1968
species :
Tribulus eichlerianus K.L.Wilson; Telopea, 5(1): 21 (1992)
Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, E-Western Australia)
50 AUS
species :
Tribulus excrucians Wawra; Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 38: 557 (1860)
Distribution: Namibia; Botswana; Angola
26 ANG 27 BOT NAM
species :
Tribulus forrestii F.Muell.; Wing, South. Sc. Record (1885)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia: Carnarvon area)
50 AUS
species :
Tribulus hirsutus Benth.; Fl. Austral. 1: 289 (1863)
Distribution: Australia (N- & E-Western Australia, S-Northern Territory)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia hirsuta (Benth.) Engl.; Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, xix a. 177 (1931)
species :
Tribulus hystrix R.Br.; Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr. 2: App. 69 (1848)
Distribution: Australia (interior of Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia hystrix (R.Br.) Engl.; Engl. & Prantl, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. 3: 4 88 (1890)
= Tribulus lanatus Walp.; Ann. 2: 243 (1852)
species :
Tribulus incanus Hosni; Taeckholmia, 11: 17 (1988)
Distribution: Qatar; Oman; Saudi Arabia; N-Yemen
35 OMA QAT SAU YEM
species :
Tribulus kaiseri Hosni; Taeckholmia 9: 65, f. 2 (1978)
Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran); Egypt; Saudi Arabia (N-Saudi Arabia)
20 EGY 34 IRN 35 SAU
species :
Tribulus macrocarpus F.Muell. ex Benth.; Fl. Austral. 1: 289 (1863)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia: Cape Range to Geraldton, S-Northern Territory, South Australia: Oodnadatta)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia macrocarpa (Benth.) Engl.; Engl. & Prantl, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. 3: 4 88 (1890)
species :
Tribulus macropterus Boiss.; Diagn. Ser. I. 1: 161 (1843)
Distribution: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Iran; Afghanistan (Helmand, Kandahar, Laghman, Nangarhar); Qatar [I]; Western Sahara; Senegal; Mauritania; Mali; Niger; N-Chad (Tibesti, etc.); NW-Sudan (Emi Koussi); Egypt; Morocco; Algeria; Libya; NW-India (Rajasthan); Pakistan (Baluchistan, N. W. Frontier Prov.)
20 ALG EGY LBY MOR WSA 22 MLI MTN NGR SEN 24 CHA SUD 32 TKM UZB 34 AFG IRN 35 qat 40 IND PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus alatus subsp. macropterus (Boiss.) Maire; [comb. inval.]
= Tribulus alatus var. monodii Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 28: 347 (1937)
= Tribulus alatus var. saharae A.Chev.
= Tribulus alatus var. vespertilio Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 28: 347 (1937)
= Tribulus ehrenbergii Asch.; G. Schweinfurth, Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.: 249 (1867)
= Tribulus longipetalus subsp. macropterus (Boiss.) Maire; Trav. Inst. Rech. Sahar. 14: 73 (1956)
= Tribulus longipetalus var. anisopterus (Maire) Ozenda & Quézel; Trav. Inst. Rech. Sahar. 14: 73 (1956)
= Tribulus longipetalus var. brevistylus (Maire) Ozenda & Quézel
= Tribulus longipetalus var. macropterus (Boiss.) Zohary; Fl. Palaestina, 2: 255 (1972)
= Tribulus longipetalus var. monodii (Maire) Ozenda & Quézel; comb.
= Tribulus longipetalus var. vespertilio (Maire) Ozenda & Quézel; comb.
= Tribulus macropterus var. anisopterus Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 176 (1929)
= Tribulus macropterus var. brevistylus Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 176 (1929)
= Tribulus macropterus var. saharae (A.Chev.) Ozenda & Quézel; Trav. Inst. Rech. Sahar. 14: 73 (1956)
= Tribulus megistopterus var. macrocarpus Coss.; Fl. Lib. Prodr. [E. A. Durand & Barratte]: 56 (1910)
= Tribulus megistopterus var. tibestiensis A.Chev.
