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495.0000 Family Apocynaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 143 (1789), nom. cons.
372 genera, ca. 6500 spp. According to modern authors and PCR Asclepiadaceae is only a subfamily of Apocynaceae.
Species listed in database: 6747; hybrids: 10
= Asclepiadaceae Borkh.; Bot. Wörterb. 1: 31 (1797), nom. cons.
= Carissaceae Bertol; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 23: 212 (1891)
= Cerberaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 119 (1820)
= Cynanchaceae G.Mey.; Chloris Han. 245, 251 (1836)
= Ophioxylaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 24 (1835)
= Pacouriaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Periplocaceae Schltr.; Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann & Lauterbach] 351 (1905), nom. cons.
= Plumeriaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 70 (1834)
= Stapeliaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 70 (1834)
= Vincaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 299 (1818)
= Willughbeaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 256 (1858)
495.6635 Genus Vailia Rusby; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 500, 542 (1898)
Distribution: Tropical America
Species listed in database: 22
species :
Vailia amazonica (Benth.) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 20 (2022)
Distribution: Colombia (Vaupés); Ecuador; Bolivia (Beni); N-Brazil (Pará, Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso)
82 CLM 83 BOL ECU 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon amazonicum (Benth.) Fontella & Marquete; Bradea 2: 181 (1977)
= Peplonia amazonica Benth.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 13: 26 (-27), pl. 1234 (1877)
species :
Vailia angustifolia (Malme) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 21 (2022)
Distribution: N-Brazil (Amazonas); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso); Paraguay (Cordillera)
84 BRA 85 PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon angustifolium Malme; Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 27: no. 8, 32 (1901)
species :
Vailia anomala (Brandegee) W.D.Stevens; Phytoneuron 2018-3: 1-5 (2018)
Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Bolívar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Santander, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Portuguesa, Tachira)
79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 82 CLM VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Astephanus mucronatus Schltdl.; Linnaea 8: 518 (1833)
= Blepharodon anomalum (Brandegee) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 283 (1914)
= Blepharodon mucronatum (Schltdl.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 603 (1844)
= Blepharodon salicinum var. tetraglandulosum Ram.Goyena; Fl. Nicarag. 2: 662 (1911)
= Marsdenia gracilis L.O.Williams; Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 182 (1970)
= Philibertia anomala Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 277 (1912)
species :
Vailia bicolor (Decne.) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 25 (2022)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Maranhao, Piauí, Ceara, Bahia); WC-Brazil (Goiás)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon bicolor Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 604 (1844)
species :
Vailia bicuspidata (E.Fourn.) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 26 (2022)
Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Amapa, Pará, Amazonas); NE-Brazil (Bahia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); S-Brazil (Paraná)
83 BOL 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon bicuspidatum E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 306 (1885)
= Blepharodon bidens Silveira; Fl. Serr. Min. 30 (1908)
= Blepharodon itapetiningae Hand.-Mazz.; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 79(advance separate): 3 (1910)
= Blepharodon tridentatum Silveira; Fl. Serr. Min. 29 (1908)
species :
Vailia colombiana (Morillo) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 28 (2022)
Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Magdalena)
82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon colombianum Morillo; Acta Bot. Venez. 13(1-4): 75 (1978)
species :
Vailia crabronum (Goyder) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 29 (2022)
Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz)
83 BOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon crabronum Goyder; Kew Bull. 64(1): 179 (2009)
species :
Vailia crassifolia (Schltr.) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 30 (2022)
Distribution: Venezuela (Bolívar); Guyana
82 GUY VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon grandiflorum subsp. crassifolium (Schltr.) Morillo; Ernstia 25: 10 (1984)
= Blepharodon bifidus Schltr.; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 173 (1914)
= Blepharodon crassifolium Schltr.; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 174 (1914)
species :
Vailia cuatrecasasii (Morillo) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 32 (2022)
Distribution: Colombia (La Guajira, Magdalena, Norte de Santander)
82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon cuatrecasasii Morillo; Acta Bot. Venez. 13(1-4): 76 (1978), as ´cuatrecasii´
species :
Vailia glaucescens (Decne.) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 33 (2022)
Distribution: Colombia (Caquetá, Guaviare, Putumayo, Vichada); Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Bolívar, Cojedes, Falcon, Guarico, Monagas, Sucre); Guyana; N-Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas)
82 CLM GUY VEN 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon glaucescens (Decne.) Fontella; Atas Simp. Biota Amazônica 4: 107 (1967)
= Ditassa blepharodontoides Schltr.; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 175 (1914)
= Ditassa glaucescens Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 575 (1844)
species :
Vailia grandiflora (Benth.) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 35 (2022)
Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander, Risaralda, Santander, Tolima); Venezuela (Merida, Tachira, Trujillo)
82 CLM VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon grandiflorum Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 215 (1845)
= Blepharodon triplinerve Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 25(2): 319 (1852)
species :
