492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.

589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)

Species listed in database: 14356; hybrids: 47

492.4051 Genus Galium L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 105 (1753) s. str.

Distribution: > 300 spp. largely Eurasia, some North America and Africa. New circumscription see Kadereit & Schneeweis 2026. There will be more species still listed here under Galium which will need transfer to the new split genera like Trichogalium

Species listed in database: 406; hybrids: 28

species :

Galium abaujense Borbás; Abaui-Torna Vármegye Fl. 444 (1896)

subspecies :

subsp. abaujense

Distribution: Slovakia; Hungary; C-Romania; Ukraine

11 HUN SLO 13 ROM 14 UKR

Remarks: sylvaticum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium abaujense subsp. vertesense (Boros) Soó; Feddes Repert. 83: 168 (1972)

= Galium mollugo subsp. vertesense (Boros) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 10: 371 (1964)

= Galium mollugo var. vertesense Boros; Bot. Közlem. 35: 317 (1928)

= Galium pycnotrichum var. vertesense (Boros) Michalk.; Biologia (Bratislava) 48: 48 (1993)

subspecies :

subsp. polonicum (Błocki) Soó; Feddes Repert. 83(3). 168 (1972)

Distribution: SE-Poland; Lithuania; NW-Ukraine

11 POL 14 LIT UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium aristatum var. polonicum (Błocki) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium carpaticum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 462 (1961)

= Galium ×polonicum Błocki; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 37: 189 (1887)

species :

Galium achurense Grossh.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 25 (1950)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan

33 ARM AZE

species :

Galium acrophyum Hochst. ex Chiov.; Ann. Bot. (Rome) 9: 69 (1911)

Distribution: ?Sudan; Ethiopia; Kenya; Tanzania

24 ETH 25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium hochstetteri Pic.Serm.; Webbia 7: 339 (1950)

= Galium simense Hochst. ex A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 344 (1848), nom. superfl.

= Galium simense var. hysophilum R.E.Fr.; Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., Ser. 3, 25(5): 79 (1948)

= Galium simense var. keniense R.E.Fr.; Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., Ser. 3, 25(5): 79 (1948)

species :

Galium acuminatum Ball; J. Bot. 11: 334 (1873)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

species :

Galium acutum Edgew.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 61 (1846)

Distribution: ?China (?Sichuan, ?Yunnan); S-Tibet; Nepal; N-India (Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand)

36 TIB 40 IND NEP

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asperifolium var. setosum Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 240 (1940)

= Galium floribundum Jacquem. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 208 (1881), nom. illeg., non Sm.

variant :

var. himalayense (Klotzsch & Garcke) R.R.Mill; Edinburgh J. Bot. 53(2): 195 (1996)

Distribution: ?China (?Sichuan); Tibet; India (Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand)

36 TIB 40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium himalayense Klotzsch & Garcke; Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar [Klotzsch & Garcke] 88 (1862)

species :

Galium adhaerens Boiss. & Balansa; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 5: 106 (1856)

Distribution: Turkey (SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium advenum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 152 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: NW-Greece (incl. Lefkada); ?S-Albania

13 GRC

Remarks: incurvum agg.

species :

Galium aegeum (Stoj. & Kitanov) Ančev; Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 28(11): 1535 (1975)

Distribution: Bulgaria; NE-Greece (Thrakia, Mt. Falakron, Rodopi, Thasos)

13 BUL GRC

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium aegeum f. pubescens Ančev; Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 28: 1535 (1975)

= Galium decorum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 133 (1986-1987 publ. 1988) (fide Strid 2024)

= Galium firmum subsp. aegeum Stoj. & Kitam.; God. Sofiisk. Univ. Fiz.-Mat. Fak. 42: 71 (1946)

species :

Galium aetnicum Biv.; Stirp. Rar. Sicilia 4: 21 (1816)

Distribution: Sardinia; C- & S-Italy; Sicily

12 SAR 13 ITA SIC

Remarks: lucidum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium aetnense C.Presl; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 60 (1819)

= Galium cinereum var. aetnense (C.Presl) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium lucidum var. aetnicum (Biv.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium trinacrium Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 238 (1818)

species :

Galium afropusillum Ehrend.; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 169: 414 (1960)

Distribution: Tunisia

20 TUN

species :

Galium aladaghense Parolly; Willdenowia 25(1): 244 (1995)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium alboflorum S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 4: 34 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium album Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 7 (1768)

subspecies :

subsp. album

Name: White bedstraw, Hedge Bedstraw (EN), Weißes Wiesen-Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Iceland [I]; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Orkney Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway [I]; Sweden [I]; Finland [I]; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; NW-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Siberia [I] (Siberian Urals [I], SW-Siberia [I]); Australia [I] (South Australia [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I])

10 DEN fin GRB ice IRE nor swe 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO ITA ROM SIC SLV SMA 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 30 sib 50 aus 75 usa

Remarks: mollugo agg. Assignment of the synonyms is tentative. The species was often combined with G. mollugo.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium album var. praticola (Heinr.Braun) Michalk.; Biologia (Bratislava) 48: 48 (1993)

= Galium beckhausianum G.H.Loos; Jahrb. Bochum. Bot. Vereins 1: 121 (2010)

= Galium dumetorum Jord.; Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci., Sér. 2, 1: 78 (1852)

= Galium elatum subsp. erectum Berher; Fl. Vosges [Louis], éd. 2: ? (1887)

= Galium elatum Thuill.; Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 2: 76 (1799), nom. illeg.

= Galium elatum var. dumetorum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 147 (1902)

= Galium erectum Huds.; Fl. Angl. [Hudson], ed. 2: 68 (1778), nom. illeg.

= Galium gerardi var. hosmariense Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 335 (1924), nomen

= Galium gerardi var. parviflorum Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 335 (1924)

= Galium lucidum var. guilhelmi Pau & Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 192 (1936)

= Galium mixtum Stranski; Sborn. Bulg. Akad. Nauk., Klon Prír.-Mat. 6: 134 (1921)

= Galium mollugo f. brevifrons Borbás & Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 164 (1892)

= Galium mollugo f. hypotrichum Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 199 (1892)

= Galium mollugo f. levicaule Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 199 (1892)

= Galium mollugo f. longifolium Kucowa; Fl. Polska 11: 324, 311 (1967)

= Galium mollugo f. praeflorens Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 213 (1914)

= Galium mollugo f. pubescens (Schrad.) Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 132 (1892)

= Galium mollugo f. sepivagum Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 198 (1892)

= Galium mollugo f. subpubescens Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 162 (1892)

= Galium mollugo f. talenceanum (Gand.) Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 164 (1892)

= Galium mollugo f. umbrosum Beckh.; Fl. Westfalen [Beckhaus] 509 (1893)

= Galium mollugo subsp. album (Mill.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 32: 185 (2000)

= Galium mollugo subsp. dumetorum (Jord.) E.Baumann; Arch. Hydrobiol. Planktonk., Suppl. 1(Veg. Untersees): 456 (1911)

= Galium mollugo subsp. elatum (Thuill.) Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 313 (1868)

= Galium mollugo subsp. elatum (Thuill.) Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 4: 218 (1865)

= Galium mollugo subsp. erectum Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 4: 217 (1865)

= Galium mollugo subsp. scabrum With. ex Hook.f.; Student´s Fl. Brit. Isl. 178 (1870)

= Galium mollugo subvar. brevifrons (Borbás & Heinr.Braun) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 213 (1914)

= Galium mollugo subvar. levicaule (Heinr.Braun) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 213 (1914)

= Galium mollugo subvar. pubescens (Schrad.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 213 (1914)

= Galium mollugo subvar. subpubescens (Heinr.Braun) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 213 (1914)

= Galium mollugo var. angustifolium Leers; Fl. Herborn. 53 (1775), nom. inval.

= Galium mollugo var. angustifolium Roth; Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 65 (1788), nom. inval., et 182 (1789)

= Galium mollugo var. angustifolium Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 1: 55 (1822), nom. illeg.

= Galium mollugo var. bakeri Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 4: 218 (1865)

= Galium mollugo var. boraeanum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 15 (1903)

= Galium mollugo var. dumetorum (Jord.) Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 199 (1892)

= Galium mollugo var. dumetorum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 14 (1903)

= Galium mollugo var. elatum (Thuill.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 596 (1830)

= Galium mollugo var. elatum (Thuill.) Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 89 (1836), isonym

= Galium mollugo var. erectum (Wender.) Wirtg.; Fl. Coblenz 92 (1841)

= Galium mollugo var. erectum Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1(2): 278 (1864)

= Galium mollugo var. glabratum Schltdl.; Fl. Berol. [Schlechtendal] 1: 103 (1823)

= Galium mollugo var. guilhelmii (Pau & Sennen) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc [Jahandiez et al.] 4: 1134 (1941)

= Galium mollugo var. hirtum Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 450 (1843)

= Galium mollugo var. hosmariense Pau ex Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 22: 294 (1931)

= Galium mollugo var. hypotrichum (Heinr.Braun) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 213 (1914)

= Galium mollugo var. latifolium Leers; Fl. Herborn. 53 (1775), nom. inval.

= Galium mollugo var. latifolium Roth; Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 65 (1788), nom. inval., et 182 (1789)

= Galium mollugo var. latifolium Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 55 (1822), nom. illeg.

= Galium mollugo var. mixtum (Stranski) Stoj. & Stef.; Fl. Bulg. [Stojanov & Stefanoff] 2: 1050 (1925)

= Galium mollugo var. nevadense Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 313 (1868)

= Galium mollugo var. parviflorum (Pau) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc [Jahandiez et al.] 3: 713 (1934)

= Galium mollugo var. praticola Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 196 (1892)

= Galium mollugo var. pubescens Schltdl.; Fl. Berol. [Schlechtendal] 1: 103 (1823)

= Galium mollugo var. scabrum Schrad.; Spic. Fl. Germ. 16 (1794)

= Galium mollugo var. sericeum Wirtg.; Fl. Coblenz 92 (1841)

= Galium mollugo var. umbrosum (Gren. & Godr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 14 (1903), nom. illeg.

= Galium mollugo var. umbrosum Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 84 (1879)

= Galium patzkeanum G.H.Loos; Jahrb. Bochum. Bot. Vereins 1: 121 (2010), nom. nov.

= Galium sphenophyllum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 465 (1961)

= Galium sylvestre Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 104 (1771)

subspecies :

subsp. amani Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 133(1-2): 109 (1979)

Distribution: European Turkey; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains)

13 TUE 34 LEB SYR TUR

subspecies :

subsp. prusense (K.Koch) Ehrend. & Krendl; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 68: 270 (1974)

Distribution: Bulgaria; Crimea; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey

13 BUL 14 KRY 33 GEO 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium fagetorum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 466 (1961)

= Galium fasciculatum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 467 (1961)

= Galium juzepczukii Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 719 (1958)

= Galium mollugo var. anatolicum K.Koch; Linnaea 19: 31 (1846)

= Galium prusense K.Koch; Linnaea 24: 466 (1851)

= Galium zelenetzkii Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 470 (1961)

subspecies :

subsp. pycnotrichum (Heinr.Braun) Krendl; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 114: 539 (1967)

Name: Behaartes Weißes Wiesen-Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen-Anhalt); Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Slovenia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; ?Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Greece (rare NE-Greece, NC-Greece, Thasos, Mt. Athos); Turkey

11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO 13 ALB BIH GRC KOS NMA SLV SRB 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium album f. pubescens (Schrad.) Ančev; Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 28: 1535 (1975)

= Galium album var. petraeum (Schur) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23: 381 (1977 publ. 1978), nom. illeg.

= Galium firmum var. euboeum Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 712 (1901)

= Galium mollugo f. pycnotrichum Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 132 (1892)

= Galium mollugo subsp. pycnotrichum (Heinr.Braun) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 117 (1949)

= Galium mollugo subvar. pycnotrichum (Heinr.Braun) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 213 (1914)

= Galium mollugo var. petraeum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 283 (1866)

= Galium mollugo var. pubescens Schrad.; Spic. Fl. Germ. 16 (1794)

= Galium pycnotrichum (Heinr.Braun) A.Kern.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] 70 (1893)

= Galium pycnotrichum (Heinr.Braun) Borbás; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] 6: 70 (1893)

subspecies :

subsp. suberectum (Klokov) E.Michálk.; Biologia (Bratislava) 48(1): 48 (1993)

Distribution: ?European Russia; Ukraine

14 UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium suberectum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 463 (1961)

species :

Galium amatymbicum Eckl. & Zeyh.; Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 370 (1837)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Galium amorginum Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 712 (1901)

Distribution: Greece (Kiklades: Naxos, Kinaros, Folegandros, Sikinos, Ios, Keros, Amorgos); East Aegaean Isl. (Karpathos)

13 GRC 34 EAI

Remarks: incurvum agg.

species :

Galium andringitrense Homolle ex Puff; Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 61 (1982)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Galium anfractum Sommier & Levier; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1894: 29 (1894)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO

species :

Galium anguineum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174: 200 (1991)

Distribution: NE-Iraq; C-Iran; W-Iran

34 IRN IRQ

species :

Galium angustifolium Nutt.; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 2: 22 (1841)

subspecies :

subsp. angustifolium

Name: Narrowleaf bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: USA (California); Mexico (Baja California Norte)

76 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium angustifolium var. bernardinum Hilend & J.T.Howell; Leafl. W. Bot. 1: 135 (1934)

= Galium angustifolium var. diffusum Hilend & J.T.Howell; Leafl. W. Bot. 1: 135 (1934)

= Galium angustifolium var. siccatum (W.Wight) Hilend & J.T.Howell; Leafl. W. Bot. 1: 135 (1934)

= Galium siccatum W.Wight; Zoë 5: 54 (1900)

= Galium trichocarpum Nutt.; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 2(1): 22 (1841), nom. illeg.

subspecies :

subsp. borregoense Dempster & Stebbins; Madroño 21(2): 88 (1971)

Name: Borrego bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

subspecies :

subsp. foliosum (Hilend & J.T.Howell) Dempster & Stebbins; Madroño 21(2): 89 (1971)

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium angustifolium var. foliosum Hilend & J.T.Howell; Leafl. W. Bot. 1: 134 (1934)

subspecies :

subsp. gabrielense (Munz & I.M.Johnst.) Dempster & Stebbins; Madroño 21(2): 90 (1971)

Name: San Antonio Canyon bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: USA (California); Mexico (Baja California Norte)

76 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium gabrielense Munz & I.M.Johnst.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51: 299 (1924)

= Galium siccatum var. anotinum Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 962 (1925)

subspecies :

subsp. gracillimum Dempster & Stebbins; Madroño 21(2): 90 (1971)

Name: Slender bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

subspecies :

subsp. jacinticum Dempster & Stebbins; Madroño 21(2): 92 (1971)

Name: San Jacinto bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

subspecies :

subsp. nudicaule Dempster & Stebbins; Madroño 21(2): 94 (1971)

Name: Narrowleaf bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

subspecies :

subsp. onycense (Dempster) Dempster & Stebbins; Madroño 21(2): 94 (1971)

Name: Onyx Peak bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium angustifolium var. onycense Dempster; Brittonia 10: 189 (1958)

species :

Galium angustissimum (Hausskn. ex Bornm.) Ehrend.; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 56: 229 (1948)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia)

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium mite var. angustissimum Hausskn. ex Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 58B: 295 (1938)

species :

Galium anisophyllon Vill.; Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 2: 317 bis. (1779)

subspecies :

subsp. anisophyllon

Name: Ungleichblättriges Labkraut, Alpen-Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Slovakia; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; Ukraine

11 AUT GER LIE POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 UKR

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium alpestre Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 225 (1818)

= Galium anisophyllum var. hirtellum (Briq.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 219 (1914)

= Galium argenteum Rchb. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium aureum subsp. umbellulatum (Velen.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 154 (1889)

= Galium bocconei All.; Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 6 (1773)

= Galium bocconei J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 238 (1791), nom. illeg.

= Galium bocconei var. micranthum Duby; Bot. Gall., ed. 2, 1: 249 (1828)

= Galium commune proles alpestre (Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 35 (1903)

= Galium commune f. alpestre (Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 145 (1902)

= Galium commune subsp. anisophyllon (Vill.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 144 (1902)

= Galium commune subvar. rubriflorum Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 144 (1902)

= Galium commune var. oxyphyllum (Wallr.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 143 (1902)

= Galium decipiens var. pubescens Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 478 (1827), nom. superfl.

= Galium ehrendorferi Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 114: 42 (1961), nom. superfl.

= Galium glabrum var. anisophyllon (Vill.) Pohl; Tent. Fl. Bohem. 1: 139 (1809)

= Galium multicaule Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 33 (1853), nom. illeg.

= Galium multicaule var. eriophyllum Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 55 (1822)

= Galium multicaule var. oxyphyllum Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 55 (1822)

= Galium multicaule var. polyphyllum Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 54 (1822)

= Galium pumilum subsp. alpestre (Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.) Schinz & Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 58: 84 (1913)

= Galium pumilum subsp. anisophyllon (Vill.) Dostál; Kvĕtena Česke Socialist. Republ. 1379 (1949)

= Galium pumilum subsp. tenue (Vill.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 36 (1903)

= Galium pusillum subsp. tenue (Vill.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 141 (1894)

= Galium sylvestre f. bocconei (All.) Lindm.; Sv. Fanerogamfl. 507 (1918)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. alpestre (Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 429 (1828)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. anisophyllon (Vill.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 141 (1894)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. bocconei (All.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 430 (1828)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. bocconei (All.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg, 1. Aufl.: 101 (1834)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. puberulum Christ ex Gremli; Excursionsfl. Schweiz, ed. 2: 218 (1874)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. supinum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 429 (1828)

= Galium sylvestre var. alpestre (Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 429 (1828)

= Galium sylvestre var. alpestre (Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.) Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 1: 126 (1827)

= Galium sylvestre var. alpestre Rhiner; Ber. Thätigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1892-1893: 179 (1894), nom. inval.

= Galium sylvestre var. anisophyllon (Vill.) Prantl; Exkurs.-Fl. Bayern [Prantl] 468 (1884)

= Galium sylvestre var. bocconei (All.) Boenn.; Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal. 43 (1824)

= Galium sylvestre var. bocconei Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879), nom. illeg.

= Galium sylvestre var. bocconii Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium sylvestre var. pygmaeum Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Deutschl. Fl. [Röhling], ed. 3, 1: 792 (1823)

= Galium tenue Vill.; Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 20 (1779)

= Galium umbellatum var. oxyphyllum (Wallr.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 141 (1902)

= Galium umbellulatum Velen.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 1888(2): 37 (1889)

subspecies :

subsp. plebeium (Boiss. & Heldr.) Ehrend.; Mountain Fl. Greece [Strid] 2: 323 (1991)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; Greece (rare mountains of N-Greece, Samothraki)

13 ALB BUL GRC NMA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium anisophyllon var. plebeium (Boiss. & Heldr.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 55 (1875)

= Galium plebeium Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 2: 116 (1856)

= Galium sylvestre var. plebeium (Boiss. & Heldr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

species :

Galium ankaratrense Homolle ex Puff; Pl. Syst. Evol. 140(1): 67 (1982)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Galium antitauricum Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 375 (1958)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium antuneziae Dempster; Madroño 35(1): 1 (1988)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: belongs likely in Trichogalium

species :

Galium aparine L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 108 (1753)

Name: Kleb-Labkraut, Kletten-Labkraut (DE); Stickywilly, Cleavers (EN); Raspilla cuajaleches (ES)

Distribution: Svalbard [I]; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread, incl. almost all islands); Crete; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; NW-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Graciosa, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores Isl.); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.); Islas Selvagens; Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl.); Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo] [I]; La Réunion [I]; Siberia [I] (W-Siberia/Siberian Urals [I], SW-Siberia [I], Altay-Yenisey region [I], S-Yakutia [I], Baikal region [I]); Russian Far East (Primorye [I], Okhotsk / Magadan [I], Chukotka [I]); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos, Kastellorhizo Isl.); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (N-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Baghlan, Samangan, Takhar); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (NW-Syria, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert, Negev Desert); Jordania (E-Jordania, S-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (Asir); United Arab Emirates; China [I]; South Korea [I]; Pakistan; Nepal; N-India (Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand); Australia [I] (South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Alaska; Greenland; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming); Mexico [I]; Isla Guadalupe [I]; Guatemala [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Paraguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Arica y Parinacota [I], Tarapacá [I], Antofagasta [I], Atacama [I], Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Rios [I], Los Lagos [I], Aisén [I], Magallanes [I]); Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]

10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR sva SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL CIS COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MLT MNT NMA PEL PTL ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY CVI MDR SEL 23 bio 29 reu 30 sib 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 GEO NCS 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR 35 SAU UAE 36 chi 38 kor 40 IND NEP PAK 50 aus 51 ctm nzl 70 ASK GNL 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 glp mex 80 gua 81 his 82 clm ven 83 bol ecu per 85 arg cle jnf par

Synonyms: hidden

= Aparine hispida Moench; Methodus [Moench] 640 (1794), nom. superfl.