= Tribulus pentandrus var. macropterus (Boiss.) P.Singh & V.Singh; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot., 6(1): 159 (1985)
= Tribulus persicus Kralik; Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. III. 11: 31 (1849)
variant :
var. arabicus (Hosni) Hemaid & Jacob-Thomas; Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res., 14(2): 436 (1996)
Distribution: Yemen (W-Yemen, coastal Hadhramaut, N-Inner Yemen, SW-Yemen); Oman (Mascat & Oman); Saudi Arabia (NE-Saudi Arabia, Rub al Khali); United Arab Emirates
35 OMA SAU UAE YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus arabicus Hosni; Bot. Not. 130: 261, f. 1 (1977)
= Tribulus macropterus var. collenetteae Hosni; Taeckholmia, 11: 9 (1988), et 11: 9 (1991)
= Tribulus omanense Hosni; Taeckholmia 9: 63, f. l (1978)
= Tribulus omanensis var. yemenense Hosni; Taeckholmia, 11: 13 (1988)
species :
Tribulus megistopterus Kralik; Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. III. 11: 32 (1849)
subspecies :
subsp. megistopterus
Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Hejaz)
35 SAU
subspecies :
subsp. pterocarpus (Ehrenb. ex Müll.Berol.) Hosni; Taeckholmia, 11: 12 (1988)
Distribution: ?Algeria; Libya (Tibesti); Egypt (SE-Egypt); Saudi Arabia (Hejaz); Qatar [I]; NE-Sudan
20 EGY LBY 24 SUD 35 qat SAU
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus pterocarpus Ehrenb. ex Müll.; Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 4: 404 (1857)
species :
Tribulus micrococcus Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 89: 279 (1926)
Distribution: Australia (C- & E-Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory, South Australia)
50 AUS
species :
Tribulus minutus Leichh. ex Benth.; Fl. Austral. 1: 291 (1863)
Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, rare Western Australia)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia minuta (Leichh.) Engl.; Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, xix a. 177 (1931)
species :
Tribulus mollis Ehrenb. ex Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 1: 29 (1867)
Distribution: Bahrain; Egypt (Desert Oases, Eastern Desert, Great Southwestern Desert, SE-Egypt); Iran (EC-Iran, E-Iran, S-Iran, W-Iran); Iraq (NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, S-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Israel (Rift Valley, Judean Desert, S-Negev Desert); Jordania (S-Jordania); Oman (Dhofar, Mascat & Oman); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, Dahana, NE-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Asir); Sinai peninsula (S-Sinai); Yemen (SW-Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen); N-Mali; Niger; N-Chad (Tibesti, etc.); N-Sudan
20 EGY 22 MLI NGR 24 CHA SUD 34 IRN IRQ ISR JOR SIN 35 BAR OMA SAU YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus longipetalus var. mollis (Ehrenb. ex Schweinf.) Zohary; Fl. Palaestina, 2: 256 (1972)
= Tribulus macropterus var. mollis (Ehrenb. ex Schweinf.) Hemaid & Jacob-Thomas; Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res., 14(2): 435 (1996)
= Tribulus perplexans Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 34: 134 (1943)
species :
Tribulus occidentalis R.Br.; Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr. 2: App. 69 (1848)
Distribution: Australia (W-Western Australia: Broome to Carnarvon)
50 AUS
species :
Tribulus ochroleucus (Maire) Ozenda & Quézel; Trav. L’lnst. Recherehes Sahariennes 14: 74 (1956)
Distribution: Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (SE-Egypt); Iran (EC-Iran, S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Farah, Kandahar); Pakistan; Niger; Somalia
20 ALG EGY LBY TUN 22 NGR 24 SOM 34 AFG IRN 40 PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus macropterus var. ochroleucus Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord 20: 176 (1929)
= Tribulus macropterus var. serolei Maire
= Tribulus ochroleucus var. perplexans (Maire) Ozenda & Quézel; Trav. Inst. Rech. Sahar. 14: 75 (1956)
= Tribulus ochroleucus var. serolei (Maire) Ozenda & Quézel
= Tribulus perplexans Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord, 34: 134 (1943)
species :
Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl; Bot. Bemerk. 29 (1845)
Distribution: SE-Libya; Eritrea; Uganda; Kenya; N-Tanzania; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz); Yemen (N-Inner Yemen); Egypt; Mozambique Channel Isl. [Iles Éparses] [I] (Ile Europa [I])
20 EGY LBY 24 ERI 25 KEN TAN UGA 29 mci 35 SAU YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus terrestris var. desertorum Sond.