Vailia julianii (Morillo) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 38 (2022)
Distribution: Venezuela (Bolívar, Portuguesa)
82 VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon julianii Morillo; Acta Bot. Venez. 13(1-4): 77 (1978)
species :
Vailia maigualidae (Morillo) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 39 (2022)
Distribution: Venezuela (Amazonas)
82 VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon maigualidae Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 3(2): 62 (1993)
species :
Vailia manicata (Decne.) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 40 (2022)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Piauí, Ceara, Pernambuco, Bahia)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon hirsutum Goyder; Kew Bull. 48(1): 23 (1993)
= Blepharodon manicatum (Decne.) Fontella; Bradea 5(23): 262 (1989)
= Ditassa manicata Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 575 (1844)
species :
Vailia perijaensis (Morillo) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 42 (2022)
Distribution: Colombia (Cesar, Magdalena)
82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon perijaense Morillo; Ernstia 25: 10 (1984)
species :
Vailia philibertioides (Schltr.) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 44 (2022)
Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz)
83 BOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon philibertioides Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 440 (1914), et Meded. Rijks-Herb. 29: 14 (1916)
species :
Vailia picta (Vahl) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 45 (2022)
Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Guainía, Meta, Vichada); Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Bolívar); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Roraima, Amapa, Pará, Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia); NE-Brazil (Maranhao, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia, Alagoas, Sergipe); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Brasilia Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná); Paraguay (Amambay, Caaguazu, Concepcion, Cordillera, Paraguari, San Pedro)
82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL PER 84 BRA 85 PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Apocynum rectinerve Salzm. ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 603 (1844), nom. inval.
= Blepharodon adenopogon Schltr.; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 173 (1914)
= Blepharodon bracteatus E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 307 (1885)
= Blepharodon decaisnei E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 305 (1885)
= Blepharodon diffusum Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 605 (1844)
= Blepharodon longipedicellatum E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 306 (1885)
= Blepharodon nitidum (Vell.) J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 34 (1931)
= Blepharodon nodosum Silveira; Fl. Serr. Min. 29 (1908)
= Blepharodon ornatum Gleason; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 54: 618 (1927)
= Blepharodon pallidum Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 603 (1844)
= Blepharodon pallidum var. ellipticum Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 603 (1844)
= Blepharodon pictum (Vahl) W.D.Stevens; Novon 10(3): 242 (2000)
= Blepharodon spruceanum E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 307 (1885)
= Blepharodon steudelianum (Miq.) Pulle; Enum. Vasc. Pl. Surinam 388 (1906)
= Blepharodon steyermarkii R.W.Holm; Fieldiana, Bot. 28: No 3, 503 (1953)
= Blepharodon venezuelense Moldenke; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 58: 455 (1931)
= Cynanchum nitidum Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 120 3: t. 74 (1825 publ. 1829)
= Cynanchum pictum Vahl; Eclog. Amer. 2: 24 (1798)
= Marsdenia picta (Vahl) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 615 (1844)
= Metastelma steudelianum Miq.; Linnaea 18: 753 (1844)
species :
Vailia polydori (Morillo) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 49 (2022)
Distribution: Colombia (Meta)
82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon polydori Morillo; Caldasia 17(82-85): 413 (1995)
species :
Vailia salicina (Decne.) Morillo; Acta Bot. Venez. 20(2): 21 (1997)
Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Caquetá, Nariño, Putumayo, Quindío); Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Acre)
82 CLM 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Anomotassa macrantha K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 730 (1898), et ex Diels in Biblioth. Bot. 29: Heft 116, p. 125 (1937), descr. ampl.
= Blepharodon bolivianum Malme; Ark. Bot. 25A(7): 17 (1933)
= Blepharodon peruvianus Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37(5): 614 (1906)
= Blepharodon salicinum Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 604 (1844)
= Blepharodon triviale (Poepp. & Endl.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 243 (1895) nom. illeg.
= Ditassa trivialis Poepp.; Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. [Poeppig & Endlicher] 3: 68 (1845), nom. illeg.
= Ptycholepis ditassoides Griseb.; Berberid. Amer. Austral. [Lechler] 58 (1857)
= Vailia mucronata Rusby; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 500, 542 (1898)
species :
Vailia suberecta (Schltr.) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 53 (2022)
Distribution: Colombia (Cauca)
82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon minimum Woodson; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 18: 557 (1931)
= Blepharodon suberectum Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 614 (1906)
species :
Vailia tillettii (Morillo) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 54 (2022)
Distribution: Guyana
82 GUY
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon tillettii Morillo; Ernstia 25: 12 (1984)
species :
Vailia ulei (Schltr.) Morillo; Ernstia, n. s. 32(1-2): 56 (2022)
Distribution: Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar); Guyana (Roraima)
82 GUY VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Blepharodon ulei Schltr.; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 174 (1914)
= Blepharodon auyantepuiense Steyerm.; Acta Bot. Venez. 2: Noa. 5-8, 319 (1967)
= Blepharodon hitchcockii Gleason; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 58: 459 (1931)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life