= Aparine vulgaris Hill; Herb. Brit. [Hill] 2: 149 (1770)

= Asperula aparine (L.) Besser; Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 1: 114 (1809), nom. superfl.

= Asperula aparine var. aparine (L.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 332 (1879), nom. inval. Galion aparinum (L.) St.-Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 113 (1880)

= Asterophyllum aparine (L.) K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.; Fl. Friburg. 3: 1077 (1829)

= Crucianella purpurea Wulff ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 448 (1841)

= Galium aculeatissimum Kit. ex Kanitz; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 13: 548 (1863)

= Galium adhaerens Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 13 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium aparine f. hirsutum (Beckm.) Kucowa; Fl. Polska 11: 323 (1967), nom. illeg.

= Galium aparine f. intermedium (Mérat) R.J.Moore; Canad. J. Bot. 53: 881 (1975)

= Galium aparine subsp. agreste P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 530 (2006)

= Galium aparine var. agreste P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 530 (2006)

= Galium aparine var. fructibushispidis Franch.; Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 6: 36 (1883)

= Galium aparine var. hirsutum Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Deutschl. Fl. [Röhling], ed. 3, 1: 774 (1823)

= Galium aparine var. intermedium (Mérat) Bonnet; Petite Fl. Paris 191 (1883)

= Galium aparine var. marinum Fr.; Novit. Fl. Suec. Alt. 24 (1828)

= Galium aparine var. microphyllum Clos; Fl. Chil. [Gay] 3: 190 (1848)

= Galium aparine var. minor Hook.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Hooker] 1: 290 (1833)

= Galium aparine var. pseudoaparine (Griseb.) Speg.; Revista Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 3: 526 (1897)

= Galium aparine var. subglabrum Peterm.; Fl. Lips. Excurs. 122 (1838)

= Galium aparine var. thalassicum Beurl.; Bot. Not. 1854: 137 (1854)

= Galium aparine var. verum Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 1: 119 (1827), nom. inval.

= Galium asperum Honck.; Verz. Gew. Teutschl. 1: 423 (1782), nom. illeg.

= Galium australe Reiche; Fl. Chile [Reiche] 3: 149 (1900), nom. superfl.

= Galium borbonicum var. makianum Cordem.; Fl. Réunion [Cordemoy] 518 (1895)

= Galium charoides Rusby; Phytologia 1: 80 (1934)

= Galium chilense Hook.f.; Bot. Antarct. Voy. I (Fl. Antarct.) 2: 302(bis) (1846)

= Galium chonosense Clos; Fl. Chil. [Gay] 3: 189 (1848), nom. superfl.

= Galium hispidum Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 154 (1809)

= Galium horridum Eckl. & Zeyh.; Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 370 (1837), nom. illeg.

= Galium intermedium Mérat; Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 3, 2: 255 (1831), nom. superfl.

= Galium lappaceum Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 59 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Galium larecajense Wernham; J. Bot. 50: 244 (1912)

= Galium parviflorum Maxim.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 472 (1859), nom. illeg.

= Galium pseudoaparine Griseb.; Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 25 (1854)

= Galium segetum K.Koch; Linnaea 17: 33 (1843)

= Galium tenerrimum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 279 (1866)

= Galium uliginosum Thunb.; Fl. Jap. [Thunberg] 58 (1784), nom. illeg.

= Galium uncinatum Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 484 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Rubia aparine (L.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 373 (1880)

species :

Galium aparinoides Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 30 (1775)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Eritrea; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Saudi Arabia (Asir); Yemen (W-Yemen)

24 ERI ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA 35 SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium aparine var. hamatum (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Hook.f.; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 6: 11 (1861)

= Galium hamatum Hochst. ex A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 345 (1847)

= Galium trachycaypum E.D.Clarke; Travels Eur. Asia & Africa 2: 260 (1812)

species :

Galium arenarium Loisel.; Fl. Gall. [Loiseleur] 85 (1806)

Name: Sand-Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; N-Spain (Cantabrian coast); SW-France

11 ger 12 FRA SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium hierosolymitanum Thore; Essai Chloris 40 (1803), nom. illeg.

= Galium megalospermum var. hierosolymithanum Thore ex Lam. & DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4: 249 (1805)

= Galium mollugo var. arenarium (Loisel.) Dumort.; Fl. Belg. [Dumortier] 56 (1827)

species :

Galium arequipicum Dempster; Allertonia 5: 318 (1990)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: belongs likely in Trichogalium

species :

Galium aretioides Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 42 (1843)

Distribution: Turkey (SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium aristatum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus], ed. 2: 152 (1762)

Name: Grannen-Labkraut (DE), Awned bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Switzerland; Austria; France; SW-France; Italy; Croatia; Belarus [I]; USA [I] (New York [I])

11 AUT GER SWI 12 FRA 13 CRO ITA 14 blr 75 usa

Remarks: sylvaticum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula papillosa A.Kern. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium aristatum f. brevifolium Bolzon; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1911: 60 (1911)

= Galium aristatum var. scabriusculum W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 333 (1836)

= Galium aristatum var. transsilvanicum (Schur) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium bericum Turra; Giorn. Italia Sci. Nat. 1: 119 (1765)

= Galium erectum var. transsilvanicum (Schur) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium laevigatum var. aristatum (L.) Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 21 (1850)

= Galium linifolium Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 8 (1768)

= Galium mollugo var. aristatum (L.) Duby; Bot. Gall., ed. 2, 1: 249 (1828)

= Galium stenophyllum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 283 (1866), pro syn.

= Galium sylvaticum Besser; Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 1: 219 (1809), nom. illeg.

= Galium sylvaticum subsp. aristatum (L.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 23 (1903)

= Galium transsilvanicum Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 33 (1853)

species :

Galium armenum Schanzer; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 82: 126 (1997)

Distribution: Armenia

33 ARM

species :

Galium asparagifolium Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(6): 91 (1859)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Greece (mountains of N- & C-Greece, Peloponnisos); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos); Turkey (W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia)

13 GRC NMA 34 EAI TUR

Remarks: incurvum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium aureum subvar. asparagifolium (Boiss. & Heldr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 328 (1879)

= Galium aureum var. asparagifolium (Boiss. & Heldr.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 62 (1875)

= Galium rigidifolium Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 124 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

species :

Galium asperifolium Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 381 (1820)

Distribution: China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan); Tibet; Pakistan (Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kurram, Murree); Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Manipur, Meghalaya, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand

36 CHI TIB 40 BAN IND NEP PAK SRL 41 MYA THA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asperifolium var. obovatum Nazim.; Fl. Pakistan 190: 83 (1989)

= Galium lividum Jacquem. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 207 (1881), pro syn.

= Galium mollugo subsp. asperifolium (Wall.) Kitam.; Fauna Fl. Nepal Himalaya 230 (1955)

= Galium parviflorum D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 207 (1825)

= Galium pseudohirtiflorum H.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(1): 117 (1980)

variant :

var. lasiocarpum W.C.Chen; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 28(4): 303-304 (1990)

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan)

36 CHI

variant :

var. sikkimense (Gand.) Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 241 (1940)

Distribution: China (Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan); Tibet; Pakistan; Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Sikkim, Chumbi); Sri Lanka; Myanmar

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK SRL 41 MYA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium cavaleriei H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 438 (1912)

= Galium esquirolii H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 25: 48 (1915)

= Galium sikkimense Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 307 (1919 publ. 1920)

variant :

var. verrucifructum Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 241 (1940)

Distribution: China (Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); Tibet

36 CHI TIB

species :

Galium asperuloides Edgew.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 61 (1846)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Nangarhar); ?Tibet; Pakistan (Chitral, Swat, Dir, Kurram, Hazara); Nepal; N-India (Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Uttarakhand)

34 AFG 40 IND NEP PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula consanguinea Klotzsch; Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar [Klotzsch & Garcke] 87, t. 74 (1862)

= Galium triflorum Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 205 (1881), non Michx., 1803.

species :

Galium asprellum Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Michaux] 1: 78 (1803)

Name: Rough bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); USA (Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium micranthum Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 1: 103 (1814), nom. illeg.

= Galium pennsylvanicum Muhl. ex Schult.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.] 183 (1827), nom. illeg.

= Galium spinulosum Raf.; Précis Découv. Somiol. 40 (1814), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium atlanticum Ball; J. Bot. 11: 334 (1873)

Distribution: Morocco; ?Algeria

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium murbeckii Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 12: 44 (1921)

= Galium pumilum subsp. atlanticum (Ball) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 15: 99 (1924)

= Galium pumilum var. laxissimum Maire; Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 36 (1927)

= Galium pumilum var. mesatlanticum Maire; Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 36 (1927)

= Galium sylvestre var. atlanticum (Ball) Ball; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 485 (1878)

species :

Galium aucheri Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 40 (1843)

Distribution: Iran (N-Iran, C-Iran)

34 IRN

species :

Galium auratum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 469 (1961)

Distribution: Crimea

14 KRY

species :

Galium austriacum Jacq.; Fl. Austriac. [Jacquin] 1: 51 (1773)

Name: Österreicher Labkraut

Distribution: Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; ?Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina

11 AUT CZE HUN SLO 13 BIH CRO SLV

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium austriacum subsp. balatonense (Borbás) Ehrend. ex Soó; Feddes Repert. 83: 168 (1972)

= Galium austriacum var. balatonense Borbás; Exsicc. (Herb. Europ.) [Baenitz] 1893: 7305 (1893)

= Galium decipiens var. glabrum Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 478 (1827), nom. superfl.

= Galium decipiens var. hispidum Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 478 (1827)

= Galium sylvestre var. austriacum (Jacq.) Boenn.; Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal. 43 (1824)

= Galium sylvestre var. austriacum (Jacq.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879), isonym

species :

Galium azerbayjanicum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 202 (1991)

Distribution: Azerbaijan; NW-Iran

33 AZE 34 IRN

species :

Galium babadaghense Yıld.; Ot Sist. Bot. Derg. 17(2): 94 (2010)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium baeticum (Rouy) Ehrend. & Krendl; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 68: 270 (1974)

Distribution: Portugal; SW-Spain; Morocco

12 POR SPA 20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula arundana Ball ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 334 (1879), nomen

= Asperula baetica Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 38: 80 (1891)

= Asperula pendula Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 55 (1838)

= Asperula pendula var. glaberrima Emb. & Maire; Pl. Rif Nov. 12 (1927)

= Asperula pendula var. scaberrima Font Quer; Cavanillesia 1: 78 (1928)

= Asperula pendula var. tubulifera Font Quer; Cavanillesia 1: 78 (1928)

species :

Galium baghlanense Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 176: 203 (2005)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Baghlan)

34 AFG

species :

Galium baldense Spreng.; Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 1: 10 (1813)

Name: Monte-Baldo-Labkraut

Distribution: N-Italy (S-Alps)

13 ITA

Remarks: baldense agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pusillum var. baldense (Spreng.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 326 (1879)

= Galium helveticum var. baldense (Spreng.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 153 (1889)

species :

Galium baldensiforme Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 1029 (1936)

Distribution: China (Yunnan, Qinghai, Sichuan); Tibet

36 CHI TIB

species :

Galium balearicum Briq.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 11/12: 191 (1908)

Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca)

12 BAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium rubrum subsp. balearicum (Briq.) Malag.; Subesp. Variación Geogr. 14 (1973)

= Galium rubrum var. balearicum (Briq.) Knoche; Fl. Baléar. 2: 420 (1922)

species :

Galium basalticum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 256 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium baytopianum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 254 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium belizianum Ortega Oliv., Devesa & Rodr.Riaño; Bot. Helv. 114(1): 2 (2004)

Distribution: NW-Portugal

12 POR

species :

Galium bellatulum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 472 (1961)

Distribution: Ukraine

14 UKR

species :

Galium bingoelense Yıld. & Kiliç; Ot Sist. Bot. Derg. 21(2): 8 (2015)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium blinii H.Lév.; Bull. Géogr. Bot. 1915. 25: 48 (1915)

Distribution: China (Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet

36 CHI TIB

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium bodinieri H.Lév.; Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 366 (1914 publ. 1915)

= Galium quinatum H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 25: 47 (1915) et Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan 245 (1915)

species :

Galium boissieranum (Steud.) Ehrend. & Krendl; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 68: 270 (1974)

Distribution: S- & SC-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula asperrima var. glabrescens Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 1: 281 (1840)

= Asperula boissieri Steud. ex Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 737 (1845), nom. illeg.

= Asperula boissieriana Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 151 (1841)

= Asperula effusa Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 1: 280 (1840), nom. superfl.

= Asperula paniculata Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 56 (1838), nom. superfl.

species :

Galium boreoaethiopicum Puff; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 59(3-4): 411 (1989)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Galium bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm.; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 20: 14 (1904)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium bourgaeanum Coss. ex Batt.; Contr. Fl. Atl. 42 (1919)

subspecies :

subsp. bourgaeanum

Distribution: W-Algeria

20 ALG

subspecies :

subsp. maroccanum (Ball) J.M.Monts.; Treb. Inst. Bot. Barcelona 11: 24 (1987)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium bourgeanum var. maroccanum Ball; J. Bot. 11: 335 (1873)

species :

Galium brachyphyllum Roem. & Schult.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.]: 180 (1827)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Azerbaijan

33 AZE NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium alpestre Steven ex Fisch.; Cat. Jard. Pl. Gorenki, ed. 2: 43 (1812), nomen

= Galium brevifolium Steven; Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 3: 253 (1812), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium bracteatum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 51 (1843)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (NW-Syria)

34 LEB SYR TUR

species :

Galium bredasdorpense Puff; J. S. African Bot. 44(3): 244 (1978)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Galium brenanii Ehrend. & Verdc.; Kew Bull. 28(3): 485 (1973 publ. 1974)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

species :

Galium brevifolium Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 95 (1806)

subspecies :

subsp. brevifolium

Name: Kurzblättriges Labkraut (DE); Short-leaved Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Samos, Rhodos); Turkey (SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia)

34 EAI TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium album Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1: 598 (1798), nom. illeg.

= Galium brevifolium var. chium (Boiss. & Orph.) Rech.f.; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 105: 578 (1943)

= Galium caudatum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 48 (1843)

= Galium caudatum var. chium Boiss. & Orph.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 6: 91 (1859)

subspecies :

subsp. insulare Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37(2): 260 (1979)

Distribution: Greece (Kiklades: Amorgos); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria, Samos, Fourni, Dodecanese, Kos, Nisyros, Tilos, Simi, Karpathos)

13 GRC 34 EAI

species :

Galium breviramosum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 67 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Greece (mountains of N-Greece)

13 ALB GRC KOS NMA

species :

Galium brockmannii Briq.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 2: 10: 107 (1907)

Distribution: NE-Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium brockmannii subsp. aterratzense Romo; Fl. Veg. Montsec 231 (1989)

= Galium pusillum subsp. brockmannii (Briq.) O.Bolòs; Mem. Real Acad. Ci. Barcelona, Ser. 3, 38(1): 7 (1967)

= Galium pusillum var. salvadorii Pau ex Marcet; Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Secc. Biol. 48: 100 (1950)

species :

Galium brunneum Munby; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] 16 (1889)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

20 ALG MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium brunneum var. hirsutum Faure & Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 184 (1929)

= Galium brunneum var. rhiphaeum Pau & Font Quer; Iter Marocc. [Font Quer], Exsicc. 1927: no. 607 (1928)

= Galium clausonis Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 77 (1874)

species :

Galium bryoides Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 266 (1945)

Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG

species :

Galium bullatum Lipsky; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 300 (1894)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan; ?NW-Iran; China (Xinjiang)

33 ARM AZE 36 CHI

species :

Galium buschiorum Mikheev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 78: 136 (1993)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Azerbaijan

33 AZE NCS

species :

Galium bussei K.Schum. & K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 571 (1907)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique

23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium stenophyllum var. flavoviride Utzschn. & Merxm.; Trans. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc. 43: 57 (1951)

variant :

var. glabrostrictius Brenan; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 8: 457 (1954)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Mozambique

23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM

variant :

var. glabrum Brenan; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 8: 456 (1954)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique

23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM

variant :

var. strictius Brenan; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 8: 457 (1954)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM

species :

Galium cajamarcense Dempster; Madroño 35(1): 3 (1988)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: belongs likely in Trichogalium

species :

Galium caminianum Schult. & Schult.f.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.]: 186 (1827)

Distribution: Greece (Skiros, N- & W-Kiklades); Crete (Koufonisi Isl.); Libya; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria, Dodecanese, Kos, Nisyros); Cyprus (N-Cyprus, C-Mountains)

13 GRC KRI 20 LBY 34 CYP EAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium micranthum d´Urv.; Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 272 (1822), nom. illeg.

= Galium pauciflorum Kotschy; Ins. Cypern [Unger & Kotschy] 260 (1865), nom. illeg.

= Galium recurvum Req. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 609 (1830), nom. illeg.

= Galium recurvum var. pauciflorum (Kotschy) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 68 (1875)

species :

Galium campanelliferum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 250 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium campylotrichum Nazim. & Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 155 (1-4): 73 (1987)

Distribution: N-Pakistan

40 PAK

species :

Galium cankiriense Yıld.; Ot Sist. Bot. Derg. 17(2): 96 (2010)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium capense Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 30 (1794)

subspecies :

subsp. capense

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho

27 LES SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium capense var. expansum (Thunb.) Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 36 (1865)

= Galium capense var. minus Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 36 (1865)

= Galium expansum Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 30 (1794)

= Galium mucronatum Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 30 (1794), nom. superfl.

subspecies :

subsp. garipense (Sond.) Puff; J. S. African Bot. 44(3): 236 (1978)

Distribution: South Africa (North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]

27 LES SAF SWZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium capense var. garipense (Sond.) Puff; J. S. African Bot. 44: 236 (1978)

= Galium capense var. wittbergense (Sond.) Puff; J. S. African Bot. 44: 237 (1978)

= Galium garipense Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 37 (1865)

= Galium wittbergense Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 37 (1865)

subspecies :

subsp. namaquense (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Puff; J. S. African Bot. 44(3): 234 (1978)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium capense var. scabrum Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 37 (1865)

= Galium namaquense Eckl. & Zeyh.; Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 369 (1837)

species :

Galium capitatum Bory & Chaub.; Expéd. Sci. Morée, Bot. 3(2): 54 (1832)

Distribution: Greece (scattered C- & S-Greece, also Kithira, Thasos, Samothraki, Evvoia, Limnos, Paros); East Aegaean Isl. (Kalimnos)

13 GRC 34 EAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium capitatum f. atrichum (Halácsy) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 468 (1930)

= Galium capitatum f. hemitrichum Greuter; Boissiera 13: 128 (1967)

= Galium capitatum var. atrichum Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 725 (1901)

species :

Galium caprarium Natali; Candollea 53(2): 484 (1998)

Distribution: Italy (Capraia Isl.)