= Tribulus terrestris var. parvispinus (C.Presl) Hemaid & Jacob-Thomas; Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res., 14(2): 437 (1996)
variant :
var. intermedius (Kralik) Hosni; Taeckholmia, 11: 6 (1988)
Distribution: trop. Africa
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus intermedius Kralik; Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. III. 11: 27 (1849)
species :
Tribulus pentandrus Forssk.; Fl. Aeg.-Arab. 81, 88 (1775)
Distribution: Egypt (Eastern Desert, SE-Egypt); Iran (N-Iran, S-Iran); Israel (Rift Valley, S-Negev Desert); Oman (Mascat & Oman); Saudi Arabia (Asir, Nafud Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Yemen (SW-Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen); Pakistan (Sind, Karachi, Baluchistan, N. W. Frontier Prov., Pakistani Punjab); India (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan); Mali; Chad; SE-Libya; Sudan; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Djibouti; Somalia; Kenya; ?Mauritania; ?Algeria; Libya; Peru [I]
20 EGY LBY 22 MLI 24 CHA DJI ERI ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN 34 IRN ISR SIN 35 OMA SAU YEM 40 IND PAK 83 per
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus alatus Delile; Fl. Aegypt. Ill. 62 (1813), nom. illeg., nom. superfl.
= Tribulus alatus Drège ex C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 3: 460 (1845)
= Tribulus alatus var. acanthopterus Kralik
= Tribulus alatus var. micropteris Kralik
= Tribulus alatus var. odontopterus Kralik
= Tribulus longipetalus subsp. alatus (Delile) Ozenda & Quézel; comb. illeg.
= Tribulus longipetalus var. tibestiensis (A.Chev.) Ozenda & Quézel; [comb. inval.]
= Tribulus longipetalus Viv.; Pl. Aegypt. Dec.: 10 (1830)
= Tribulus macropterus var. tibestiensis A.Chev.
= Tribulus pentandrus var. acanthopterus (Kralik) Hosni; Candollea 51(1): 196 (1996)
= Tribulus pentandrus var. micropteris (Kralik) Hosni ex Hadidi; Fl. Trop. E. Afr., Zygophyllac.: 3 (1985)
variant :
var. pterophorus (C.Presl) P.Singh & V.Singh; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot., 6(1): 159 (1985)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.); Namibia; Afghanistan (Kandahar); Pakistan; India (Rajasthan)
27 NAM SAF 34 AFG 40 IND PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus alatus Drège ex C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 460 (1845) non Delile 1813
= Tribulus longipetalus subsp. pterophorus (C.Presl) Hadac; Rech. f. Fl. Iran., 98: 14 (1972)
= Tribulus pterophorus C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 460 (1845)
= Tribulus securidocarpus Engl.; Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 1: 737 (1915)
species :
Tribulus platypterus Benth.; Fl. Austr. 1: 289 (1863)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia: Pilbara, etc.)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia platyptera (Benth.) Engl.; Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, xix a. 177 (1931)
species :
Tribulus ranunculiflorus F.Muell.; Fragm. (Mueller) 1: 48 (1859)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia: Kununurra region, Northern Territory: Victoria River area)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia ranunculiflora (F.Muell.) Engl.; Engl. & Prantl, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. 3: 4 88 (1890)
species :
Tribulus suberosus H.Eichler ex R.M.Barker; J. Adelaide Bot. Gard., 17: 171 (1996), without type; et in Nuytsia, 12(1): 15 (1998), with type
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia: Hamersley Range to Gibson Desert, S to Wiluna and Hamelin, W to NW-Cape)
50 AUS
species :
Tribulus subramanyamii P.Singh, G.S.Giri & V.Singh; Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 25(1-4): 197 (1983 publ. 1985)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
species :
Tribulus terrestris L.; Sp. Pl. 387 (1753)
Name: Gewöhnlicher Burzeldorn (DE); Puncturevine (EN); Cuernos de chivo (ES)
Distribution: Albania; Austria; Baleares; Bulgaria; Corsica; Crete; Slovakia; France; Greece (incl. Kiklades); Spain; Andorra; Gibraltar; Hungary; Italy; Serbia & Kosovo; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Slovenia; Croatia; Macedonia; Portugal; Romania; Germany [I]; Ukraine; Belarus; Crimea; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Sardinia; Sicily; Northern Caucasus; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia [Caucasus]; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Tuva, W-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Turkmenistan; Tajikistan; Kyrgyzstan; Japan [I]; Mongolia; China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Taiwan; Tibet; South Korea; Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria); South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Namibia; Botswana; Western