245.0000
Family
Rhamnaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 376 (1789), nom. cons.
72 genera, ca. 1150 spp. Phylogeny: Hauenschild et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2021
Species listed in database: 1195; hybrids: 27
= Frangulaceae DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4(2): 619 (1805)
= Gouaniaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 2: 73 (1837)
= Phylicaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 186 (1858)
= Ziziphaceae Adans.; Lex. Gen. Phan. [Post & Kuntze] 665, 714 (1903)
245.0401
Genus
Ventilago Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 223, t. 49 (1788)
Distribution: Tropical Africa (1), Madagascar (1), Himalayas, India, Myanmar, China, Indochina, Malesia, Australia, Pacific Isl. Inclusion of Smythea fide Miller et al. 2025.
Species listed in database: 53
= Enrila Blanco; Fl. Filip. [Blanco] 709 (1837)
= Apteron Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41: 300 (1872)
= Kurzinda Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 938 (1891)
= Smythea Seem.; Bonplandia (Hannover) 9: 255 10(5): 69, t. 9 (1862)
species :
Ventilago africana
Exell; J. Bot. 65, Suppl. 1, 80 (1927)
Distribution: Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; ?Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; ?Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Uganda; Angola
22 BEN GHA GNB GUI IVO NGA SIE TOG 23 BIO CAF CMN CON GAB ZAI 25 UGA 26 ANG
species :
Ventilago batanensis
(Cahen & Utteridge) Cahen, Utteridge & Henry Mill.; Kew Bull. 80(3): p. 9 of 14 (2025)
Distribution: Philippines
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea batanensis Cahen & Utteridge; Kew Bull. 73(1)-2: 6 (2017)
species :
Ventilago beccarii
(Cahen & Utteridge) Cahen, Utteridge & Henry Mill.; Kew Bull. 80(3): p. 9 of 14 (2025)
Distribution: Sulawesi
42 SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea beccarii Cahen & Utteridge; Kew Bull. 73(1)-2: 8 (2017)
species :
Ventilago bombaiensis
Dalzell; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 36 (1851)
Distribution: S-India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea bombaiensis (Dalzell) S.P.Banerjee & P.K.Mukh.; Indian Forester 96: 214 (1970)
species :
Ventilago borneensis
Ridl.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 493 (1931)
Distribution: Borneo; Java
42 BOR JAW
species :
Ventilago brunnea
Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 13: 25 (1918)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
species :
Ventilago buxoides
Baill.; Adansonia 11: 268 (1874)
Distribution: New Caledonia
60 NWC
species :
Ventilago calpicarpa
(Kurz) Oza; Indian Forester 94: 267 (1968)
Distribution: Andaman Isl. (South Andaman Isl.); Myanmar (Taninthayi)
41 AND MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea calpicarpa Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41: 301 (1872)
species :
Ventilago crenata
Cahen & Utteridge; Phytotaxa 307(3): 173 (2017)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Ventilago cristata
Pierre; Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 20(1): 314a. (1894)
Distribution: S-China; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; S-Vietnam
36 CHI 41 CBD LAO THA VIE
species :
Ventilago denticulata
Willd.; Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 417 (1801)
Distribution: China (W-Guangxi, SW-Guizhou, S-Yunnan); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl.; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam
36 CHI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP 41 AND LAO MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Berchemia laotica Tardieu; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 166 (1946)
= Ventilago calyculata Tul.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 4, 8: 124 (1857)
= Ventilago calyculata var. trichoclada Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 5: 90 (1979)
= Ventilago denticulata var. acuta Bhandari & Bhansali; Fasc. Fl. India 20: 83 (1990)
= Ventilago denticulata var. bifida Bhandari & Bhansali; Fasc. Fl. India 20: 84 (1990)
= Ventilago laotica (Tardieu) J.F.Maxwell; Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 42(2): 259 (1994)
= Ventilago macrantha Tul.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 4, 8: 123 (1857)
= Ventilago madraspatana Roxb.; Pl. Coromandel 1: 55, t. 76 (1789) et auct. non Gaertn.
= Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 378 (1896)
= Ventilago silhetiana M.A.Lawson; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 631 (1874)
= Ventilago smithiana Tul.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 4, 8: 125 (1857)
= Ventilago sulphurea Tul.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 4, 8: 125 (1857)
species :
Ventilago dichotoma
(Blanco) Merr.; Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27: 32 (1905)
Distribution: Borneo; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon)
42 BOR PHI PLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Enrila dichotoma Blanco; Fl. Filip. [Blanco] 709 (1837)
= Ventilago monoica Blanco; Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [Blanco] 124 (1845), nom. superfl.