13 ITA

species :

Galium cariense Daşkın & Bağçivan; Phytotaxa 308(2): 270 (2017)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium caspicum Steven; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 1: 276 (1829)

Distribution: Azerbaijan (Talysh); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan)

33 AZE 34 IRN

species :

Galium ceratoamanianum Ehrend.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 99: 166 (1952)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium ceratocarpon Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 35 (1843)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium ceratophylloides Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 209 (1881)

Distribution: Pakistan (Murree); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir, Poonch)

40 IND PAK

species :

Galium ceratopodum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 45 (1843)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, S-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, S-Iran); Afghanistan (Baghlan, Farah, Herat, Kandahar, Samangan); Sinai peninsula (S-Sinai); Saudi Arabia (Asir); United Arab Emirates; Oman (Mascat & Oman)

32 TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG IRN IRQ SIN 35 OMA SAU UAE

species :

Galium cespitosum Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 1: 262 (1792)

Distribution: NE-Spain (Pyrénées); SW-France

12 FRA SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pumilum subsp. cespitosum (Lam.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 37 (1903)

= Galium pumilum var. cespitosum (Lam.) Lam. & DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4: 260 (1805)

= Galium pusillum subsp. cespitosum (Lam.) Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 37 (1903)

species :

Galium chaetopodum Rech.f.; Ark. Bot., a. s. 1: 324 (1949)

Distribution: Israel (Rift Valley, N-Israel)

34 ISR

species :

Galium chloroionanthum K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 417 (1901)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Madagascar

23 BUR RWA ZAI 24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW ZAM 29 MDG

species :

Galium chloroleucum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Index Sem. [St. Petersburg (Petropolitanus)] 1: 27 (1835), et Linnaea 10(Lit.): Ber. 89 (1836)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan)

33 ARM AZE 34 IRN

species :

Galium cilicicum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 5: 105 (1856) et Fl. 3: 58 (1875)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium cilicicum var. alpinum Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 58 (1875)

= Galium cilicicum var. procerior Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 5: 105 (1856)

= Galium cilicicum var. suffrutescens Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 58 (1875)

species :

Galium cinereum All.; Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 6 (1773)

Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca); France; Italy

12 BAL FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: often included as subspecies in G. lucidum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium cinereum subvar. pallidum (C.Presl) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium cinereum var. pallidum (C.Presl) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 150 (1902)

= Galium cinereum var. pubescens DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, no. 3364 (1805)

= Galium lucidum subsp. cinereum (All.) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 5: 38 (1922)

= Galium mollugo subsp. cinereum (All.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5(55): 150 (1902)

= Galium mollugo var. cinereum (All.) Knoche; Fl. Baléar. 2: 418 (1922)

= Galium mollugo var. pallidum (C.Presl) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 18 (1903)

= Galium pallescens C.Presl; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 60 (1819)

= Galium pallidum C.Presl; Delic. Prag. 121 (1822)

species :

Galium citraceum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 69 (1846)

Distribution: Greece (mountains of C-Greece, C-Evvoia, Mt. Taygetos); Crete (mountains)

13 GRC KRI

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium melanantherum var. latifolia Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 4: 69 (1846)

species :

Galium cometerhizon Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées, Suppl. 154 (1818)

Distribution: NE-Spain (Pyrénées); Andorra; France; Corsica

12 ADO COR FRA SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium megalospermum subsp. cometerhizon (Lapeyr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 326 (1879)

= Galium suaveolens Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées, Suppl. 23 (1818), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium concatenatum Coss.; Notes Pl. Crit. 1(2): 38 (1849)

Distribution: S-Portugal; S-Spain (Cadiz, Malaga); Morocco

12 POR SPA 20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula pendula var. concatenata (Coss.) Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12(5): 336 (1924)

= Asperula pendula var. glabrescens Emb. & Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 17: 50 (1927 publ. 1928)

= Asperula pendula var. viridiflora Emb. & Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 17: 50 (1927 publ. 1928)

= Galium conglobatum Schousb. ex Ball; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 486 (1878)

species :

Galium concinnum Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 2: 23 (1841)

Name: Shining bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Arkansas, District of Columbia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium parviflorum Raf.; Med. Repos., Ser. 2, 5: 360 (1808), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium confertum Royle ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 206 (1881)

Distribution: NW-India (Himachal Pradesh)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium confertum var. laceanum M.P.Nayar & Malick; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11(3-4): 429 (1969 publ. 1972)

species :

Galium consanguineum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 69 (1846)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (W-Iran); Lebanon; Syria; China (Xinjiang)

33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium consanguineum subsp. majmechense (Bordz.) Mikheev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 71 (1992)

= Galium subvelutinum subsp. kurdicum Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 28(2): 242 (1911)

= Galium subvelutinum var. kurdicum (Bornm.) Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 58B: 294 (1938)

= Galium karduchorum Ronniger; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 28: 69 (1930)

= Galium kurdicum Ronniger; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 43 (1921), nom. illeg.

= Galium majmechense Bordz.; Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 5-6: 21 (1927)

= Galium verum var. consanguineum (Boiss.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 62 (1875)

species :

Galium coriaceum Bunge; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 1: 136 (1829)

Distribution: Siberia (Altay, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva)

30 SIB

species :

Galium corinthiacum Strid & Kit Tan; Phytol. Balcan. 25(2): 223 (2019)

Distribution: C-Greece (around Korinth)

13 GRC

species :

Galium cornigerum Boiss. & Hausskn.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 67 (1875)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium corrudifolium Vill.; Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 20 (1779)

subspecies :

subsp. corrudifolium

Distribution: Hungary; NE-Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Italy; San Marino; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

11 HUN 12 BAL COR FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH ITA KOS SMA SRB 20 ALG MOR TUN

Remarks: often included as subspecies in G. lucidum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium abruptorum Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 76 (1874)

= Galium adriaticum Ronniger; Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 70: 59 (1920)

= Galium cinereum var. tenuifolium (All.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 595 (1830)

= Galium ericoides Arv.-Touv.; Essai Pl. Dauphiné 32 (1871), nom. illeg.

= Galium foliosum Munby ex Burnat & Barbey; Not. Voy. Bot. Baléar. 28 (1882)

= Galium fontanesianum Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 75 (1874)

= Galium lucidum subsp. corrudifolium (Vill.) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 5: 38 (1922)

= Galium lucidum subsp. corrudifolium (Vill.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 100 (1983), isonym

= Galium lucidum subvar. nitidum Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium lucidum var. corrudifolium (Vill.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium lucidum var. tenuifolium (All.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium mollugo subsp. corrudifolium (Vill.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 18 (1903)

= Galium nitidum Sieber ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 659 (1841), nom. superfl.

= Galium simplex Arv.-Touv.; Essai Pl. Dauphiné 31 (1871)

= Galium tenuifolium All.; Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 6 (1773)

subspecies :

subsp. falcatum (Willk. & Costa) Franco; Nov. Fl. Portugal, ed. 2: 78, 565 (1984)

Distribution: Portugal

12 POR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium corrudifolium var. falcatum Willk. & Costa; Linnaea 30: 100 (1859)

= Galium erectum f. falcatum (Willk. & Costa) Cout.; Fl. Portugal, ed. 2: 689 (1939)

= Galium lucidum var. falcatum (Willk. & Costa) Socorro & S.Tarrega; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 42: 244 (1985)

= Galium rigidum var. falcatum (Willk. & Costa) Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 315 (1868)

species :

Galium corsicum Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2), Cur. Post.: 39 (1827)

Distribution: Corsica; Sardinia

12 COR SAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium campestre Duby; Bot. Gall., ed. 2, 1: 248 (1830), nom. illeg.

= Galium corsicum var. pallescens Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 26 (1850)

= Galium corsicum var. soleirolii (Loisel.) Natali & Jeanm.; Compl. Prodr. Fl. Corse, Rubiaceae 74 (2000)

= Galium mediterraneum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 596 (1830)

= Galium nudiflorum Viv.; Fl. Cors. Prodr., App. 2: 3 (1830)

= Galium rubrum subsp. corsicum (Spreng.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 140 (1894)

= Galium rubrum subsp. corsicum (Spreng.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 25 (1903), isonym

= Galium rubrum subvar. pallescens (Gren.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 25 (1903)

= Galium rubrum subvar. rubriflorum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 25 (1903), nom. illeg.

= Galium rubrum var. corsicum (Spreng.) Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 5(2): 143 (1915)

= Galium soleirolii Loisel.; Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 399 (1827)

= Galium soleirolii var. mediterraneum (DC.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 329 (1879)

species :

Galium cossonianum Jafri; Fl. Libya 65: 23 (1979), nom. nov.

Distribution: Algeria; Tunisia; Libya

20 ALG LBY TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium petraeum Coss. ex Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 396 (1890), nom. illeg.

= Galium petraeum var. brevifolium Batt.; Contr. Fl. Atl. 42 (1919)

= Galium petraeum var. patulum Batt.; Contr. Fl. Atl. 42 (1919)

= Galium petraeum var. virgatum Batt.; Contr. Fl. Atl. 42 (1919)

species :

Galium cracoviense Ehrend.; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 169: 419 (1960)

Distribution: S-Poland (Olsztyn, near Krakow)

11 POL

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium sylvestre var. microphyllum R.Uechtr.; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 32: 206 (1874)

species :

Galium craticulatum R.R.Mill; Edinburgh J. Bot. 53(2): 202 (1996)

Distribution: Bhutan

40 BHU

species :

Galium crespianum J.J.Rodr.; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 8: 55 (1879)

Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca, Dragonera)

12 BAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium decolorans Bourg. ex Marès; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Baléares 139 (1880), sensu auct.

= Galium firmum f. laevis Knoche; Fl. Baléar. 2: 419 (1922)

species :

Galium cuatrecasasii Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 22: 113 (1940)

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca)

82 CLM

Remarks: belongs likely in Trichogalium

species :

Galium cuspidulatum Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 340 (1857)

Distribution: Java

42 JAW

species :

Galium cyllenium Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(2): 117 (1856)

Distribution: S-Greece (Mt. Chelmos, Mt. Killini, +Mt. Taygetos)

13 GRC

species :

Galium czerepanovii Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 720 (1958)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia); NW-Iran

33 ARM AZE 34 IRN TUR

species :

Galium dahuricum Turcz. ex Ledeb.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 18(1): 312 (1845)

Distribution: Siberia (NW-Siberia, Buryatia, Chita, S-Yakutia); Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye, Upper Amur, Sakhalin, Okhotsk, Magadan, Chukotka); China (Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu)

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asprellum var. dahuricum (Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 9: 262 (1873)

= Galium comari H.Lév. & Vaniot; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 114 (1907)

= Galium dahuricum var. fructoglabrum Maxim.; Prim. Fl. Amur. 140 (1859)

= Galium dahuricum var. leiocarpum Nakai; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 31: 498 (1911)

= Galium niewerthii Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 393 (1877)

variant :

var. densiflorum (Cufod.) Ehrend.; Novon 20: 277 (2010)

Distribution: China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet

36 CHI TIB

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pseudoasprellum var. densiflorum Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 237 (1940)

species :

Galium davisii Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 383, t. 6 (1958)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium decumbens (Ehrend.) Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 207 (1991)

Distribution: C-Iran; N-Iran

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium subvelutinum subsp. decumbens Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 370 (1958)

species :

Galium degenii Bald. ex Degen; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 45: 131 (1895)

Distribution: North Macedonia; S-Albania; Greece (mountains of NW- & C-Greece)

13 ALB GRC NMA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium ossaeum Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 717 (1901)

species :

Galium deistelii K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 160 (1909)

Distribution: Cameroon

23 CMN

species :

Galium delicatulum Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 65 (1849)

Distribution: N-Iran (Mt. Demavend)

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium subvelutinum subsp. delicatulum (Boiss. & Hohen.) Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 371 (1958)

species :

Galium demissum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 1(3): 40 (1843)

subspecies :

subsp. demissum

Distribution: S-Bulgaria; NE-Greece (Mt. Athos, Mt. Pangaion); Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia)

13 BUL GRC 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pedunculatum Stoj. & Stef. ex Stef. & Jordanov; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 64: 513 (1931), nomen, Stoj. & Stef. in Magyar Bot. Lapok 32: 3 (1933), descr.

= Galium stojanovii subsp. pedunculatum (Stoj. & Stef.) Stoj. & Acht.; Izv. Tsarsk. Prír. Inst. Sofiya 12: 186 (1939)

= Galium stojanovii var. abbreviatum Stoj.; Magyar Bot. Lapok 33: 2 (1934)

subspecies :

subsp. stojanovii (Degen) Ančev; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 9: 87 (1989)

Distribution: SW-Bulgaria (Pirin Pl.)

13 BUL

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium demissum f. intermedium (Stoj. & Acht.) Ančev; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 9: 87 (1989)

= Galium demissum f. stojanovii (Degen) Ančev; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 9: 87 (1989)

= Galium stojanovii Degen; Magyar Bot. Lapok 19: 48 (1920 publ. 1922)

= Galium stojanovii f. intermedium (Stoj. & Acht.) Ančev; Evolyutsiya Tsvet. Rast. Florogen. 1: 124 (1978)

= Galium stojanovii var. intermedium Stoj. & Acht.; Izv. Tsarsk. Prír. Inst. Sofiya 12: 186 (1939)

species :

Galium densiflorum Ledeb.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 1: 137 (1829)

Distribution: Siberia (Altay, Buryatia, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, NW-Siberia, SW-Siberia, N-Yakutia, S-Yakutia); Russian Far East (Magadan, Primorye, Chukotka); Kazakhstan

30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium densiflorum f. leiocarpum Printz; Veg. Siber.-Mongol. Front. 403 (1921)

species :

Galium denticulatum Bartl. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 612 (1830)

Distribution: Mexico (Hidalgo, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Remarks: belongs likely in Trichogalium

species :

Galium dieckii Bornm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 4: 267 (1907)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium dincii Yıld.; Ot Sist. Bot. Derg. 19(2): 46 (2012)

Distribution: Turkey (Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium diploprion Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 66 (1849)

Distribution: Iran (N-Iran, W-Iran, C-Iran)

34 IRN

species :

Galium divaricatum Pourr. ex Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 580 (1788)

Name: Lamarcks Labkraut (DE); Lamarck´s Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Belgium [I]; Switzerland [I]; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (scattered mainland, also many islands); Crete; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Ikaria, Fourni, Samos, Tilos, Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Hawaii [I] (East Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Georgia [I], Indiana [I], Kentucky [I], Louisiana [I], Missouri [I], Mississippi [I], North Carolina [I], Oregon [I], Tennessee [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], West Virginia [I])

11 bgm HUN SLO swi 12 BAL COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI PTL ROM SIC SLV SRB TUE 20 ALG MOR TUN 34 CYP EAI ISR LEB TUR 50 aus 51 nzl 63 haw 73 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa

Remarks: parisiense agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Aparinella tenuicaulis Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868)

= Galium anglicum subsp. divaricatum (Pourr. ex Lam.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 142 (1894)

= Galium anglicum subsp. tenuicaule (Jord.) Corb.; Nouv. Fl. Normandie 303 (1894)

= Galium anglicum var. divaricatum (Pourr. ex Lam.) Trevir.; Index Sem. (Breslau) 1818: 3 (1818)

= Galium anglicum var. parvifolium (Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 607 (1830)

= Galium aridicola Briq.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 11/12: 193 (1908)

= Galium divaricatum var. mungieri (Boiss. & Heldr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 330 (1879)

= Galium divaricatum var. tenuicaule (Fourr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 330 (1879)

= Galium gracile C.Presl; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 60 (1819)

= Galium mungieri Boiss. & Heldr.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 72 (1875)

= Galium parisiense subsp. divaricatum (Pourr. ex Lam.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 46 (1903)

= Galium parisiense subsp. parvifolium (Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 439 (1828)

= Galium parisiense var. australe Ewart & Jean White; Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n. s. 21: 549 (1909)

= Galium parisiense var. divaricatum (Pourr. ex Lam.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 284 (1835 publ. 1836)

= Galium parisiense var. tenuicaule (Fourr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 46 (1903)

= Galium parvifolium Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 246 (1818)

= Galium tenellum Clos; Fl. Chil. [Gay] 3: 188 (1848), nom. superfl.

= Galium tenuicaule Jord.; Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci., Sér. 2, 1: 81 (1852), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium domingense Iltis; Rhodora 59: 39 (1957)

Distribution: Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti

81 CUB HIS

Remarks: belongs likely in Trichogalium

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium brevipes Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 7: 415 (1912) (non Fernald & Wiegand 1910)

species :

Galium duthiei R.Bhattacharjee; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 48(1-4): 62 (2006)

Distribution: Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand)

40 IND NEP

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium duthiei var. glabriusculum R.Bhattacharjee; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 48(1-4): 65 (2006)

species :

Galium echinocarpum Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30: Art. 1, 147 (1911)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

species :

Galium ehrenbergii Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 53 (1875)

Distribution: Lebanon (C-Lebanon)

34 LEB

species :

Galium elbursense Bornm. & Gauba; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 49: 258 (1940)

Distribution: Iran (N-Iran)

34 IRN

species :

Galium eruptivum Krendl; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 104: 580 (2003)

Distribution: Austria; Hungary; Serbia; Romania

11 AUT HUN 13 ROM SRB

species :

Galium erythrorrhizon Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 51 (1852)

Distribution: S-Spain (Sa. Nevada, Sierra de Cazorla)

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium debeauxii Degen & Hervier; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 15: 96 (1905)

= Galium erythrorrhizon f. umbrosum Pau; Carta Bot. 2: 6 (1905)

= Galium erythrorrhizon var. debeauxii (Degen & Hervier) Cuatrec.; Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sér. Bot. 12: 435 (1929)

species :

Galium estebanii Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 289 (1936)

Distribution: Spain (N-, EC- & SE-Spain); Andorra; S-France (Corbiéres)

12 ADO FRA SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium estebani var. leioclados (Pau) Ortega Oliv. & Devesa; Acta Bot. Malac. 28: 208 (2003)

= Galium pinetorum Ehrend.; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 169: 410 (1960)

= Galium pumilum subsp. pinetorum (Ehrend.) Vigo; Arxius Secc. Ci. Inst. Estud. Catalans 37: 91 (1968)

= Galium sylvestre f. leioclados Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 9: 59 (1910)

= Galium sylvestre var. curvifolium Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 9: 59 (1910)

species :

Galium exaltatum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 46 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (NE- & NC-Greece)

13 BUL GRC NMA TUE

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium agrophilum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 49 (1986-1987 publ. 1988) (fide Strid 2024)

= Galium avascense Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 80 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

species :

Galium exsurgens Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 263, t. 3, f. D (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium extensum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 89 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: Crete (fairly widespread)

13 KRI

species :

Galium falconeri R.Bhattacharjee; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30(3): 484 (2006)

Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand)

40 IND

species :

Galium festivum Krendl; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 82: 309 (1978 publ. 1979)

Distribution: SW-France (C-Pyrénées)

12 FRA

species :

Galium filipes Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 809 (1917)

Distribution: USA (Utah, Nevada)

76 USA

Remarks: possibly in Trichogalium

species :

Galium firmum Tausch; Flora 14: 122 (1831)

Distribution: Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania

13 ALB BIH CRO KOS NMA SLV SRB

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium apiculatum Spruner ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 328 (1879)

= Galium aureum var. floribundum Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 328 (1879)

= Galium aureum var. oblongifolium Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 61 (1875)

= Galium aureum var. scabrifolium Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 61 (1875)

= Galium aureum Vis.; Orto Bot. Padova 134 (1842), in adnot., et Fl. Dalmat. 3: 6 (1852)

= Galium corrudifolium K.Koch; Linnaea 24: 466 (1851), nom. illeg.