Sahara; Mauritania; Senegal; Mali; Guinea; Burkina Faso; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Central African Republic; Cameroon; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Angola; Uganda; Rwanda; Burundi; Kenya; Tanzania; E-Ethiopia; Djibouti; Somalia; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Soqotra; Samha Isl.; Abd-al-Kuri Isl.; St. Helena [I]; Madagascar; Comores; India (throughout, incl. Sikkim, Ladakh, Kashmir); Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; Bhutan; Myanmar (Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing); Vietnam; Thailand; Cambodia; Nepal; Pakistan (Baluchistan, N. W. Frontier Prov., Gilgit, Astor, Baltistan); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Maldives; New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Galapagos [I]; Peru [I]; Ecuador [I]; Panama [I]; Peru [I]; Turks & Caicos Isl. [I]; Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Cordoba, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Rio Negro, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis, Tucuman); Chile [I] (Tarapacá [I], Antofagasta [I], Atacama [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I]); Uruguay (Canelones, Florida Prov., Montevideo); Bolivia [I]; Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Queretaro); Fiji [I]; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); East Aegaean Isl. (incl. Rhodos); Bahrain; Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus); Egypt (Eastern Desert, Eastern Desert, Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt, SE-Egypt); European Turkey; Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, Negev Desert, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Jordania (S-Jordania); Kuwait; Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Oman (Mascat & Oman); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, Dahana, NE-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Midyan, Asir); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Syria (NW-Syria); United Arab Emirates; Qatar; Yemen (Aden Desert, coastal Hadhramaut, N-Inner Yemen, SW-Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen); Canary Isl. (Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife); Cape Verde Isl. (Ilha de Sao Nicolau, Sal Isl., Ilha de Maio, Ilha de Sao Tiago); Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA [I] (Arkansas [I], Arizona [I], California [I], Colorado [I], Florida [I], Iowa [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Louisiana [I], Maryland [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Mississippi [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], North Dakota [I], Nebraska [I], New Jersey [I], New Mexico [I], Nevada [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oklahoma [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Carolina [I], South Dakota [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], Wyoming [I]); Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Ontario [I])
11 AUT ger HUN SLO 12 ADO BAL COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KRI MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR KRY RUS UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN WSA 21 CNY CVI 22 BEN BKN GHA GUI MLI MTN NGA NGR SEN TOG 23 BUR CAF CMN RWA ZAI 24 CHA DJI ETH SOC SOM SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ 28 sth 29 COM MDG 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 35 BAR KUW OMA QAT SAU UAE YEM 36 CHI TIB 37 MON 38 jap KOR TAI 40 BAN BHU IND LDV MDV NEP PAK SRL 41 CBD MYA THA VIE 42 NWG 50 AUS 60 fij 63 haw 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 MEX 80 pan 81 tci 83 bol ecu gal per 85 ARG cle URU
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus acanthococcus F.Muell.; Trans. Phil. Soc. Vict. 1: 9 (1855)
= Tribulus albescens Schltr. ex Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 14 (1927)
= Tribulus albus Poir.; Lam., Encycl. 8: 45 (1808)
= Tribulus gussonei Tod. & Pirain. ex Parl.; Fl. Ital. 5: 334 (1875)
= Tribulus humifusus Schumach. & Thonn.; Beskr. Guin. Pl. 215 (1827)
= Tribulus intermedius Kralik; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 11: 27 (1849)
= Tribulus kotschyanus Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 1: 111 (1854)
= Tribulus maximus var. roseus Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 30 (1898)
= Tribulus micans Welw.; Apont.: 566 (1859)
= Tribulus murex C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 459 (1845)
= Tribulus murex Schltr.; Engl. & O. Drude, Veg. Erde 9(III 1): 737 (1915)
= Tribulus muricatus Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. ii. 496 (1812)
= Tribulus nogalensis Chiov.; Fl. Somala, 117 (1929), in clavi.
