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332.0000 Family Violaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 57 (1802), nom. cons.
32 genera, ca. 1050 spp. Systematics following Wahlert et al. 2015
Species listed in database: 1080; hybrids: 203
= Alsodeiaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 197 (1858)
= Leoniaceae A.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 668. med (1844)
332.2006 Genus Viola L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 933 (1753)
Distribution: cosmopolitan, but chiefly temp. regions. Systematics and synonymy see Marcussen et al. 2022. There remain many undescribed species in the Andes. Also, many synonymized species in sect. Borealiamericanae (Appalachians) deserve resurrection (H. E. Ballard)
Species listed in database: 649; hybrids: 202
= Chrysion Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. [Spach] 5: 509 (1836)
= Cittaronium Rchb.; Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch 186 (1841)
= Crocion Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 214 (1914)
= Dischidium Rchb.; Handb. Nat. Pfl.-Syst. 269 (1837)
= Erpetion DC. ex Sweet; Brit. Fl. Gard. [Sweet] 2: t. 170 (1826)
= Grammeionium Rchb.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 188 (1828)
= Ion Medik.; Malvenfam. 102 (1787)
= Jacea Opiz; Oekon.-Techn. Fl. Böhm. [Berchtold et al.] 2(2): 8 (1839)
= Lophion Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. [Spach] 5: 516 (1836)
= Mnemion Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. [Spach] 5: 510 (1836)
= Oionychion Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 210 (1914)

Search for: Viola cassinensis

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.06 (June 15th, 2025)

Covering 356,645 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,237 synonyms,
in total 1,416,735* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life