= Galium floribundum Bory & Chaub.; Nouv. Fl. Pélop. 10 (1838), nom. superfl.

= Galium lucidum var. chrysococus K.Koch; Linnaea 17: 32 (1843)

= Galium oblongifolium Heldr. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 328 (1879), nom. inval.

= Galium rupestre DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 603 (1830), nom. illeg.

= Galium spruneri Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 116 (1846)

species :

Galium fissurense Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 249 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium fistulosum Sommier & Levier; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1894: 31 (1894), et in Act. Hort. Petrop. 13: 195 (1894)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Azerbaijan

33 AZE NCS

species :

Galium flavescens Borbás ex Simonk.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] 3: 958 (1884)

Distribution: N-North Macedonia; C-Romania; Bulgaria; ?European Turkey

13 BUL NMA ROM

Remarks: incurvum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asparagifolium A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 20: 327 (1870), nom. illeg.

= Galium flavescens var. brevifolium Ančev; Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 28(11): 1535 (1975)

= Galium flavicans Borbás; Math. Term. Közlem. 1884: 6 (1884)

= Galium marisense Simonk.; Enum. Fl. Transsilv. 281 (1886)

= Galium ochroleucum Kit. ex Schult.; Oesterr. Fl., ed. 2, 1: 305 (1814), nom. illeg.

= Galium scabridiforme Ronniger; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 43 (1921)

species :

Galium flaviflorum (Trautv.) Mikheev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 72 (1992)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Azerbaijan

33 AZE NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium mollugo var. flaviflorum Trautv.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 439 (1878)

species :

Galium floribundum Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 94 (1806)

subspecies :

subsp. floribundum

Name: Dichtblühendes Labkraut (DE); Denseflowering Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: European Turkey; NE-Greece (Samothraki); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Fourni, Samos, Kalimnos, Kos, Nisyros, Tilos, Simi, Chalki, Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia)

13 GRC TUE 34 EAI TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium floribundum var. leiocarpum Bornm.; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 24: 65 (1908)

= Galium nebulosum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 49 (1843)

= Galium nigricans f. antrorsum Candargy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 44: 456 (1897)

= Galium pseudointricatum Candargy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 44: 149 (1897)

subspecies :

subsp. airoides Hub.-Mor. ex Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37(2): 262 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium fosbergii Dempster; Madroño 35(1): 3 (1988)

Distribution: Ecuador

83 ECU

Remarks: belongs likely in Trichogalium

species :

Galium friedrichii N.Torres, L.Sáez, Mus & Rosselló; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 136(3): 316 (2001), nom. nov.

Distribution: Baleares (Ibiza, Formentera)

12 BAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium firmum f. balearicum Knoche; Fl. Baléar. 2: 421 (1922)

= Galium firmum subsp. balearicum (Knoche) Malag.; Subesp. Variación Geogr. 13 (1973)

species :

Galium galioides (M.Bieb.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 250 (1965)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO NCS

Remarks: status unconfirmed

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula galioides M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 101 (1808)

= Asperula galioides var. glabra Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 60 (1822), nom. inval.

= Galiopsis glauca Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 398 (1868)

= Galium altissimum Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 11 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium campanulatum var. glabrum Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 467 (1827)

species :

Galium galiopsis (Hand.-Mazz.) Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 364 (1958)

Distribution: Turkey (SE-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula galiopsis Hand.-Mazz.; Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 27: 426, t. 17, f. 1, t. 18, f. 2 (1913)

species :

Galium geminiflorum Lowe; Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 6: reimpr. 19 (1838)

Distribution: Madeira (Ilhas Desertas, Porto Santo Isl.); Islas Selvagens

21 MDR SEL

species :

Galium ghilanicum Stapf; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 50: 53 (1886)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Armenia; Turkey (SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (N-Iran); Afghanistan (Badakshan, Baghlan, Balkh, Kunar / Nuristan, Takhar); China (Xinjiang); NE-Pakistan; NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand)

32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM 34 AFG IRN IRQ TUR 36 CHI 40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium chitralensis Nazim.; Fl. Pakistan 190: 69 (1989)

= Galium parisiense var. brachypodum Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 72 (1875)

= Galium transcaucasicum Stapf; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 50: 52 (1885)

species :

Galium glabriusculum Ehrend.; Fl. China 19: 135 (2011), nom. nov.

Distribution: China (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang)

36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium smithii Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 236 (1940), nom. illeg., not G. Don 1834

species :

Galium glaciale K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 159 (1909)

Distribution: Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN UGA

variant :

var. satimmae Verdc.; Kew Bull. 28(3): 493 (1973 publ. 1974)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Kenya

23 ZAI 25 KEN

species :

Galium glaucophyllum Em.Schmid; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 78: 253 (1933)

Distribution: Sardinia

12 SAR

species :

Galium glaucum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 107 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. glaucum

Name: Blaugrünes Labkraut, Waxy bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen [I], Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; ?Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Ukraine; Crimea; Canada [I] (Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], New Jersey [I])

11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 KRY UKR 72 cdn 75 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula campanulata (Vill.) Klokov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 18: 226 (1957)

= Asperula galioidea St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 13 (1880), et 8: 161 (1881)

= Asperula galioides var. glauca (L.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 332 (1879)

= Asperula galioides var. hirsuta Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 60 (1822)

= Asperula galioides var. pyrenaica (Gaudin) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 54 (1903)

= Asperula galioides var. rigidior Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 3 (Clav. Enum. Gen.): XIX (1833)

= Asperula galioides var. saxonica (Gaudin) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 55 (1903)

= Asperula galioides var. strictissima (Schur) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 332 (1879)

= Asperula galioides var. tenerior Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 3 (Clav. Enum. Gen.): XIX (1833)

= Asperula glauca (L.) Besser; Enum. Pl. [Besser] 7 (1821)

= Asperula glauca f. coronata Kucowa; Fl. Polska 11: 289. 288 (1967)

= Asperula glauca var. hirsuta (Wallr.) Simonk.; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 279 (1887)

= Asperula strictissima Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 277 (1866)

= Asterophyllum galioides (M.Bieb.) K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.; Fl. Friburg. 3: 1077 (1829)

= Galium alpinum Scheele; Linnaea 17: 341 (1844)

= Galium campanulatum var. hirsutum (Wallr.) Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 467 (1827)

= Galium campanulatum Vill.; Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 19 (1779), nom. illeg.

= Galium glaucum subsp. hirsutum (Wallr.) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 9: 273 (1974)

= Galium glaucum var. grandiflorum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 425 (1828)

= Galium glaucum var. hirsutum (Wallr.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18: 176 (1973)

= Galium glaucum var. lugdunense Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 425 (1828)

= Galium glaucum var. massiliense Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 425 (1828)

= Galium glaucum var. pyrenaicum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 425 (1828)

= Galium glaucum var. saxicola Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 425 (1828)

= Galium glaucum var. saxonicum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 425 (1828)

= Galium grandiflorum Clairv.; Man. Herbor. Suisse 41 (1811), nom. illeg.

= Galium halleri Suter; Helvet. Fl. 1: 88 (1802)

= Galium montanum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus], ed. 2: 155 (1762)

= Galium montanum Pollich; Hist. Pl. Palat. 1: 154 (1776), nom. illeg.

subspecies :

subsp. australe Franco; Nov. Fl. Portugal, ed. 2: 79, 565 (1984)

Distribution: Portugal; NW-Spain

12 POR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium decumanum Krendl; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 82: 305 (1978 publ. 1979)

= Galium teres Merino; Fl. Galicia [Merino] 2: 286 (1906)

subspecies :

subsp. murcicum (Boiss. & Reut.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Man. Països Catalans 3: 569 (1995)

Distribution: SE-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula galioides Bourg. ex Willk. & Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 312 (1868), nom. inval.

= Asperula glauca f. subpruinosa Cuatrec.; Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sér. Bot. 12: 432 (1929)

= Asperula glauca subsp. pruinosa Cuatrec.; Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sér. Bot. 12: 432 (1929), non (Boiss.) Cuatrec. [Misapplied]

= Asperula glauca var. murcica (Boiss. & Reut.) Pau; Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sér. Bot. 5(7): 40 (1926)

= Galium murcicum Boiss. & Reut.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 2: 114 (1856)

species :

Galium globuliferum Hub.-Mor. & Reese; Candollea 10: 153, t. 7 (1945)

Distribution: Turkey (SW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium glomeratiflorum S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 7: 191 (2024)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium guanwuense S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 6: 178 (2023)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium hainesii Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 127: 303 (1977)

Distribution: Iraq (NE-Iraq)

34 IRQ

species :

Galium haussknechtii Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 389 (1958)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq)

34 IRQ TUR

species :

Galium heldreichii Halácsy; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 47: 94 (1897)

Name: Heldreichs Labkraut (DE); Heldreich´s Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Bulgaria; Greece (scattered C- & S-mainland, Evvoia, Sporades, Naxos); Crete; East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Ikaria, Fourni, Samos, Kos, Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia)

13 BUL GRC KRI NMA 34 EAI TUR

Remarks: mollugo agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium conforme Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 91 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

= Galium firmum var. citraceum Boiss. & Heldr. ex Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 713 (1901)

= Galium samium Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 39 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

species :

Galium hellenicum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 73 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: ?Serbia; Kosovo; Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of N- & C-Greece, Kerkyra, Lefkada, Kefalonia)

13 BUL GRC KOS

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium circae Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 70 (1986-1987 publ. 1988) (fide Strid 2024)

= Galium malickyi Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 150 (1986-1987 publ. 1988) (fide Strid 2024)

= Galium mixtum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 105 (1986-1987 publ. 1988) (fide Strid 2024)

species :

Galium hexanarium Knjaz.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 88(12): 86 (2003)

Distribution: E-European Russia; Siberia (W-Siberia: Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk)

14 RUS 30 SIB

species :

Galium hierochuntinum Bornm.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 48: 596 (1898)

Distribution: Israel (Rift Valley)

34 ISR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium hierochuntinum var. papillosum Feinbrun; Israel J. Bot. 25(12): 81 (1976)

species :

Galium hierosolymitanum L.; Fl. Palaest. [C.Linnaeus] 13 no. 73 (1756) et Amoen. Acad. 4: 451 (1759)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania)

34 ISR JOR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium hierosolymitanum var. glabrum Post; Fl. Syria [Post] 388 (1896)

= Galium hierosolymitanum var. hispidum Post; Fl. Syria [Post] 388 (1896)

= Galium trachyanthum Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 50 (1843)

species :

Galium hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem. ex R.R.Mill; Edinburgh J. Bot. 53(1): 95 (1996)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Nangarhar, Paktia / Khost); China (Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan); Tibet; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Pakistan (Swat, Hazara, Waziristan, Dir, Pakistani Punjab, Rawalpindi); Nepal; Bhutan; Bhutan; N-India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); N-Myanmar

34 AFG 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP KOR NKO 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula hoffmeisteri Klotzsch; Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar [Klotzsch & Garcke] 87 (1862)

= Galium asperuloides subsp. hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) H.Hara; Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 201 (1979)

= Galium asperuloides var. hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 1027 (1936)

= Galium asperulopsis H.J.P.Winkl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 12: 492 (1922)

= Galium japonicum f. stenophyllum Kitag.; J. Geobot. 19(4): 92 (1971)

= Galium trifloriforme var. nipponicum (Makino) Nakai ex Mori; Enum. Pl. Corea 324 (1922)

= Galium triflorum var. hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 205 (1881)

species :

Galium hohuanshanense S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 3: 104 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium huber-morathii Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 253 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium humifusum M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 104 (1808)

Name: Spreading bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Hungary [I]; Romania; Bulgaria; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia [I] (Chelyabinsk [I]); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (widespread); Afghanistan (Badakshan, Badghys, Baghlan, Balkh, Faryab, Jawzjan / Sar-e-Pol, Kabul, Paktia / Khost, Qunduz, Samangan, Takhar); Cyprus (E-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, NW-Syria); Israel (Rift Valley); Jordania (S-Jordania); China (Xinjiang); Mongolia; Pakistan (Quetta); New Zealand [I]; USA [I] (Washington State [I])

11 hun 13 BUL ROM 14 BLR KRY LIT RUS UKR 30 sib 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG CYP IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR 36 CHI 37 MON 40 PAK 51 nzl 73 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula besseriana Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 456 (1961)

= Asperula cincinnata Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 456 (1961)

= Asperula conferta (K.Koch) Stankov; Syst. Classif. Vasc. Pl. Eur. Russ. [Stankov & Taliev] 579 (1949), nom. illeg.

= Asperula debilis Ledeb.; Cat. Hort. Dorpat., Suppl. 2: 2 (1824)

= Asperula dissitiflora Post; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 24: 432 (1888)

= Asperula ghautensis Post; Pl. Postianae 3: 10 (1892)

= Asperula humifusa (M.Bieb.) Besser; Cat. Jard. Bot. Krzemieniec, Suppl. 3: 4 (1811)

= Asperula humifusa f. glaberrima Nábělek; Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 35: 134 (1923)

= Asperula humifusa f. hirsuta Nábělek; Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 35: 134 (1923)

= Asperula humifusa var. aspera Regel & Herder; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(1): 8 (1867)

= Asperula humifusa var. conferta K.Koch; Linnaea 17: 32 (1843)

= Asperula humifusa var. debilis (Ledeb.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 332 (1879)

= Asperula humifusa var. debilis (Ledeb.) Regel & Herder; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(1): 8 (1867)

= Asperula humifusa var. diffusa K.Koch; Linnaea 17: 32 (1843)

= Asperula humifusa var. pycnantha (Boiss.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 45 (1875)

= Asperula humifusa var. trichantha Regel & Herder; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(1): 8 (1867)

= Asperula insuavis Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 708 (1958)

= Asperula pycnantha Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 64 (1849)

= Asperula pycnantha var. lasiocarpa Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 64 (1849)

= Asperula turkestanica Nevski; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 4: 275 (1937), nom. prov.

= Galium apricum Sieber ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 657 (1841)

= Galium cincinnatum (Klokov) Ostapko; Konspekt Fl. Yugo-Vost. Ukrainy 130 (1985), et Minlivist´ Sinantropn. Popul. Rosl. 26 (1997)

= Galium humifusum subsp. besserianum (Klokov) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18(1- 2): 176 (1973)

= Galium humifusum subsp. cincinnatum (Klokov) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18(1-2): 176 (1973)

= Galium humifusum var. confertum (K.Koch) Ančev; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 9: 60 (1989)

= Galium humifusum var. diffusum (K.Koch) Ančev; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 9: 60 (1989)

= Galium humifusum var. lasiocarpum (Boiss.) Meikle; Fl. Cyprus [Meikle] 1: 782, 807 (1977)

= Galium insuave (Pobed.) Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 276 (1970 publ. 1971)

= Galium lenkoranicum Mikheev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 71 (1992)

= Galium parisiense Pall.; Tabl. Phys. Topogr. Taur. 46 (1795), nom. illeg.

= Galium polycarpum Less. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 402 (1844)

= Galium pseudohumifusum Ostapko; Konspekt Fl. Yugo-Vost. Ukrainy 131 (1985), et Minlivist´ Sinantropn. Popul. Rosl. 29 (1997), nom. nov. for Asperula besseriana Klokov

species :

Galium hypoxylon Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 255 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium hyrcanicum C.A.Mey.; Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer. [C.A. von Meyer] 53 (1831)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, C-Iran)

33 ARM AZE 34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium grossheimii Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 720 (1958)

= Galium hyrcanicum var. glabrum Trautv.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 7: 461 (1881)

= Galium hyrcanicum var. puberulum Trautv.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 7: 461 (1881)

= Galium kandavanense Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 206 (1991)

= Galium plurifolium Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 203 (1991)

= Galium subvelutinum subsp. hyrcanicum (C.A.Mey.) Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 369 (1958)

species :

Galium idubedae (Pau ex Debeaux) Pau ex Ehrend.; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 169: 412 (1960)

subspecies :

subsp. idubedae

Distribution: C- & E-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium idubedae var. humile C.Vicioso ex Ortega Oliv. & Devesa; Acta Bot. Malac. 29: 250 (2004)

= Galium pusillum subsp. idubedae (Pau & Debeaux) Vigo; Arxius Secc. Ci. Inst. Estud. Catalans 37: 91 (1968)

= Galium valentinum subsp. idubedae (Pau & Debeaux) Vigo; Arxius Secc. Ci. Inst. Estud. Catalans 37: 91 (1968)

= Galium valentinum var. idubedae Pau & Debeaux; Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 15: 153 (1897)

subspecies :

subsp. javalambrense (López Udias, Mateo & M.B.Crespo) Mateo & M.B.Crespo; Fl. Montiber. 58: 26 (2014)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium javalambrense López Udias, Mateo & M.B.Crespo; Fl. Montiber. 24: 49 (2004)

species :

Galium incanum Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 91 (1806)

subspecies :

subsp. incanum

Distribution: Greece (mountains of C-Greece, Peloponnisos, Mt. Athos, Samothraki); East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Samos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Jordania (S-Jordania)

13 GRC 34 EAI JOR LEB SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium crispulopilosum K.Koch ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 57 (1875)

= Galium orientale Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 38 (1843)

= Galium orientale subvar. incanum (Sm.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium orientale var. alpinum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 38 (1843)

= Galium orientale var. glabrum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 39 (1843)

= Galium orientale var. latifolium Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 57 (1875)

= Galium orientale var. tenerum Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 57 (1875)

= Galium stoloniferum K.Koch; Linnaea 19: 32 (1846)

subspecies :

subsp. centrale Ehrend.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 98: 445 (1951)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium carium Stapf; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 50: 107 (1885)

subspecies :

subsp. creticum Ehrend.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 98: 453 (1951)

Distribution: Crete (Mt. Dikti, ?Lefka Ori)

13 KRI

subspecies :

subsp. elatius (Boiss.) Ehrend.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 98: 454 (1951)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey; Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); N-Syria

33 GEO 34 IRN SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium orientale var. elatius Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 57 (1875)

= Galium grusinum Trautv.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 7: 461 (1881)

subspecies :

subsp. libanoticum Ehrend.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 98: 451 (1951)

Distribution: Turkey; Lebanon; Syria

34 LEB SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium orientale var. hirtum Post; Fl. Syria [Post] 384 (1896)

subspecies :

subsp. pseudocornigerum Ehrend.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 98: 449 (1951)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium incrassatum Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 724 (1901)

Name: Dickblättriges Labkraut (DE); Thick-leaved Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: W-Crete; East Aegaean Isl. (Rhodos)

13 KRI 34 EAI

species :

Galium incurvum Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 92 (1806)

Distribution: Crete (higher mountains)

13 KRI

Remarks: incurvum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium aureum var. incurvum (Sibth. & Sm.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 61 (1875)

species :

Galium intermedium Schult.; Observ. Bot. [Schultes] 22 (1809)

Name: Schultes-Labkraut, Glattes Labkraut (DE), Schultes´ bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, Bayern, Sachsen, Thüringen); Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; ?Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; +Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; Ukraine; USA [I] (California [I])

11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO 13 BIH BUL CRO KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR 76 usa

Remarks: sylvaticum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium aristatum subsp. schultesii (Vest) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium intermedium var. subarcticum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 283 (1866)

= Galium schultesii f. ciliatum (Kucowa) Borza; Fl. Polska 11: 324, 308 (1967)

= Galium schultesii var. nikolicii Gajić; Fl. Veg. Golija Javor 570 (1989)

= Galium schultesii Vest; Flora 4: 530 (1821)

= Galium sylvaticum subsp. schultesii (Vest) Vollm.; Fl. Bayern [Vollmann] 691 (1914)

= Galium sylvaticum var. angustifolium Heuff.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8(Abh.): 88 (1858)

species :

Galium intricatum Margot & Reut.; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8: 304 (1839)

Distribution: S-Albania; ?North Macedonia; Greece (widespread mainland, Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., NW-Evvoia)

13 ALB GRC

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium intricatum var. trichophorum Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 331 (1879)

= Galium intricatum var. zacynthium (Reut.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 331 (1879)

= Galium microcarpon Friv. ex Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 162 (1846)

= Galium trichopharum Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 161 (1846)

= Galium zacynthium Reut.; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8: 304 (1839)

= Galium zacynthium var. intricatum (Margot & Reut.) Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 724 (1901)

species :

Galium ionicum Krendl; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 108: 265 (2007)

Distribution: W-Greece (Kerkyra, Paxos, Andipaxos, Lefkada, Kefalonia, Zakynthos)

13 GRC

species :

Galium iranicum Hausskn. ex Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19 2: 266 (1906)

Distribution: W-Iran

34 IRN

species :

Galium irinae Pachom.; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 367 (1987)

Distribution: Tajikistan

32 TZK

species :

Galium isauricum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 259, t. 2, f. c (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium japonicum Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 9: 311 (1895)

Distribution: South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

38 JAP KOR

Remarks: often included in G. triflorum s. l.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium nipponicum Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 32: 158 (1908), nom. superfl.