= Tribulus parvispinus var. intermedius (Kralik) Hosni; Taeckholmia 11: 6 (1988)
= Tribulus terrestris var. brachyceras Batt. & Trab.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53, Sess. extr.: 25 ´1906´ (1907)
= Tribulus terrestris var. inermis Boiss.; Fl. Orient. 1: 902 (1867)
= Tribulus terrestris var. macrocarpus Rouy; G. Rouy & J. Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 132 (1897)
variant :
var. bicornutus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Hadidi; Rech. f., Fl. Iran., 98: 17 (1972)
Distribution: Azerbaijan (Talysh); Iran; Afghanistan (Badakshan, Wakhan, Badghys, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Farah, Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunar / Nuristan, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Nimroz, Orozgan / Daykundi, Paktia / Khost, Qunduz, Samangan, Takhar); Pakistan (Baluchistan); Northern Caucasus; Egypt; Sinai peninsula; Arabia; India (Kerala)
20 EGY 33 AZE NCS 34 AFG IRN SIN 40 IND PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus bicornutus Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 391 (1838)
= Tribulus hispidus C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 459 (1845)
= Tribulus lanuginosus L.; Sp. Pl. 387 (1753)
= Tribulus lanuginosus var. orientalis (A.Kern.) M.P.Nayar & G.S.Giri; Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 24(1-4): 161 (1982 publ. 1983), without basionym page
= Tribulus lanuginosus var. microcarpus Chiov.
variant :
var. orientalis (A.Kern.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 575 (1892)
Distribution: Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, S-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Iran (EC-Iran, E-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran)
34 IRN IRQ
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus orientalis A.Kern.; Ber. Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsbruck, 3: p. lxxi (1872), Sched. Fl. Hung. Exsicc. 4: 30
= Tribulus lanuginosus var. orientalis (A.Kern.) M.P.Nayar & G.S.Giri
= Tribulus saharae A.Chev.; Expl. Bot. Afr. Occ. Franc. 1: 96 (1920), nomen, et Hutch. & Dalziel, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 1: 136 (1927)
variant :
var. robustus (Boiss. & Noë) Boiss.; Fl. Or. 1: 902 (1867)
Distribution: Iraq; Iran; Afghanistan; Pakistan; Turkmenistan
32 TKM 34 AFG IRN IRQ 40 PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus robustus Boiss. & Noë; Diagn. Ser. II. 1: 112 (1854)
variant :
var. rajasthanensis (Bhandari & V.S.Sharma) Hemaid & Jacob-Thomas; Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res., 14(2): 437 (1996)
Distribution: Yemen (N-Inner Yemen); NE-Somalia; India (Rajasthan, Gujarat)
24 SOM 35 YEM 40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus rajasthanensis Bhandari & V.S.Sharma; Bot. Notiser 129: 367, f. 1 (1977)
species :
Tribulus zeyheri Sond.; Harv. & Sond. Fl. Cap. 1: 353 (1860)
subspecies :
subsp. zeyheri
Distribution: Angola; S-Zimbabwe; South Africa (Limpopo, Free State, N-Cape Prov.); Namibia; Botswana
26 ANG ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus erectus Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 32 (1888)
= Tribulus inermis Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 32 (1888)
= Tribulus pechuelii Kuntze; Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 4: 262 (1886)
subspecies :
subsp. macranthus (Hassk.) Hadidi; Fl. Trop. E. Afr., Zygophyllac.: 7 (1985)
Distribution: Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Venezuela [I]
24 ERI ETH 25 KEN 82 ven
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus macranthus Hassk.; Flora, 48: 403 (1865)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World


Version 15.1 (March 8th, 2023)

Covering 353,598 accepted species,
8,943 hybrids, 50,327 accepted infraspecific taxa and 959,496 synonyms,
in total 1,372,364* names

[*about 39,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]


With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,290 pictures of 15,532 species

Assembled through 30 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life