species :
Ventilago diffusa
(G.Don) Exell; Cat. Vasc. Pl. S. Tomé [Exell] 139 (1944)
Distribution: Cameroon; São Tomé; E-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Malawi
23 CMN SAO ZAI 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Celastrus diffusus G.Don; Gen. Hist. 2: 6 (1832)
species :
Ventilago ecorollata
(F.Muell.) F.Muell.; S. Sci. Rec. 3(7): 176 (1883)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Berchemia corollata F.Muell.; Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 60 (1882)
= Berchemia ecorollata F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 9: 141 (1875)
species :
Ventilago elegans
Hemsl.; Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 9(33): 151, t. 7 (1895)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
species :
Ventilago ferruginea
Cahen & Utteridge; Phytotaxa 307(3): 174 (2017)
Distribution: Singapore; Sumatra; Borneo (Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak)
42 BOR SNG SUM
species :
Ventilago flavovirens
Cahen & Utteridge; Phytotaxa 307(3): 178 (2017)
Distribution: Borneo (Sabah, Kalimantan, Sarawak)
42 BOR
species :
Ventilago gamblei
Suess.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl], 2. Aufl., 20d: 152 (1953), et Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 1: 356 (1953)
Distribution: S-India (Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Ventilago lanceolata Gamble; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 134 (1916), nom. illeg., non Merr.
species :
Ventilago gladiata
Pierre; Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 20 (1894) t. 314c
Distribution: C-Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Perak, Pahang)
41 CBD LAO THA 42 MLY
species :
Ventilago goughii
Gamble; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 134 (1916)
Distribution: S-India (Karnataka)
40 IND
species :
Ventilago harmandiana
Pierre; Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 20 (1894) t. 313a.
Distribution: S-China; E-Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; S-Vietnam
36 CHI 41 CBD LAO THA VIE
species :
Ventilago hirtella
(Cahen & Utteridge) Cahen, Utteridge & Henry Mill.; Kew Bull. 80(3): p. 9 of 14 (2025)
Distribution: Borneo (Sabah)
42 BOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea hirtella Cahen & Utteridge; Kew Bull. 73(1)-2: 12 (2017)
species :
Ventilago inaequilateralis
Merr. & Chun; Sunyatsenia 2(1): 38-39 (1934)
Distribution: China (Hainan, W-Guangxi, SW-Guizhou, S-Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Ventilago kurzii
Ridl.; Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 300 (1925)
Distribution: Myanmar (Bago, Taninthayi); peninsular Malaysia (Langkawi Isl.)
41 MYA 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Apteron lanceolatum Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41: 301 (1872)
= Kurzinda lanceolatum (Kurz) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 938 (1891)
species :
Ventilago lanceata
Tul.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 4, 8: 121 (1857)
Distribution: Seychelles; Nicobar Isl. (Great Nicobar Isl.); peninsular Thailand; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore; Sumatra; Borneo; Brunei; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Timor); Moluccas (Ambon, Aru); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Fiji; Santa Cruz Isl.; Vanuatu; Palau (Malakal, Peleliu); Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Truk, Moen, Dublon, Tol, Mt. Kororu, Kapingamarangi, Pohnpei, Kosrae)
29 SEY 41 NCB THA 42 BOR BRN JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SNG SUM 43 BIS SOL 60 FIJ SCZ VAN 62 MIC PLU
Synonyms: hidden
= Berchemia trichantha Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 331 (1861)
= Smythea dupontii Hemsl.; J. Bot. 54(Suppl. 2): 9 (1916)
= Smythea hollrungii Weberb.
= Smythea lanceata (Tul.) Summerh.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 389 (1928)
= Smythea novoguineensis Scheff.; Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 14 (1876)
= Smythea pacifica Seem.; Bonplandia (Hannover) 9: 255 (1861) 10: 35, t. 9 (1862)
= Smythea reticulata King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. HIst. 65(3): 381 (1896)
= Smythea trichantha (Miq.) C.K.Schneid.; Pl. Wilson. [Sargent] 2: 218 (1916)
= Ventilago cernua Tul.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 4, 8: 123 (1857)
= Ventilago fasciculiflora Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 11: 287 (1916)
species :
Ventilago lanceolata
Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 40 (1915)
Distribution: Philippines (Biliran)
42 PHI
species :
Ventilago leiocarpa
Benth.; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 77 (1860)
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan); Taiwan; Andaman Isl. (Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl.); Myanmar (Taninthayi); Laos; Vietnam
36 CHI 38 TAI 41 AND LAO MYA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea nitida Merr.; J. Arnold Arbor. 6(3): 136-137 (1925)
variant :
var. pubescens
Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 5: 89 (1979)
Distribution: China (W-Guangxi, SE-Yunnan, S-Guizhou)
36 CHI
species :
Ventilago leptadenia
Tul.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 4, 8: 124 (1857)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Ventilago lucens
Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 330 (1861)
Distribution: Sumatra; Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI SUM
species :
Ventilago macrocarpa
(Hemsl.) Cahen, Utteridge & Henry Mill.; Kew Bull. 80(3): p. 10 of 14 (2025)
Distribution: India (Assam); Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Penang, Perak); Borneo; Brunei; Sumatra
40 IND 41 THA 42 BOR BRN MLY SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea lancifolia Ridl.; J. Bot. 62: 295 (1924)
= Smythea macrocarpa Hemsl.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 16: t. 1558 (1887)
species :
Ventilago madraspatana
Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 223, t. 49, f. 2 (1788)
Distribution: China (S-Yunnan); India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Cambodia; peninsular Malaysia; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali); Moluccas
36 CHI 40 BAN IND SRL 41 CBD MYA THA 42 JAW LSI MLY MOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Ventilago bracteata F.Heyne; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 4269 (1828)
= Ventilago bracteata B.Heyne ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 4269 (1831)
variant :
var. fructifida
Santapau; Kew Bull. [4]: 340 (1949)
Distribution: India (Gujarat, Maharashtra)
40 IND
species :
Ventilago maingayi
M.A.Lawson; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 631 (1874)
Distribution: Myanmar (Taninthayi, Yangon); Thailand; peninsular Malaysia; Java
41 MYA THA 42 JAW MLY
species :
Ventilago malaccensis
Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 75: 22 (1917)
Distribution: peninsular Thailand; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore
41 THA 42 MLY SNG
species :
Ventilago microcarpa
K.Schum.; Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land [Schumann & Hollrung] 72 (1889)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Ventilago multinervia
Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 9: 369 (1914)
Distribution: Philippines (Leyte, Luzon)
42 PHI
species :
Ventilago neocaledonica
Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 178 (1906)
Distribution: New Caledonia
60 NWC
species :
Ventilago nisidai
Kaneh.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49: 273 (1935)
Distribution: Palau (Babeldaob)
62 PLU
species :
Ventilago novoguineensis
Cahen, Utteridge & Henry Mill.; Kew Bull. 80(3): p. 10 of 14 (2025), nom. nov.