= Galium trifloriforme var. nipponicum Nakai; Enum. Pl. Corea 324 (1922)

species :

Galium javanicum Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 943 (1826)

Distribution: Java

42 JAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium elegans var. javanicum (Blume) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 1029 (1936)

= Galium rotundifolium var. javanicum (Blume) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 205 (1881)

variant :

var. pulneyense R.Bhattacharjee; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30(3): 486 (2006)

Distribution: India (Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

species :

Galium judaicum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 69 (1849)

Distribution: Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jbel Druze); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Jordania (W-Jordania)

34 ISR JOR LEB SYR

species :

Galium junghuhnianum Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 340 (1857)

Distribution: Java

42 JAW

species :

Galium kaganense R.Bhattacharjee; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 48(1-4): 69 (2006)

Distribution: Pakistan

40 PAK

species :

Galium karataviense (Pavlov) Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 278 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang)

32 KAZ 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula karataviensis Pavlov; Vĕstn. Akad. Nauk Kazakhsk. S.S.R., No. 4 (73) 95 (1951)

species :

Galium karliovaense Yıld. & Kiliç; Ot Sist. Bot. Derg. 25(2): 33 (2018)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium kasachstanicum Pachom.; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 368 (1987)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

species :

Galium kenyanum Verdc.; Kew Bull. 28(3): 493 (1973 publ. 1974)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

species :

Galium kerneri Degen & Dörfl.; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 64: 723 (1897)

Distribution: W-North Macedonia; S-Albania; N-Greece (Mt. Voras)

13 ALB GRC NMA

species :

Galium khorasanense Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 252 (1854)

Distribution: Afghanistan

34 AFG

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Galium kikumuyura Ohwi; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 6: 149 (1937)

Distribution: South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP KOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium brachypodum Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 19: 280 (1874), non Jord.

species :

Galium kitaibelianum Schult. & Schult.f.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.] 163 (1827)

Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; SW- & C-Romania

13 KOS ROM SRB

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium dacicum Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 37: 163 (1890)

= Galium sylvaticum subsp. kitaibelianum (Schult.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 326 (1879)

species :

Galium krylovianum (Serg.) Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 277 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula kryloviana Serg.; Trudy Biol. Naučno-Issl. Inst. Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 2: 69 (1936)

species :

Galium kuetzingii Boiss. & Buhse; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 109 (1860)

Distribution: Azerbaijan; NW-Iran (Gilan)

33 AZE 34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium meyeri Grossh.; Trudy Tiflissk. Bot. Sada, Ser. 2, 1: 28 (1920)

= Galium verum var. kuetzingii (Boiss. & Buhse) Bornm.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 6: 776 (1906)

species :

Galium kulluense Anant Kumar, Ranjan & S.C.Srivast.; J. Jap. Bot. 88: 164 (2013)

Distribution: N-India (Himachal Pradesh)

40 IND

species :

Galium kurdicum Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 37 (1843)

Distribution: SE-Turkey; NE-Iraq

34 IRQ TUR

species :

Galium laconicum Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 1(6): 66 (1846 publ. 1847)

Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (local mountains of N- & C-Greece, Evvoia, Mt. Killini, Mt. Parnonas)

13 BUL GRC KOS SRB TUE

Remarks: sylvaticum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium sylvaticum subsp. laconicum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Stoj. & Stef.; Fl. Bulg. [Stojanov & Stefanoff] 2: 1016 (1925)

species :

Galium laevigatum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus], ed. 2: 1667 (1763)

Name: Glattes Labkraut

Distribution: Switzerland; Austria; NE-Spain; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina

11 AUT SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 BIH CRO ITA SLV

Remarks: sylvaticum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium atrovirens Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées, Suppl. 22 (1818)

= Galium linifolium var. rigidulum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 593 (1830)

= Galium sylvaticum subsp. laevigatum (L.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 311 (1882), nom. illeg.

= Galium sylvaticum subsp. laevigatum (L.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 100 (1983), isonym

= Galium sylvaticum var. atrovirens (Lapeyr.) Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 21 (1850)

= Galium sylvaticum var. depauperatum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 23 (1903)

= Galium sylvaticum var. pyrenaicum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 21 (1850)

species :

Galium lasianthum (Nakai) M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 309 (2017)

Distribution: North Korea; South Korea

38 KOR NKO

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula lasiantha Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 120 (1938)

species :

Galium lasiocarpum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 42 (1843)

Distribution: Turkey (SE-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium latens (Blanca, S.Ben-Menni, H.Blanca, Cueto, J.Fuentes, Ortega Oliv. & Suár.-Sant.) comb.ined.

Distribution: S-Spain (Granada, Jaén)

12 SPA

Remarks: embedded in Galium fide Kadereit & Schneeweis 2026, but new combination seems not to have been made.

Synonyms: hidden

= Castrila latens Blanca, S.Ben-Menni, H.Blanca, Cueto, J.Fuentes, Ortega Oliv. & Suár.-Sant.; Taxon 73(x): [11 of 15] (2024)

species :

Galium libanoticum Ehrend.; Ark. Bot., a. s. 5: 414 (1960)

Distribution: Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains)

34 LEB SYR

species :

Galium lidaoense S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 7: 171 (2024)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium lishanense S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 5: 119 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium litorale Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 172 (1827)

Distribution: W-Sicily

13 SIC

species :

Galium lovcense Urum.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 49: 55 (1899)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; Turkey

13 ALB BUL NMA 34 TUR

Remarks: often included in G. rhodopeum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium erectum var. lovcense (Urum.) Stoj.; Izv. Bulg. Bot. Družh. 5: 109 (1932)

= Galium heldreichii f. lovcense (Urum.) Ančev; Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 28: 1534 (1975)

= Galium heldreichii subsp. protopycnotrichum (Ehrend. & Krendl) Ančev; Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 28: 1534 (1975)

= Galium heldreichii var. obovatum Ančev; Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 28: 1534 (1975)

= Galium protopycnotrichum Ehrend. & Krendl; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 68: 270 (1974)

species :

Galium lucidum All.; Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 5 (1773)

subspecies :

subsp. lucidum

Name: Glanz-Labkraut

Distribution: Germany [I]; Spain; Baleares (Ibiza, Mallorca)

11 ger 12 BAL SPA

Remarks: lucidum agg. References for C- and E-Mediterranean belong to G. corrudifolium

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium affine Schult. & Schult.f.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.]: 172 (1827), nom. illeg.

= Galium atlanticum Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 76 (1874), nom. illeg., non Ball

= Galium bermudianum L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 117 (1767), nom. illeg.

= Galium betetae Caball.; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 2: 238 (1942)

= Galium corrudifolium var. mauritii Sennen; Cat. Fl. Rif Orient. 54 (1933), nomen

= Galium erectum var. lucidum (All.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 596 (1830)

= Galium erectum var. prostratum Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 286 (1840)

= Galium erectum var. rigidum (Vill.) Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 23 (1850)

= Galium errans Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 73: 651 (1926 publ. 1927)

= Galium gerardi Vill.; Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 19 (1779)

= Galium lucidum subsp. rigidum (Vill.) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 5: 38 (1922)

= Galium lucidum var. abruptorum (Pomel) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 397 (1890)

= Galium lucidum var. angustifolium M.Loehr; Enum. Fl. Deutschland 302 (1852)

= Galium lucidum var. atlanticum Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 397 (1890)

= Galium lucidum var. fontanesianum (Pomel) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 397 (1890)

= Galium lucidum var. scabridum (DC.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 214 (1914)

= Galium mollugo subsp. gerardi (Vill.) Briq.; Fl. Schweiz [Schinz] 489 (1900)

= Galium mollugo subsp. lucidum (All.) Schinz & Thell.; Fl. Schweiz [Schinz], ed. 3, 2: 321 (1914)

= Galium mollugo var. lucidum (All.) Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 492 (1927)

= Galium mollugo var. rigidum (Vill.) Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 5(2): 136 (1915)

= Galium petrosum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 284 (1866)

= Galium reflexifolium Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 27: 174 (1928 publ. 1929)

= Galium rigidum var. longipes Pau ex Marcet; Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Secc. Biol. 48: 99 (1950)

= Galium rigidum var. tenuissimum Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 315 (1868)

= Galium rigidum Vill.; Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 1: 256, 283 (1786)

= Galium viridulum var. umbelliflorum Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 27: 174 (1929)

= Rubia rigida (Vill.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 372 (1880)

subspecies :

subsp. fruticescens (Cav.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 100 (1983)

Distribution: NC- & E-Spain; Andorra

12 ADO SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium aciphyllum var. caespitosum Willk. & Costa; Linnaea 30: 102 (1859)

= Galium aciphyllum var. longicaule Willk. & Costa; Linnaea 30: 101 (1859)

= Galium aciphyllum Willk. & Costa; Linnaea 30: 101 (1859 publ. 1860)

= Galium fruticescens [unranked] aciphyllum (Willk. & Costa) Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 314 (1868)

= Galium fruticescens Cav.; Icon. [Cavanilles] 3: 3 (1795)

= Galium fruticescens var. aciphyllum (Willk. & Costa) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium lucidum var. aciphyllum (Willk. & Costa) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 100 (1983)

= Galium lucidum var. fruticescens (Cav.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 100 (1983)

= Galium mollugo subsp. fruticescens (Cav.) A.Bolòs & O.Bolòs; Veg. Com. Barcelona 499 (1950)

subspecies :

subsp. krendlii Natali; Candollea 53(2): 500 (1998)

Distribution: Corsica

12 COR

subspecies :

subsp. venustum (Jord.) Natali; Candollea 53(2): 503 (1998)

Distribution: Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino

11 AUT LIE SWI 12 COR FRA SAR 13 ITA SIC SMA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium bernardii Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 23 (1850)

= Galium gerardi var. bernardii (Gren.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 149 (1902)

= Galium gerardi var. venustum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 149 (1902)

= Galium lucidum subsp. bernardii (Gren. & Godr.) Natali; Candollea 53: 496 (1998)

= Galium mollugo var. bernardii (Gren. & Godr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 17 (1903)

= Galium mollugo var. venustum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 17 (1903)

= Galium roseolum Mabille; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 25: xlv (1878)

= Galium venustum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 117 (1846)

species :

Galium macedonicum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 121 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Bulgaria; N-Greece (Mt. Vrondous)

13 BUL GRC NMA

Remarks: doubtfully distinct from G. asparagifolium

species :

Galium magellense Ten.; Viagg. Abruzz. [Tenore] 48 (1832)

Distribution: Italy (C- & S-Appennini)

13 ITA

Remarks: baldense agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pusillum subsp. magellense (Ten.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 326 (1879)

species :

Galium mahadivense G.Singh; Forest Fl. Srinagar [Singh & Kachroo] 125 (1976), as ´mahadivensis´

Distribution: NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium gymnopetalum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 155 (1-4): 78 (1987)

species :

Galium maneauense P.Royen; Alpine Fl. New Guinea 4: 2772 (1983)

Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG

species :

Galium marchandii Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 528 (1818)

Distribution: N-Spain (Cordillera Cantabrica, Pyrénées); Andorra; C-France

12 ADO FRA SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium commune var. lapeyrouseanum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 142, 143 (1902)

= Galium lapeyrouseanum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 154 (1846)

= Galium lapeyrouseanum var. glabrum Timb.-Lagr.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 128, 145 (1864)

= Galium pumilum subsp. marchandii (Roem. & Schult.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 100 (1983)

= Galium sylvestre unranked commutatum (Jord.) Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 320 (1868)

= Galium sylvestre unranked lapeyrousianum (Jord.) Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 319 (1868)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. lapeyrouseanum (Jord.) Berher; Fl. Vosges [Louis], éd. 2: 124 (1887)

= Galium sylvestre var. lapeyrouseanum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium sylvestre var. lapeyrousianum (Jord.) Losa & P.Monts.; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 1: 166 (1947)

= Galium sylvestre var. lapeyrousianum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium umbellatum var. lapeyrouseanum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 141 (1902)

species :

Galium margaceum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 249 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium margaritaceum A.Kern.; Z. Ferdinandeums Tirol, Ser. 3, 15: 252 (1870)

Distribution: NE-Italy (SE-Alps)

13 ITA

Remarks: baldense agg.

species :

Galium maritimum L.; Mant. Pl. 38 (1767)

Distribution: NE-Spain; Andorra; S-France

12 ADO FRA SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium bertrandii Sennen & Gonzalo; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1925: no. 5478 (1925)

= Galium gonzaloi Sennen; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1925: no. 5477 (1925)

= Galium maritimum f. luteum (Rouy & E.G.Camus) P.Monts.; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 5: 644 (1958), nom. inval.

= Galium maritimum subsp. luteum (Rouy & E.G.Camus) P.Monts.; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 5: 644 (1958), nom. inval.

= Galium maritimum subvar. luteum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 11 (1903)

= Galium maritimum var. angustifolium Sennen; Bull. Géogr. Bot. 24: 223 (1914)

= Galium maritimum var. densiflorum Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 311 (1868), nom. illeg.

= Galium maritimum var. latifolium Sennen; Bull. Soc. Franç. Échange Pl. Vasc. 11: 33 (1921)

= Galium maritimum var. laxiflorum Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 311 (1868)

= Galium maritimum var. luteiflorum Sennen; Bull. Soc. Franç. Échange Pl. 11: 32 (1921)

= Galium maritimum var. rubriflorum Sennen; Bull. Soc. Franç. Échange Pl. 11: 32 (1921)

= Galium maritimum var. villosum (Lam.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 602 (1830)

= Galium villosum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 583 (1788)

= Galium ×angustifolium (Sennen) Sennen; Treb. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 135: 81 (1917), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium megacyttarion R.R.Mill; Edinburgh J. Bot. 53(2): 200 (1996)

Distribution: ?China (?Sichuan); Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Chumbi)

36 TIB 40 BHU IND NEP

variant :

var. trichanthum (Cufod.) R.Bhattacharjee; Fl. Pl. India Annot. Checkl. 1: 657 (2020)

Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium acutum var. trichanthum Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 239 (1940)

species :

Galium megalanthum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 67 (1846)

Distribution: Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran)

34 IRN IRQ

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium handelii Nábělek; Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 35: 134 (1923), nom. superfl.

= Galium leiophyllum var. glabrum Boiss.; (1843) (p. p., incl. typo, nom. superfl.)

= Galium pseudomegalanthum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 206 (1991)

= Galium psilophyllum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 127: 304 (1977) (nom. nov. superfl.)

= Galium subvelutinum subsp. megalanthum (Boiss.) Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 367 (1958)

species :

Galium megalospermum All.; Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 9 (1773)

Name: Schweizer Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; France; Italy; Croatia

11 AUT GER LIE SWI 12 FRA 13 CRO ITA

Remarks: helveticum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium cenisium Arv.-Touv.; Essai Pl. Dauphiné 33 (1871)

= Galium helveticum var. allionii Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 39 (1903)

= Galium helveticum var. cenisium (Arv.-Touv.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 38 (1903)

= Galium helveticum var. elongatum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 37 (1850)

= Galium montanum Vill.; Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 2: 317b (1787), nom. illeg.

= Galium prostratum Haller ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 228 (1818)

= Galium pusillum Vill.; Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 2: 324 (1787), nom. illeg.

= Galium rupicola Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 2: 108 (1835), nom. illeg.

= Galium sylvestre subsp. virens Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 432 (1828)

= Galium sylvestre var. montanum Klett & Richt.; Fl. Leipzig 145 (1830)

= Galium villarsii Gaudin ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 220 (1818)

species :

Galium melanantherum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 1(6): 68 (1846 publ. 1847)

Distribution: C-Greece (Attiki, Evvoia, Andros, Naxos, SE-Peloponnisos)

13 GRC

Remarks: incurvum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium melanantherum var. brevifolium Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 4: 68 (1846)

species :

Galium meliodorum (Beck) Fritsch; Excursionsfl. Oesterreich, ed. 2: 573 (1909)

Distribution: Austria; Bosnia & Hercegovina

11 AUT 13 BIH

Remarks: lucidum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium lucidum var. meliodorum Beck; Hernstein Niederösterr. 251 (1886)

species :

Galium membranaceum Ehrend.; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 56: 229 (1948)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium mexicanum Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 337 (1818)

subspecies :

subsp. mexicanum

Name: Mexican bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Isla Guadalupe; Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Putumayo); Venezuela (Aragua, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Miranda, Monagas, Sucre, Tachira)

77 USA 79 GLP MEX 80 BLZ COS GUA HON NIC PAN 82 CLM VEN

Remarks: possibly in Trichogalium

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium caripense Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 337 (1819)

= Galium granadense Willd.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.] 186 (1827)

= Galium mexicanum var. glabratum Greenm.; Contr. Gray Herb. 14: 458 (1898)

= Galium mexicanum var. platyphyllum Greenm.; Contr. Gray Herb. 14: 458 (1898)

= Galium piliferum Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 337 (1819)

subspecies :

subsp. asperrimum (A.Gray) Dempster; Madroño 23: 384 (1976)

Distribution: USA (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico); Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Oaxaca, Coahuila)

73 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asperrimum A.Gray; Pl. Fendler. 60 (1879)

= Galium mexicanum var. asperrimum (A.Gray) B.L.Turner; Sida, Bot. Misc. 24: 8 (2003), isonym

= Galium mexicanum var. asperrimum (A.Gray) L.C.Higgins & S.L.Welsh; Great Basin Naturalist 46(2): 260 (1986)

subspecies :

subsp. asperulum (A.Gray) Dempster; Madroño 23(7): 384 (1976)

Distribution: Canada (British Columbia); USA (California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington State)

71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asperrimum var. asperulum A.Gray; Bot. California [W.H.Brewer] 1: 284 (1880)

= Galium asperulum (A.Gray) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 809 (1917)

= Galium mexicanum var. asperulum (A.Gray) Dempster; Brittonia 10: 187 (1958)

subspecies :

subsp. flexicum Dempster; Madroño 23: 384 (1976)

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Sonora, Coahuila, etc.)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium mexicanum var. flexicum (Dempster) B.L.Turner; Sida, Bot. Misc. 24: 8 (2003)

species :

Galium microchiasma Gilli; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 83: 459 (1979 publ. 1980)

Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG

species :

Galium minutulum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 182 (1846)

Distribution: Portugal; Spain (S-, C- & NE-Spain); France; Italy

12 FRA POR SPA 13 ITA

species :

Galium mirum Rech.f.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 69: 512 (1939)

Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; Bulgaria; NE-Greece (incl. Thasos, Samothraki)

13 BUL GRC KOS SRB

Remarks: incurvum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium capreum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 119 (1986-1987 publ. 1988) (fide Strid 2024)

= Galium thracicum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 114 (1986-1987 publ. 1988) (fide Strid 2024)

species :

Galium mite Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 37 (1843)

Distribution: Armenia; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, W-Iran)

33 ARM 34 IRN IRQ TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium mite var. roseum Ghahr.; Fl. Iran [Ghahreman] 22: no. 2692 (2001), nom. inval.

= Galium subvelutinum subsp. mite (Boiss. & Hohen.) Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 365 (1958)

species :

Galium moldavicum (Dobrescu) Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 50 (1975)

Distribution: Romania; Moldova

13 ROM 14 MLD

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula moldavica Dobrocz.; Commun. Acad. R. P. Rom. 4: 389 (1954)

species :

Galium mollugo L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 107 (1753) s. str.

Name: Echtes Wiesen-Labkraut (DE), False baby´s breath (EN)

Distribution: ?Sweden; Netherlands; ?Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl.; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; ?Bulgaria; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Egypt (SE-Egypt); Siberia (Altay [I], Buryatia [I], Irkutsk [I], SW-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Kuril Isl. [I], Magadan [I], Primorye [I], Chukotka [I]); Northern Caucasus; ?Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; ?Azerbaijan; New Zealand [I]; Greenland [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Labrador [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Delaware [I], Georgia [I], Iowa [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kentucky [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Mississippi [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I], Wyoming [I]); Argentina [I]

11 AUT CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH CRO ITA KOS ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 EGY 30 SIB 31 rfe 33 ARM NCS 51 nzl 70 gnl 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 85 arg

Remarks: mollugo agg. See also G. album which is often combined with G. mollugo. In Central Europe G. mollugo is the more frequent species.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galion molluginum St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 113, 126 (1880)

= Galium album Garsault; Fig. Pl. Méd., t. 285 (1764), opus utique oppr.

= Galium amani Kotschy ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 54 (1875)

= Galium aristatum Sm.; Engl. Fl. 1: 203 (1824), nom. superfl.

= Galium attenuatum Klokov & Zaver.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1974: 82 (1974)

= Galium beilanense Kotschy ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 54 (1875)

= Galium besseri Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 464 (1961)

= Galium bielzii Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 285 (1866)

= Galium bocconei Ten. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 657 (1841), nom. illeg.

= Galium boreale var. alpinum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 418 (1828)

= Galium boreale var. latifolium Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 1: 122 (1827)

= Galium boreale var. medium Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 418 (1828)

= Galium calcareum (Albov) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 719 (1958)

= Galium capsiriense Jeanb. ex Timb.-Lagr.; Bull. Soc. Sci. Phys. Nat. Toulouse 6: 155 (1883)

= Galium chloranthum (Schur) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 250 (1965), nom. illeg.

= Galium corrudifolium var. pallidulum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 149 (1902)

= Galium corrudifolium Willk.; Flora 35: 540 (1852), nom. illeg.

= Galium diffusum D.Don; Fl. Scot. 52 (1821), nom. illeg.

= Galium elatum var. clivale Fr.; Novit. Fl. Suec. Alt. 23 (1828)

= Galium elatum var. insubricum (Gaudin) St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 388 (1889)

= Galium elatum var. latifolium Leers; Fl. Herborn. 115 (1775)

= Galium elatum var. umbrosum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 22 (1850)

= Galium erectum var. approximatum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 596 (1830)

= Galium erectum var. aristatum Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 324 (1879)

= Galium erectum var. bielzii (Schur) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium erectum var. boreanum Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 147 (1902)

= Galium erectum var. calcareum Albov; Trudy Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 1: 123 (1895)

= Galium erectum var. diffusum (D.Don) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 324 (1879)

= Galium erectum var. petreum (Schur) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 324 (1879)

= Galium erectum var. pseudocinereum (Schur) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium erectum var. pubescens Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 324 (1879)

= Galium erectum var. scabridulum Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 147 (1902)

= Galium erectum var. tyrolense (Willd.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 324 (1879)

= Galium flaccidum Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 58 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Galium gerardi var. falcatum Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 315 (1868)

= Galium gerardi var. tenuissimum Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 315 (1868)

= Galium gerardi var. viridulum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 149 (1902)

= Galium ibericum D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 464 (1839)

= Galium insubricum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 421 (1828)

= Galium kernerianum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 466 (1961)

= Galium lucidum f. brachyphyllum H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 145 (1932)

= Galium lucidum M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 104 (1808), nom. illeg.

= Galium lucidum subvar. viridulum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium lucidum var. viridulum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium lucidum W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 333 (1835 publ. 1836), nom. illeg.

= Galium molle Gilib.; Exerc. Phyt. 1: 22 (1792), opus utique oppr.

= Galium mollugo f. brachyphyllum (H.Lindb.) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc [Jahandiez et al.] 3: 713 (1934)

= Galium mollugo f. congesta Heintze; Bot. Not. 1900: 279 (1900)

= Galium mollugo f. nemorosum (Wierzb.) Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 161 (1892)

= Galium mollugo subsp. erectum (Huds.) Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 4: 217 (1865)

= Galium mollugo subsp. insubricum (Gaudin) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 311 (1882)

= Galium mollugo subsp. marmaricum Maire & Weiller; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 281 (1939)

= Galium mollugo subsp. tyrolense (Willd.) Hayek; Fl. Steiermark 2: 380 (1912)

= Galium mollugo var. aristatum Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 4: 217 (1865)

= Galium mollugo var. boreanum (Rouy) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 15 (1903)

= Galium mollugo var. caespitosum Pau ex Marcet; Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Secc. Biol. 48: 98 (1950)

= Galium mollugo var. chloranthum Schur; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 33: 228 (1894)

= Galium mollugo var. clivale Fr.; Novit. Fl. Svec. 5: 66 (1819)

= Galium mollugo var. elatum DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4: 254 (1805)

= Galium mollugo var. elatum Lej.; Rev. Fl. Spa 35 (1825), nom. illeg.

= Galium mollugo var. elatum Mérat; Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris 59 (1812), nom. illeg.

= Galium mollugo var. erectum (Huds.) Fr.; Novit. Fl. Svec. 5: 66 (1819)

= Galium mollugo var. erectum (Huds.) Piré & F.Muell.; Man. Fl. Belgique, ed. 2: 90 (1866), nom. superfl.

= Galium mollugo var. falcatum (Lange) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 17 (1903)

= Galium mollugo var. insubricum (Gaudin) Bab.; Man. Brit. Bot. [Babington] 143 (1843)

= Galium mollugo var. insubricum (Gaudin) Gremli; Excursionsfl. Schweiz, ed. 2: 218 (1870)

= Galium mollugo var. maritimum Pauquy; Stat. Bot. 183 (1831)

= Galium mollugo var. mutabile Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 75 (1820)

= Galium mollugo var. nemorale Heintze; Bot. Not. 1900: 279 (1900)

= Galium mollugo var. pallidulum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 18 (1903)

= Galium mollugo var. pauciflorum Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 55 (1822)

= Galium mollugo var. racemosum Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 502 (1822)

= Galium mollugo var. scabridulum (Rouy) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 15 (1903)

= Galium mollugo var. scabrum Mérat; Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris 59 (1812)

= Galium mollugo var. scabrum Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 89 (1836)

= Galium mollugo var. tenuissimum (Lange) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 17 (1903)

= Galium mollugo var. tyrolense (Willd.) Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 164 (1892)

= Galium mollugo var. tyrolense (Willd.) Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 3 (Clav. Enum. Gen.): XX (1833)

= Galium mollugo var. umbrosum (Gren.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 14 (1903), nom. illeg.

= Galium mollugo var. umbrosum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 22 (1850)

= Galium mollugo var. vertesense Boros; Bot. Közlem. 35: 317 (1938)

= Galium mollugo var. virgatum Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 502 (1822)

= Galium mollugo var. virgultorum (Lamotte) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium mollugo var. viridulum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 17 (1903)

= Galium nemorosum Wierzb. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 324 (1879)

= Galium oligotrichum Borbás; Magyar Növényt. Lapok 8: 122 (1884), non Simonk.

= Galium pallescens Jan; Elench. Pl. [Jan] 2: 70 (1831), nom. illeg., non C. Presl

= Galium pallidulum Jord.; Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci., Sér. 2, 1: 80 (1852)

= Galium paulianum F.W.Schultz; Arch. Fl. 1(1): 158 (1855)

= Galium petraeum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 284 (1866)

= Galium provinciale Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 581 (1788)

= Galium pseudocinereum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 285 (1866)

= Galium pseudomollugo Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 464 (1961)

= Galium pseudorubioides Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 32 (1853)

= Galium pubescens Schrad. ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 210 (1831), nom. inval.

= Galium rubioides var. pseudorubioides (Schur) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium scabrum With.; Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 3, 2: 190 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Galium splendens Hornem.; Hort. Bot. Hafn., Suppl. 17 (1819)

= Galium tyrolense Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 153 (1809)

= Galium virgultorum Lamotte; Prodr. Fl. Plat. Centr. 2: 360 (1881)

= Galium viridulum Jord.; Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci., Sér. 2, 1: 79 (1852)

= Galium vulgare Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 483 (1821)

= Galium vulgare var. scabrum Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 483 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. paulianum (F.W.Schultz) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 20 (1903)

= Rubia mollugo (L.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 372 (1880)

species :

Galium monachinii Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 2(10): 67 (1849)

Distribution: Greece (Attiki, Naxos, Milos); Crete (mountains); East Aegaean Isl. (Karpathos)

13 GRC KRI 34 EAI

species :

Galium monticola Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 36 (1865)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Galium montis-arerae Merxm. & Ehrend.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 104: 228 (1957)

Distribution: N-Italy (Alpi Bergamasche)

13 ITA

Remarks: lucidum agg.

species :

Galium moralesianum Ortega Oliv. & Devesa; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 143(2): 178 (2003)

Distribution: SE-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium boissieranum subsp. moralesianum (Ortega Oliv. & Devesa) Agulló, M.A.Alonso, Juan, J.L.Villar & M.B.Crespo; Lazaroa 31: 160 (2010)

species :

Galium mucroniferum Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 37 (1865)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium mucronatum E.Mey. ex Harv. & Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 37 (1865), nom. illeg.

variant :

var. dregeanum (Sond.) Puff; J. S. African Bot. 44(3): 260 (1978)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho

27 LES SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium dregeanum Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 38 (1865)

species :

Galium murale (L.) All.; Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 8 (1773)

Name: Yellow wall bedstraw (EN); Mauer-Labkraut (DE); Raspilla menuda (ES)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); San Marino; Croatia; Albania; European Turkey; Greece (widespread C- & S-Greece incl. most islands, rare in the North); Crete (widespread, incl. islets); Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (N-Egypt); Azores (Sao Miguel Isl., Graciosa, Pico, Faial); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Ilhas Desertas, Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Cape Verde Isl.; Somalia; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos, Kastellorhizo Isl.); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran; Afghanistan (Badghys); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Palestine; Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; USA [I] (California [I]); Chile [I] (Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Biobío [I])

11 ger 12 BAL COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB CRO GRC ITA KRI PEL PTL SIC SMA TUE 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY CVI MDR 24 SOM 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB PAL SIN SYR TUR 50 aus 51 nzl 76 usa 85 cle

Synonyms: hidden

= Aparinanthus muralis (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868)

= Aparine minima All. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 610 (1830)

= Aspera nutans Moench; Methodus [Moench] 641 (1794), nom. superfl.

= Galium apsheronicum Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 710 (1958)

= Galium calvipes Pau; Trab. Mus. Nac. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot. 14: 36 (1918)

= Galium filiforme (Aiton) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 252 (1818)

= Galium fragile Pourr. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 610 (1830)

= Galium minimum Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 262 (1818), nom. superfl.

= Galium murale f. hispidulum H.Lindb.; Öfvers. Finska Vetensk.-Soc. Förh. 48(13): 102 (1906)

= Galium murale f. laeve H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 145 (1932)

= Galium murale f. villosum Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: 138 (1900)

= Galium murale var. balearicum Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 27: 182 (1929)

= Galium murale var. laxum Lange; Overs. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. Medlemmers Arbeider 1893: 195 (1893)

= Galium murale var. troodi H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 2(7): 32 (1946)

= Sherardia muralis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 103 (1753)

= Valantia filiformis Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 3: 428 (1789)

= Valantia rupestris Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 384 (1779)

species :

Galium nabelekii Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 127: 302 (1977)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran)

34 IRN IRQ TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium handelii Nab.; (1923) (nom. illeg., p. p.)

species :

Galium nanhumontanum S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 4: 23 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium nepalense Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 155 (1-4): 82 (1987)

Distribution: Nepal

40 NEP

species :

Galium nevadense Boiss. & Reut.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(2): 115 (1856)

Distribution: S-Spain (mountains); ?Morocco

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium mollugo var. nevadense (Boiss. & Reut.) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc [Jahandiez et al.] 3: 713 (1934)

= Galium nevadense var. vestitum Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 8: 120 (1909)

= Galium sylvestre var. nevadense (Boiss. & Reut.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

species :

Galium nigdeense Yıld.; Ot Sist. Bot. Derg. 17(2): 101 (2010)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium nigricans Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 48 (1843)

Distribution: Egypt; Turkey (E-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Syria; Palestine

20 EGY 34 IRN IRQ PAL SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium syriacum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 47 (1843)

= Galium aleppicum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 50 (1843)

= Galium vulcanicum Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 70 (1843)

species :

Galium noli-tangere Ball; J. Bot. 11: 335 (1873)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

species :

Galium noricum Ehrend.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 100: 672 (1953)

Name: Norisches Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Austria; NE-Italy; S-Slovenia

11 AUT GER 13 ITA

Remarks: baldense agg.

species :

Galium normanii Dahl; Skr. Vidensk.-Selsk. Christiania, Math.-Naturvidensk. Kl. (1914): 136 (1915)

Name: Isländisches Labkraut (DE), Icelandic Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Iceland; W-Norway

10 ICE NOR

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium normanii var. islandicum (Sterner ex Hyl.) Á.Löve; Taxon 19: 301 (1970), nom. inval.

= Galium pumilum subsp. islandicum Sterner; Acta Horti Gothob. 15: 213 (1944), nom. inval.

= Galium pumilum subsp. normanii (Dahl) Nordh.; Norsk Fl. [Nordhagen] 609 (1940)

= Galium sylvestre var. chlorananthum Norman; Arch. Math. Naturvid. 8: 69 (1883)

species :

Galium novoguineense Diels; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 62: 493 (1929)

Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG

species :

Galium numidicum Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 293 (1875)

Distribution: Algeria

20 ALG

species :

Galium nupercreatum Popov; Trudy Prikl. Bot. Selekts. 17(1): 278 (1927)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; S-Iran; Afghanistan (Samangan)

32 TZK UZB 34 AFG IRN

species :

Galium obliquum Vill.; Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 19 (1779)

subspecies :

subsp. obliquum

Distribution: France; Italy (Cévennes, Jura, SW-Alps, Appennini)

12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: rubrum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium alpicola Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 131 (1846)

= Galium brachypodum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 130 (1846)

= Galium corsicum subsp. brachypodum (Jord.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] (1882)

= Galium corsicum Tausch; Flora 14: 221 (1831), nom. illeg.

= Galium gracilentum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 126 (1846)

= Galium jordanii subsp. gracilentum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium laetum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 133 (1846)

= Galium leucophaeum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 28 (1850)

= Galium luteolum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 128 (1846)

= Galium mucronatum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 581 (1788)

= Galium myrianthum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 126 (1846)

= Galium myrianthum var. rubriflorum St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 390 (1889)

= Galium obliquum subsp. prostii (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium obliquum subvar. myrianthum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium obliquum var. alpicola (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium obliquum var. brachypodum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium obliquum var. leucophaeum (Gren. & Godr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium obliquum var. luteolum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium obliquum var. pseudomyrianthum (Gennari) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium obliquum var. rubriflorum Cariot & St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 390 (1889)

= Galium obliquum var. tomophyllum (Gand.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium pallens Thuill.; Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 2: 77 (1799)

= Galium prostii Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 123 (1846)

= Galium pseudomyrianthum Gennari; Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 17: 466 (1858)

= Galium rubidum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 121 (1846)

= Galium rubrum subsp. mucronatum (Lam.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 329 (1879)

= Galium rubrum subsp. obliquum (Vill.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 26 (1903)

= Galium rubrum subsp. prostii (Jord.) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 5: 36 (1922)

= Galium rubrum subsp. rubidum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 329 (1879)

= Galium rubrum subvar. rubriflorum (Cariot & St.-Lag.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 27 (1903)

= Galium rubrum var. alpicola (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 28 (1903)

= Galium rubrum var. brachypodum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 28 (1903)

= Galium rubrum var. gracilentum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 28 (1903)

= Galium rubrum var. laetum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 28 (1903)

= Galium rubrum var. leucophaeum (Gren. & Godr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 28 (1903)

= Galium rubrum var. luteolum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 28 (1903)

= Galium rubrum var. myrianthum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 27 (1903)

= Galium rubrum var. rubidum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 27 (1903)

= Galium rubrum var. rubriflorum Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 5(2): 142 (1915)

= Galium tomophyllum Gand.; Fl. Lyon. [Gandoger] 114 (1875)

subspecies :

subsp. neoluteolum Arrigoni; Fl. Analítica Toscana 6: 354 (2019)

Distribution: Italy

13 ITA

species :

Galium octonarium (Klokov) Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 278 (1971)

Distribution: ?Poland; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Kazakhstan

13 BUL ROM TUE 14 KRY RUS UKR 32 KAZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula octonaria Klokov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 18: 229 (1957)

= Asperula tomentella Dubovik; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 21(2): 93 (1964)

= Galium dubovicii Ostapko; Konspekt Fl. Yugo-Vost. Ukrainy 130 (1985), nom. nov. for Asperula tomentella Dubovik

species :

Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 105 (1771)

Name: Waldmeister (DE), Woodruff, Sweetscented Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man [I], Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; NE-Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl. (Jersey); Corsica; Italy; Sicily; Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (mountains of N-Greece, rare C-Greece, N-Peloponnisos, Thasos); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Algeria; Siberia (Altay, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, SW-Siberia, Siberian Urals); Russian Far East (Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, W-Iran); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shandong, Sichuan); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Pakistan (Kurram); Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (Colorado [I], Delaware [I], Georgia [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], North Carolina [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Virginia [I], Washington State [I])

10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS COR FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MLT MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO 40 PAK 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 75 usa 78 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula eugeniae K.Richt.; Abh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38: 219 (1888)

= Asperula matrisylva Gilib.; Exerc. Bot. 5 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Asperula odora Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 57 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Asperula odorata f. latifolia (T.Marsson) Werner Christ.; Fl. Kiel [J. A. Christiansen et al.] 212 (1922)

= Asperula odorata L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 103 (1753)

= Asperula odorata var. latifolia T.Marsson; Fl. Neu-Vorpommern 217 (1869)

= Asperula odorata var. trifida Sennen; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1928: no. 6580 (1929)

= Asterophyllum asperula K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.; Fl. Friburg. 3: 1077 (1829), nom. illeg.

= Asterophyllum sylvaticum K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.; Fl. Friburg. 3: 1077 (1829) iin obs.

= Chlorostemma odoratum (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 398 (1868)

= Galium matrisylva F.H.Wigg.; Prim. Fl. Holsat. [Wiggers] 13 (1780), nom. superfl.