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea papuana Utteridge & Cahen; Phytotaxa 498(3): 139 (2021)
species :
Ventilago oblongifolia
Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17: 1144 (1826)
Distribution: China (Yunnan, Guangxi); India (Meghalaya); Andaman / Nicobar Isl.; E- & peninsular Thailand; Cambodia; S-Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sulawesi; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl.; Moluccas
36 CHI 40 IND 41 CBD VIE 42 JAW LSI MLY MOL PHI PLW SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea macrocarpa var. pubescens King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65(3): 382 (1896)
= Smythea oblongifolia (Blume) Cahen & Utteridge; Kew Bull. 73(1)-2: 18 (2017)
= Ventilago fascigera Pierre; Fl. Forest. Cochinch., t. 314 (1895)
= Ventilago luzoniensis S.Vidal; Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. 90 (1886)
= Ventilago ochrocarpa Pierre; Fl. Forest. Cochinch., t. 314b (1895)
species :
Ventilago palawanensis
Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 5: 1829 (1913)
Distribution: Palawan
42 PLW
species :
Ventilago papuana
Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 22: 263 (1941)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea macrophylla Lauterb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 328 (1922)
species :
Ventilago pauciflora
Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 1: 909 (1912)
Distribution: Laos; N-Vietnam
41 LAO VIE
species :
Ventilago poilanei
(Cahen & Utteridge) Cahen, Utteridge & Henry Mill.; Kew Bull. 80(3): p. 10 of 14 (2025)
Distribution: Laos
41 LAO
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea poilanei Cahen & Utteridge; Kew Bull. 73(1)-2: 21 (2017)
species :
Ventilago poomae
(Cahen & Utteridge) Cahen, Utteridge & Henry Mill.; Kew Bull. 80(3): p. 10 of 14 (2025)
Distribution: N-Thailand
41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea poomae Cahen & Utteridge; Kew Bull. 73(1)-2: 21 (2017)
species :
Ventilago pseudocalyculata
Guillaumin; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 73: 105 (1926)
Distribution: New Caledonia
60 NWC
species :
Ventilago pubiflora
Francis; Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 50: 71 (1938 publ. 1939)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland)
50 AUS
species :
Ventilago sororia
Hance; J. Bot. 14: 243 (1876)
Distribution: Cambodia
41 CBD
Remarks: provisionally accepted name, possibly in Smythea
species :
Ventilago tinctoria
Cahen, Toussirot & Pillon; Willdenowia 50(2): 260 (2020)
Distribution: New Caledonia
60 NWC
species :
Ventilago vanuatuana
Cahen, Toussirot & Pillon; Willdenowia 50(2): 262 (2020)
Distribution: Vanuatu
60 VAN
species :
Ventilago velutina
Ridl.; Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 467 (1922)
Distribution: peninsular Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Perak)
41 THA 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Smythea velutina (Ridl.) S.P.Banerjee & P.K.Mukh.; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 251 (1969)
= Smythea velutina var. kingiana S.P.Banerjee & P.K.Mukh.; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 251 (1969)
species :
Ventilago viminalis
Hook.; J. Exped. Trop. Australia [Mitchell] 369 (1848)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales)
50 AUS
species :
Ventilago vitiensis
A.Gray; U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. 15(1): 274 (1854)
Distribution: Tonga (´Eua); Fiji; Cook Isl. (Mangaia)
60 FIJ TON 61 COO
species :
Ventilago zhengdei
G.S.Fan; J. Nanjing Forest Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 28(1): 107 (2004)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name, not treated in Fl. of China