= Galium odoratum var. eugeniae (K.Richt.) Ehrend.; Fl. Wien, Niederösterreich & Nordburgenland, ed. 2: 470 (1977), without basionym ref.

species :

Galium oelandicum (Sterner & Hyl.) Ehrend.; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 169: 418 (1960)

Distribution: Sweden (Øland)

10 SWE

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pumilum subsp. oelandicum Sterner & Hyl.; Acta Horti Gothob. 15: 212 (1944)

= Galium sylvestre var. laeve Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 3: 36 (1838)

species :

Galium olgae Klokov; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1974: 107 (1974)

Distribution: Ukraine

14 UKR

species :

Galium olivetorum Le Houér.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 107: 105 (1960)

Distribution: Tunisia

20 TUN

species :

Galium olympicum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 41 (1843)

Distribution: Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia)

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pyrenaicum Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 92 (1806), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium ophiolithicum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 104 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: NW-Greece (Mt. Timphi)

13 GRC

species :

Galium oreophilum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 94 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: North Macedonia; S-Albania; Greece (NW-Greece south to Mt. Giona)

13 ALB GRC NMA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium monasterium Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 98 (1986-1987 publ. 1988) (fide Strid 2024)

= Galium sacrorum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 101 (1986-1987 publ. 1988) (fide Strid 2024)

species :

Galium oshtenicum Ehrend. & Schanzer ex Mikheev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 72 (1992)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus (Krasnodar)

33 NCS

species :

Galium ossirwaense K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 159 (1909)

Distribution: Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique

25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MOZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium mollicomum Bullock; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 498 (1932)

= Galium mollicomum var. friesiorum Bullock; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 498 (1932)

variant :

var. glabrum Verdc.; Kew Bull. 30(3): 474 (1975)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Galium ovitdaghense Daşkın; Nordic J. Bot. 36(1-2)-e01597: 2 (2017)

Distribution: Turkey (NE-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium pabulosum Sommier & Levier; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 2: 31 (1894)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO

species :

Galium palaeoitalicum Ehrend.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 68: 271 (1974)

Distribution: Italy (Mte. Pollino, Alpi Apuane)

13 ITA

species :

Galium pamiroalaicum Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 718 (1958)

Distribution: Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan

32 KGZ TZK UZB

species :

Galium papilliferum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 253 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium papillosum Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées 66 (1813)

subspecies :

subsp. papillosum

Distribution: N-Portugal; N-Spain; SW-France

12 FRA POR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asturiocantabricum Ehrend.; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 169: 409 (1960)

= Galium commune var. nouletianum (Baill. & Timb.-Lagr.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 143 (1902)

= Galium commune var. papillosum (Lapeyr.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 143 (1902)

= Galium hirsutum Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées, Suppl. 25 (1818), nom. illeg.

= Galium langei (Cout.) P.Silva; Agron. Lusit. 34: 194 (1972 publ. 1973), nom. illeg.

= Galium nouletianum Baill. & Timb.-Lagr.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, Sér. 5, 6: 233 (1862)

= Galium papillosum var. hirsutum Clos; Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, Sér. 5, 1: 237 (1857)

= Galium papillosum var. hirsutum Lapeyr. ex Clos; Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, Sér. 5, 1: 237 (1857)

= Galium papillosum var. nouletianum (Baill. & Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium pumilum subsp. papillosum (Lapeyr.) O.Bolòs; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 4: 272 (1954), nom. inval.

= Galium pumilum subsp. rivulare (Boiss. & Reut.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Man. Països Catalans 3: 571 (1996)

= Galium rivulare Boiss. & Reut.; Diagn. Pl. Nov. Hisp. 15 (1842)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. papillosum (Lapeyr.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 141 (1894)

= Galium uliginosum subsp. langei Cout.; Notas Fl. Portugal 7: 7 (1930)

= Galium umbellatum var. nouletianum (Baill. & Timb.-Lagr.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 142 (1902)

= Galium umbellatum var. papillosum (Lapeyr.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 142 (1902)

subspecies :

subsp. helodes (Hoffmanns. & Link) Malag. ex Ortega Oliv. & Devesa; Acta Bot. Malac. 28: 207 (2003)

Distribution: Portugal; NW-Spain

12 POR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium helodes Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 47 (1820 publ. 1824)

= Galium helodes var. asperrimum Merino; Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 14: 167 (1916)

= Galium pumilum var. helodes (Hoffmanns. & Link) P.Monts.; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 5: 646 (1958), nom. inval.

= Galium uliginosum var. helodes (Hoffmanns. & Link) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

species :

Galium papuanum Wernham; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., Ser. 2, 9: 79 (1916)

Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)

42 NWG

species :

Galium parisiense L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 108 (1753)

Name: Pariser Labkraut (DE); Wall Bedstraw (EN); Raspilla de Paris (ES)

Distribution: England (England, Wales); Belgium; Germany (Brandenburg [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, +Hessen, Hessen [I], Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [I], Niedersachsen [I], Nordrhein-Westfalen [I], Rheinland-Pfalz, +Saarland, Sachsen [I], Sachsen-Anhalt, +Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Slovakia; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino [I]; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (scattered N-Greece, rare C-Greece, Kerkyra, Thasos, Sporades, Ionian Isl.); Crete (Lefka Ori); Lithuania; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (SE-Egypt); Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Graciosa, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores Isl., Corvo Isl.); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Ilha de Sao Nicolau, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl., Ilha Brava); East Aegaean Isl. (Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (Antilebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, Jbel Druze); Canada [I] (British Columbia [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Oregon [I], Washington State [I]); Chile [I] (Metropolitana de Santiago [I])

10 GRB 11 AUT BGM GER HUN SLO SWI 12 BAL COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV sma SRB TUE 14 LIT 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY CVI MDR 34 CYP EAI LEB SYR TUR 71 cdn 73 usa 76 usa 85 cle

Remarks: parisiense agg. An Archeophyte in England

Synonyms: hidden

= Aparine parisiensis (L.) Hill; Herb. Brit. [Hill] 2: 150 (1770)

= Aparinella decipiens (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868)

= Aparinella litigiosa (DC.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868)

= Aparinella parisiensis (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868)

= Aparinella ruricola (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868)

= Galium anglicum subsp. decipiens (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 330 (1879)

= Galium anglicum subsp. parisiense (L.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 330 (1879), nom. illeg.

= Galium anglicum subsp. tenellum (Jord.) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 5: 43 (1922)

= Galium anglicum var. chamaeaparine (Willk. & Costa) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 330 (1879)

= Galium anglicum var. hispidum St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 369 (1889)

= Galium anglicum var. litigiosum (DC.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 331 (1837)

= Galium anglicum var. parisiense (L.) Macreight; Man. Brit. Bot. [Macreight] 113 (1837), nom. illeg.

= Galium anglicum var. ruricola (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 330 (1879)

= Galium anglicum var. ruricola (Jord.) St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 369 (1889)

= Galium axillare C.Presl ex Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 178 (1827)

= Galium chamaeaparina Willk. & Costa; Linnaea 30: 102 (1859 publ. 1860)

= Galium decipiens Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 178 (1846)

= Galium decipiens var. depauperatum Rouy; Rev. Sci. Nat. (Montpellier), Sér. 3, 2: 564 (1883), nom. superfl.

= Galium divaricatum var. adscendens Tausch; Flora 18(1, 22): 353 (1835)

= Galium divaricatum var. erectum Tausch; Flora 18(1, 22): 353 (1835)

= Galium divaricatum var. tenellum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 31: 277 (1884)

= Galium gracile var. echinospermum Wallr.; Scholion zu Hampe´s Prodr. Fl. Hercyn.: 177 (1840)

= Galium gracile var. leiospermum Wallr.; Scholion zu Hampe´s Prodr. Fl. Hercyn.: 177 (1840)

= Galium gracile var. parisiense (L.) Dumort.; Fl. Belg. [Dumortier] 56 (1827), nom. superfl.

= Galium gracile var. trachyspermum Wallr.; Scholion zu Hampe´s Prodr. Fl. Hercyn.: 177 (1840)

= Galium gracile Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 57 (1822), non C. Presl 1819

= Galium intricatulum Briq.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 11/12: 192 (1908)

= Galium intricatum Lowe; Man. Fl. Madeira 1: 398 (1868), nom. superfl.

= Galium litigiosum DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4: 263 (1805)

= Galium litigiosum var. nanum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 609 (1830)

= Galium microspermum Desf.; Fl. Atlant. 1: 130 (1798)

= Galium minutiflorum Brot.; Fl. Lusit. 1: 151 (1804)

= Galium parisiense proles decipiens Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 47 (1903)

= Galium parisiense f. decipiens (Fourr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 47 (1903)

= Galium parisiense subsp. decipiens (Fourr.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 31: 53 (1884)

= Galium parisiense subsp. litigiosum (DC.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 438 (1828)

= Galium parisiense subsp. litigiosum (DC.) Gremli; Excursionsfl. Schweiz, ed. 2: 219 (1874), isonym

= Galium parisiense subsp. tenellum (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 48 (1903)

= Galium parisiense subvar. litigiosum DC. ex Bég.; Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 115 (1903)

= Galium parisiense var. asterolinoides Murr; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 17(9-10): 134 (1899)

= Galium parisiense var. decipiens (Fourr.) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 400 (1890)

= Galium parisiense var. diffusum Moritzi; Pfl. Schweiz [Moritzi] 87 (1832)

= Galium parisiense var. gracile (Wallr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 46 (1903)

= Galium parisiense var. lasiocarpum Moris; Fl. Sardoa 2: 303 (1842)

= Galium parisiense var. lasiocarpum Reut.; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 324 (1868)

= Galium parisiense var. leucocarpum Wender.; Fl. Hassiaca [Wenderoth] 36 (1846)

= Galium parisiense var. litigiosum (DC.) Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 2): 184 (1843)

= Galium parisiense var. parvifolium Moritzi; Pfl. Schweiz [Moritzi] 87 (1832)

= Galium parisiense var. ruricola (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 47 (1903)

= Galium parisiense var. tenellum (Jord.) Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 5(2): 164 (1915)

= Galium parisiense var. vestitum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 42 (1850), nom. inval.

= Galium parisiense var. willkommianum Batt.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 354 (1886)

= Galium parviflorum Moench; Methodus [Moench] 486 (1794)

= Galium perpusillum Gaterau; Descr. Pl. Montauban 43 (1789)

= Galium rubrum Pollich; Hist. Pl. Palat. 1: 155 (1776), nom. illeg.

= Galium ruricola Jord.; Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci., Sér. 2, 1: 81 (1852)

= Galium spurium All.; Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 5 (1773), nom. illeg.

= Galium tenellum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 180 (1846)

= Galium tenerum Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 128 (1805)

= Galium willkommianum Batt.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 354 (1886), pro syn.

variant :

var. leiocarpum Tausch; Flora 18: 354 (1835)

Distribution: quite frequent in most of the area of the species

Error

Remarks: sometimes treated as bona sp. (G. anglicum)

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium anglicum Huds.; Fl. Angl. [Hudson], ed. 2: 69 (1778)

= Galium anglicum var. leiocarpum (Tausch) Tausch; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 18: 354 (1860)

= Galium gracile var. anglicum (Huds.) Dumort.; Fl. Belg. [Dumortier] 56 (1827), nom. superfl.

= Galium parisiense subsp. anglicum (Huds.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 438 (1828)

= Galium parisiense subsp. anglicum (Huds.) Gremli; Excursionsfl. Schweiz, ed. 2: 219 (1874), isonym

= Galium parisiense subsp. anglicum (Huds.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 47 (1903), isonym

= Galium parisiense var. anglicum (Huds.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 1122 (1893)

= Galium parisiense var. anglicum (Huds.) Garcke; Fl. Halle [Garcke] 216 (1848)

= Galium parisiense var. anglicum (Huds.) Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 2): 184 (1843)

= Galium parisiense var. nudum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 42 (1850), nom. superfl.

= Galium parisiense var. trichocarpum Tausch; Flora 18(1, 22): 354 (1835), nom. inval.

= Galium scabrum Spreng.; Fl. Halens. 52 (1832), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium paschale Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 203 (1775)

Distribution: SE-Bulgaria; European Turkey; N-Greece (Nomos Evrou, Rodopi, Mt. Voras); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia)

13 BUL GRC TUE 34 TUR

Remarks: sylvaticum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula longifolia Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 87 (1806)

= Galium bulgaricum Velen.; Fl. Bulg. [Velenovský] 231 (1891)

= Galium effusum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 35 (1843)

= Galium longifolium (Sm.) Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 157 (1844)

species :

Galium pastorale Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 139 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Samos)

34 EAI

species :

Galium peloponnesiacum Ehrend. & Krendl; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 68: 271 (1974)

Distribution: S-Greece (widespread Peloponnisos, also Lefkada, Kefalonia, Kithira); Crete (Lefka Ori, Mt. Dikti)

13 GRC KRI

Remarks: incurvum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium taygeteum var. violaceum (Krendl) Greuter; Bocconea 25: 81 (2012)

= Galium violaceum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 82 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

species :

Galium penduliflorum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 46 (1843)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium penicillatum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 68 (1849)

Distribution: Egypt (NE-Egypt); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai)

20 EGY 34 SIN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium nigricans var. brachychaetum Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 74 (1875)

species :

Galium peplidifolium Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 46 (1843)

Distribution: Greece (Kiklades: Naxos, Milos, Ios, Amorgos); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Samos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria)

13 GRC 34 CYP EAI LEB SYR TUR

species :

Galium perralderii Coss.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 9: 172 (1862)

Distribution: Algeria

20 ALG

species :

Galium pestalozzae Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 65 (1849)

Distribution: Lebanon (C-Lebanon)

34 LEB

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium grandiflorum Ehrenb. ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 52 (1875)

species :

Galium philippinense Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl.): 238 (1906)

Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)

42 PHI

species :

Galium philistaeum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 71 (1849)

Distribution: Israel (coastal W-Israel, C-Israel)

34 ISR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium philistaeum f. calvescens Feinbrun; Israel J. Bot. 25 (1-2): 81 (1976)

species :

Galium pierredmondii Blanca, Cueto, J.Fuentes & Ortega Oliv.; Phytotaxa 487(3): 255 (2021), nom. nov.

Distribution: S- & SC-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula asperrima Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 56 (1838)

= Asperula asperrima var. eriocarpa (Boiss.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 334 (1879)

= Asperula asperrima var. hirsuta Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 281 (1840)

= Asperula eriocarpa Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 57 (1838)

species :

Galium pilosissimum (Cufod.) R.Bhattacharjee; Fl. Pl. India Annot. Checkl. 1: 657 (2020)

Distribution: India (Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asperifolium var. pilosissimum Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 240 (1940)

species :

Galium pisiferum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 67 (1849)

Distribution: Cyprus (E-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (NW-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel)

34 CYP ISR LEB SYR

species :

Galium pisoderium Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 65 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: Greece (mountains of NC-Greece south to Mt. Olimbos)

13 GRC

Remarks: possibly a synonym of G. speciosum

species :

Galium pobedimovae Balde; Turczaninowia 15(2): 34 (2012)

Distribution: Siberia (W-Sayan)

30 SIB

Remarks: closely related to G. coriaceum

species :

Galium poiretianum Ball; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 484 (1878)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya

20 ALG LBY MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium jolyi Batt.; Contr. Fl. Atl. 42 (1919)

= Rubia laevis Poir.; Voy. Barbarie 2: 111 (1789), non Galium laeve Thuill. (1799)

species :

Galium pojarkovae Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 715 (1958)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Azerbaijan; Iran

32 TKM 33 AZE 34 IRN

species :

Galium polyacanthum (Baker) Puff; Pl. Syst. Evol. 140(1): 64 (1982)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Anthospermum polyacanthum Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 171 (1884)

species :

Galium praemontanum Mardal.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 70: 263 (1985)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO

species :

Galium prattii Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 244 (1940)

Distribution: China (Sichuan)

36 CHI

species :

Galium problematicum (Ehrend.) Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 207 (1991)

Distribution: C-Iran

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium subvelutinum subsp. problematicum Ehrend.; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 56: 235 (1949)

species :

Galium procurrens Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 124: 1 (1975)

Distribution: Montenegro; Albania; Bulgaria; ?N-Greece

13 ALB BUL MNT

Remarks: sylvaticum agg.

species :

Galium productum Lowe; Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 4: 29 (1831)

Distribution: Madeira (Madeira Isl.)

21 MDR

species :

Galium pruinosum Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 57 (1838)

Distribution: SE-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula glauca subsp. pruinosa (Boiss.) Cuatrec.; Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sér. Bot. 12: 432 (1929)

species :

Galium pseudoaristatum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 282 (1866)

Distribution: Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of N-Greece, south to Mt. Agrafa); Ukraine

13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC KOS NMA ROM SRB 14 UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium aristatum subsp. papillosum Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 325 (1879)

= Galium aristatum var. scabrum Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 157 (1844)

= Galium asperuliflorum Borbás; Fl. Comit. Temesiensis 44 (1884)

= Galium heuffelii Borbás; Magyar Tud. Akad. Értes. 12: 88 (1876)

= Galium heuffelii f. glabrum Urum.; Magyar Bot. Lapok 12: 218 (1913)

= Galium matteji (M.Bald.) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 456 (1930)

= Galium oligotrichum Simonk.; Enum. Fl. Transsilv. 285 (1886)

= Galium papillosum Heuff.; Flora 40: 563 (1857), nom. superfl.

= Galium pseudoaristatum f. cernavskii Gajić; Šumarstvo 25(5-6): 24 (1972)

= Galium pseudoaristatum f. jovanovicii Gajić; Šumarstvo 25(5-6): 24 (1972)

= Galium pseudoaristatum var. angustifolium Gajić; Šumarstvo 25(5-6): 24 (1972)

= Galium pseudoaristatum var. heuffelii (Borbás) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 460 (1930)

= Galium pseudoaristatum var. scabrum (Griseb.) Hayek; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 99: 94 (1924)

= Galium sylvaticum var. matteji M.Bald.; Malpighia 8: 180 (1894)

= Galium sylvaticum var. pseudoaristatum (Schur) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 326 (1879)

= Galium turcicum Velen.; Fl. Bulg. [Velenovský] 231 (1891)

species :

Galium pseudoasprellum Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 110 (1903)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Upper Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asprellum var. fructohispidum Maxim.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 140 (1859)

= Galium asprellum var. lasiocarpum Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 76 (1903)

= Galium dahuricum var. lasiocarpum (Makino) Nakai; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 31: 498 (1911)

= Galium dahuricum var. manshuricum (Kitag.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 54(4): 105 (1979)

= Galium manshuricum Kitag.; Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 90 (1940)

= Galium pseudoasprellum var. bingoense Murata & Ezuka; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 43(2): 149 (1992)

= Galium pseudoasprellum var. manshuricum (Kitag.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 54(4): 105 (1979)

species :

Galium pseudocapitatum Hub.-Mor. ex Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 262, t. 3, f. c (1979)

Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Kastellorhizo Isl.); Turkey (SW-Anatolia)

34 EAI TUR

species :

Galium pseudohelveticum Ehrend.; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 169: 415 (1960)

Distribution: SE-France; NW-Italy (SW-Alps)

12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: helveticum agg.

species :

Galium pseudokurdicum (Ehrend.) Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 127: 304 (1977)

Distribution: Iraq (NE-Iraq); S-Iran; W-Iran

34 IRN IRQ

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium subvelutinum subsp. pseudokurdicum Ehrend.; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 56: 233 (1948)

species :

Galium pseudorivale Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 18: 255 (1981) [nom. nov.]

Distribution: S-European Russia; Lithuania; C-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Altay, SW-Siberia); Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Armenia; ?Azerbaijan; N-Iran

14 KRY LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KGZ TZK UZB 33 ARM NCS 34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula aparine M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 114 (1808) non Galium aparine L.

= Galium rivale subsp. aparine (M.Bieb.) Mikheev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 71 (1992)

= Galium uliginosum Pall. ex M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 102 (1808), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium pseudotriflorum Dempster & Ehrend.; Allertonia 2(8): 421 (1981)

Distribution: Costa Rica; Colombia (Cundinamarca, Magdalena); Venezuela (Merida); Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (La Paz)

80 COS 82 CLM VEN 83 BOL ECU PER

Remarks: belongs likely in Trichogalium

species :

Galium psilocladum Ehrend.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 176: 209 (2005)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); N-Iraq; W-Iran

34 IRN IRQ TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium kotschyanum Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 51 (1875), pro syn.

species :

Galium pterocarpum Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 389, f. 7c (1958)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium pulvinatum Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 57 (1838)

Distribution: S-Spain (Sa. de las Nieves, Sa. Blanca)

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium erythrorrhizon var. pulvinatum (Boiss.) Cuatrec.; Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sér. Bot. 12: 436 (1929)

species :

Galium pumilum Murray; Prodr. Stirp. Gott. 44 (1770)

Name: Heide-Labkraut, Niedriges Labkraut (DE), Slender Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: England (S-England); Denmark; Sweden [I]; Finland [I]; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [I], Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Estonia; Lithuania; Ukraine

10 DEN fin GRB swe 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 CRO ITA KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 EST LIT UKR

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium anisophyllum var. falcatum Auersw. ex Wirtg.; Fl. Preuss. Rheinprov. 222 (1857)

= Galium argenteum Vill.; Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 20 (1779)

= Galium asperum f. nitidulum (Thuill.) Werner Christ.; Fl. Kiel [J. A. Christiansen et al.] 214 (1922)

= Galium asperum Schreb.; Spic. Fl. Lips. 3 (1771)

= Galium asperum subsp. argenteum (Vill.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 876 (1938)

= Galium asperum subvar. commutatum (Jord.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 218 (1914)

= Galium asperum subvar. laeve (Thuill.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 218 (1914)

= Galium asperum subvar. nitidulum (Thuill.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 218 (1914)

= Galium asperum subvar. scabrifolium (Rchb.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 218 (1914)

= Galium asperum subvar. scabrum (Jacq.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 218 (1914)

= Galium asperum var. montanum (Vill.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 218 (1914)

= Galium asperum var. pubescens (Schrad.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 217 (1914)

= Galium bicolor Schleich.; Cat. Pl. Helv., ed. 4: 17 (1821)

= Galium bocconei DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 594 (1830), nom. illeg., non All.

= Galium bocconei var. nitidulum (Thuill.) Duby; Bot. Gall., ed. 2, 1: 249 (1828)

= Galium caespitosum Ramond; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 55 (1826)

= Galium chlorophyllum Baill. & Timb.-Lagr.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, Sér. 5, 6: 235 (1862)

= Galium ciliatum f. laevicaule Rohlena; Věstn. Ceské Společn. Nauk, Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1935: 8 (1935)

= Galium ciliatum Schrank; Prim. Fl. Salisb. 51 (1792), nom. illeg.

= Galium commune subsp. argenteum (Vill.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 144 (1902)

= Galium commune subsp. umbellatum (Lam.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 141 (1902)

= Galium commune subvar. asperum (Schreb.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 142 (1902)

= Galium commune subvar. glabrum (Schreb.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 142 (1902)

= Galium commune subvar. laeve (Thuill.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 143 (1902)

= Galium commune subvar. nitidulum (Thuill.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 143 (1902)

= Galium commune subvar. rubriflorum (Gillot) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 143 (1902)

= Galium commune var. chlorophyllum (Baill. & Timb.-Lagr.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 143 (1902)

= Galium commune var. scabrifolium (Rchb.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 143 (1902)

= Galium commune var. thuillieri Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 143 (1902)

= Galium commutatum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 149 (1846)

= Galium decipiens Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 478 (1827), nom. illeg.

= Galium decipiens var. scabrum Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 479 (1827)

= Galium elatum J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 238 (1791), nom. illeg.

= Galium erectum Hoffm.; Deutschl. Fl., Jahrgang 3 [Hoffmann] 72 (1800), nom. illeg.

= Galium erectum var. scabridum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 596 (1830), nom. superfl.

= Galium hirtellum (Gaudin) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.; Fl. Tirol [Dalla Torre & Sarnthein] 6(3): 381 (1912)

= Galium hispidum Schrad.; Spic. Fl. Germ. 14 (1794)

= Galium hoffmannii Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 658 (1841)

= Galium jussiaei Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées 63 (1813)

= Galium laeve Thuill.; Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 2: 77 (1799)

= Galium lucidum var. scabrum (Roth) Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 209 (1831)

= Galium multicaule Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 53 (1822)

= Galium nitidulum Thuill.; Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 2: 76 (1799)

= Galium obscurum Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3: 86 (1852)

= Galium opacum Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3: 93 (1852)

= Galium podlachicum Besser; Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 2: 337 (1809)

= Galium pubescens Schleich. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 596 (1830), pro syn.

= Galium pumilum subsp. asperum (Schreb.) Dostál; Kvĕtena Česke Socialist. Republ. 1379 (1949)

= Galium pumilum subsp. caespitosum (Ramond) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 37 (1903)

= Galium pumilum var. caespitosum (Ramond) Req. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 595 (1830)

= Galium pumilum var. glabrum Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 481 (1827)

= Galium pumilum var. hirsutum Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 481 (1827)

= Galium pumilum var. laeve (Thuill.) Ronniger; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 91(4): 286 (1942)

= Galium pumilum var. laxius Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Deutschl. Fl. [Röhling], ed. 3, 1: 795 (1823)

= Galium pumilum var. nitidulum (Thuill.) Ronniger; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 91(4): 286 (1942)

= Galium pumilum var. pubescens (Schrad.) Schinz & Thell.; Fl. Schweiz [Schinz], ed. 3, 2: 372 (1914), nom. illeg.

= Galium pumilum var. scabrifolium (Rchb.) Braun-Blanq.; Commun. Stat. Int. Géobot. Médit. Montpellier 20(Cat. Fl. Aigoual): 289 (1933)

= Galium pusillum Sm.; Engl. Bot. [Smith & Sowerby] 2: t. 74 (1793), nom. illeg.

= Galium pusillum subsp. argenteum (Vill.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 141 (1894)

= Galium pusillum var. glabrum (Schrad.) W.D.J.Koch & Ziz; Cat. Pl. Palat. 5 (1814)

= Galium pusillum var. hirsutum Wallr.; Annus Bot. 22 (1815)

= Galium pusillum var. hirtum (Wender.) Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 85 (1879)

= Galium pusillum var. hispidum (Schrad.) W.D.J.Koch & Ziz; Cat. Pl. Palat. 5 (1814)

= Galium pusillum var. pubescens (Schrad.) W.D.J.Koch & Ziz; Cat. Pl. Palat. 5 (1814)

= Galium pusillum var. sylvestre Wahlenb.; Fl. Suec. [Wahlenberg] 1: 89 (1824)

= Galium scabridum Willk.; Flora 35: 541 (1852), nom. illeg.

= Galium scabrum Jacq.; Fl. Austriac. [Jacquin] 5: 10 (1778), nom. illeg.

= Galium scabrum subsp. nitidulum (Thuill.) Oborný; Fl. Mähren 3: 737 (1885)

= Galium silvivagum Baill. & Timb.-Lagr.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, Sér. 5, 6: 239 (1862)

= Galium supinum Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 379 (1779)

= Galium supinum var. pubescens Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 90 (1836)

= Galium sylvestre f. hirtum (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Prahl; Krit. Fl. Schlesw.-Holst. 2: 115 (1890)

= Galium sylvestre Pollich; Hist. Pl. Palat. 1: 151 (1776), nom. superfl.

= Galium sylvestre subsp. commutatum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. nitidulum (Thuill.) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 39 (1922)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. supinum (Lam.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 431 (1828)

= Galium sylvestre subsp. virens Moritzi; Pfl. Schweiz [Moritzi] 89 (1832)

= Galium sylvestre var. alpinum Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 3 (Clav. Enum. Gen.): XX (1833)

= Galium sylvestre var. argenteum (Vill.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium sylvestre var. asperum (Schreb.) Bolzon; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 21: 202 (1914)

= Galium sylvestre var. chlorophyllum (Baill. & Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium sylvestre var. glabrum Schreb.; Spic. Fl. Lips. 121 (1771)

= Galium sylvestre var. hirsutum Wirtg.; Prodr. Fl. Preuss. Rheinl. [Wirtgen] 86 (1842)

= Galium sylvestre var. hirtellum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 429 (1828)

= Galium sylvestre var. hirtum Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Deutschl. Fl. [Röhling], ed. 1: 701 (1823)

= Galium sylvestre var. hispidum Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 209 (1831)

= Galium sylvestre var. laeve Coss. & Germ.; Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris, éd. 2: 446 (1861)

= Galium sylvestre var. montanum Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium sylvestre var. nitidulum (Thuill.) Crép.; Man. Fl. Belgique, ed. 2: 196 (1866), isonym

= Galium sylvestre var. nitidulum (Thuill.) Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 4: 220 (1865)

= Galium sylvestre var. pubescens Schrad.; Spic. Fl. Germ. 13 (1794)

= Galium sylvestre var. pubescens Schreb.; Spic. Fl. Lips. 13 (1771)

= Galium sylvestre var. pumilum Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 1: 127 (1827)

= Galium sylvestre var. rubriflorum Gillot; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41: 30 (1894)

= Galium sylvestre var. scabrifolium Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 209 (1831)

= Galium sylvestre var. scabrum (Roth) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium sylvestre var. silvivagum (Baill. & Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium sylvestre var. supinum (Lam.) Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Deutschl. Fl. [Röhling], ed. 3: 792 (1823)

= Galium sylvestre var. vulgare Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 1: 126 (1827), nom. inval. Galium commune var. vulgare Rouy, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 142 (1902), nom. inval.

= Galium tenue subsp. jussiaei (Lapeyr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 326 (1879)

= Galium tenue var. jussiaei (Lapeyr.) Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 36 (1850)

= Galium umbellatum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 579 (1788)

= Galium umbellatum subvar. asperum (Schreb.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 141 (1902)

= Galium umbellatum subvar. glabrum (Schreb.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 141 (1902)

= Galium umbellatum subvar. laeve (Thuill.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 142 (1902)

= Galium umbellatum subvar. nitidulum (Thuill.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 142 (1902)

= Galium umbellatum subvar. rubriflorum (Gillot) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 141 (1902)

= Galium umbellatum var. chlorophyllum (Baill. & Timb.-Lagr.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 142 (1902)

= Galium umbellatum var. scabrifolium (Rchb.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 142 (1902)

= Galium vestianum Schult. & Schult.f.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.]: 164 (1827)

species :

Galium pusillosetosum H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 134, fig. 2 (1976)

Distribution: China (Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Sichuan); Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Uttarakhand)

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP

species :

Galium pusillum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 106 (1753)

Distribution: Germany [I]; NE-Spain; Andorra; SE-France; NW-Italy

11 ger 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ITA

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium hypnoides Vill.; Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 2: 323 (1787)

= Galium jussiei Vill.; Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 20 (1779)

= Galium lucidum var. pubescens (Req. ex Guérin) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium pubescens Req. ex Guérin; Descr. Fontaine Vaucluse, éd. 2: 249 (1813)

= Galium pumilum proles hypnoides (Vill.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 37 (1903)

= Galium pumilum proles jussiaei (Vill.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 36 (1903)

= Galium pumilum f. hypnoides (Vill.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 37 (1903)

= Galium pumilum f. jussiei (Vill.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 36 (1903)

= Galium pumilum f. oxyphyllum (Wallr.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 250 (1965)

= Galium pumilum f. rubriflorum (Gillot) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 250 (1965)

= Galium pumilum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 580 (1788), nom. illeg.

= Galium pumilum subsp. hypnoides (DC.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 873 (1938)

= Galium pumilum subsp. pusillum (L.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 37 (1903)

= Galium pumilum var. hirtellum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 433 (1828), nom. superfl.

= Galium pumilum var. hirtum Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Deutschl. Fl. [Röhling], ed. 3, 1: 795 (1823)

= Galium pumilum var. hypnoides (Vill.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 595 (1830)

= Galium pumilum var. majus Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Deutschl. Fl. [Röhling], ed. 3, 1: 795 (1823)

= Galium pumilum var. pubescens (Req. ex Guérin) DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 496 (1815)

= Galium pumilum var. rectum Req. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 595 (1830)

= Galium pusillum subsp. hypnoides (DC.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 313 (1882)

= Galium pusillum subsp. hypnoides (Vill.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 100 (1983)

= Galium pusillum var. hypnoides (Vill.) Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 36 (1850)

= Galium tenue var. hypnoides (Vill.) Cariot & St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 394 (1889)

= Galium tenue var. jussiaei (Vill.) St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 394 (1889)

= Galium trichophyllum All.; Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 1 (1773)

species :

Galium pyrenaicum Gouan; Ill. Observ. Bot. 5, t. 1, f. 4 (1773)

Distribution: SE- & N-Spain; Andorra; SW-France

12 ADO FRA SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium muscoides Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 580 (1788)

= Galium pumilum subsp. pyrenaicum (Gouan) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 38 (1903)

= Galium pumilum subsp. pyrenaicum P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 873 (1938)

= Galium sadleri Friv. ex Hampe; Flora 20: 225 (1837)

species :

Galium qaradaghense Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 127: 303 (1977)

Distribution: Iraq (NE-Iraq)

34 IRQ

species :

Galium radulifolium Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 251 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium rebae R.R.Mill; Edinburgh J. Bot. 53(2): 195 (1996)

Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Sikkim, Chumbi)

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP

species :

Galium reiseri Halácsy; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 45: 338 (1895)

Distribution: C-Greece (Sporades, Skiros)

13 GRC

species :

Galium rhodopeum Velen.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 1893(37): 32 (1893)

Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; Bulgaria; NE-Greece (incl. Thasos); Turkey

13 BUL GRC KOS SRB 34 TUR

Remarks: incurvum agg.

species :

Galium rivale (Sm.) Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 156 (1844)

Name: Bach-Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (rare and local N- & C-Greece, W-Sporades); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (W-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Okhotsk [I]); Kazakhstan; Georgia [Caucasus]; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Ikaria, Samos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria); Israel (Rift Valley); Jordania (W-Jordania)

11 AUT CZE ger HUN POL SLO 13 ALB BUL CRO GRC KOS ROM SRB TUE 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 KAZ 33 GEO 34 EAI ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula rivalis Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 87 (1806)

= Asperula rivalis var. schelkownikowianum Bordz.; Visn. Kyyivs´koho Bot. Sadu 12-13: 140 (1931)

= Galium chinense A.Spreng.; Tent. Suppl. 7 (1828)

= Galium schelkownikowianum (Bordz.) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8: 176 (1973)

species :

Galium rosellum (Boiss.) Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 52 (1852)

Distribution: SE-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium sylvestre var. rosellum Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 570 (1842)

species :

Galium rourkei Puff; J. S. African Bot. 49(3): 185 (1983)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Galium rubrocarpum S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 7: 197 (2024)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium rubrum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 107 (1753)

Name: Rotes Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Switzerland; N- & C-Italy; Croatia

11 SWI 13 CRO ITA

Remarks: rubrum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium hirtum Hegetschw.; Fl. Schweiz [Hegetschweiler] 125 (1838), nom. illeg.

= Galium leyboldii A.Kern.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] 6: 80 (1893)

= Galium morisii Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2), Cur. Post.: 338 (1827)

= Galium purpureum DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4: 251 (1805), nom. illeg.

= Galium rubrum var. albidum Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 450 (1843)

= Galium rubrum var. grenieri Briq.; Rech. Pl. Mont. Corse 92 (1901)

= Galium rubrum var. hirtum Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 329 (1879)

= Galium rubrum var. leyboldii (A.Kern.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 29 (1903)

= Galium rubrum var. parviflorum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 422 (1828)

= Galium rubrum var. transiens Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 28 (1903)

species :

Galium runcinatum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 263, t. 3, f. E (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium longiapiculatum Hausskn. ex Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 58(2): 296 (1938), pro syn.

species :

Galium ruthenicum Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1: 597 (1798)

Distribution: Romania; Bulgaria; Lithuania [I]; European Russia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan); Lebanon; Siberia (W-Siberia/Siberian Urals, NW-Siberia, SW-Siberia, Altay-Yenisey region, S-Yakutia, Baikal region, N-Yakutia); Russian Far East (Upper Amur, Primorye, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Okhotsk / Magadan, Chukotka); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Zhejiang, Henan, Sichuan); Tibet; North Korea; South Korea; Japan

13 BUL ROM 14 lit RUS 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN LEB TUR 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: status uncertain, often included in G. verum s. l.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium atropatanum Grossh.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 26 (1950)

= Galium vernum var. ruthenicum (Willd.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 328 (1879)

= Galium verum f. ruthenicum (Willd.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 13 (1903)

= Galium verum f. trachycarpum (DC.) Regel; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 77 (1861)

= Galium verum subsp. ruthenicum (Willd.) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 5: 35 (1922), isonym

= Galium verum subsp. ruthenicum (Willd.) H.Lindb.; Enum. Pl. Fennoscandia 54 (1901)

= Galium verum var. lasiocarpum Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 415 (1844)

= Galium verum var. leiocarpum Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 414 (1844)

= Galium verum var. ruthenicum (Willd.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 34: 50 (1920)

= Galium verum var. trachycarpum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 603 (1830)

species :

Galium ruwenzoriense (Cortesi) Ehrend.; Symb. Bot. Upsal. 15: 179 (1957)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

23 RWA ZAI 25 KEN TAN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium afroalpinum Bullock; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 498 (1932)

= Galium mildbraedii K.Krause; Wiss. Ergebn. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped. (1907-1908), Bot. 2: 342 (1911)

= Galium serratohamatum S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 256 (1908)

= Rubia ruwenzoriensis Cortesi; Ann. Bot. (Rome) 6: 152 (1907)

species :

Galium saipalense Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 155 (1-4): 82 (1987)

Distribution: Nepal

40 NEP

species :

Galium salsugineum Krylov & Serg.; Trudy Biol. Naučno-Issl. Inst. Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 2: 65 (1936)

Distribution: Siberia (W-Siberia)

30 SIB

species :

Galium samothracicum Rech.f.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 100: 134 (1938)

Distribution: NE-Greece (Samothraki); ?Crete

13 GRC

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, of uncertain status, related to G. citraceum and G. heldreichii

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium insulare Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 56 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

species :

Galium samuelssonii Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 387 (1958)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, NW-Syria); Israel (N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania)

34 ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR

variant :

var. pseudadhaerens Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 38 (1958)

Distribution: Turkey; Lebanon; Syria

34 LEB SYR TUR

species :

Galium sancakense Yıld. & Kiliç; Ot Sist. Bot. Derg. 25(2): 36 (2018)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium saturejifolium Trevis.; Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 7: 146 (1815)

Distribution: S-European Russia; Northern Caucasus

14 RUS 33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium elongatum var. saturejifolium (Trevir.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 328 (1879)

species :

Galium saurense Litv.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 7: 75 (1910)

Distribution: Siberia (Altay); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Qinghai, Xinjiang)

30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TZK 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium densiflorum var. rosmarinifolium (Bunge) Tzvelev; Arktichesk. Fl. S.S.S.R. 10: 18 (1987)

= Galium densiflorum var. saurense (Litv.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 23: 158 (1986)

= Galium verum var. alpinum Krylov ex Serg.; Trudy Biol. Naučno-Issl. Inst. Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 2: 68 (1936)

= Galium verum var. rosmarinifolium Bunge; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 1: 138 (1829)

species :

Galium saxatile L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 106 (1753)

Name: Harzer Labkraut, Sand-Labkraut (DE), Heath Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Faeroe Isl.; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly, St. Kilda Isl.); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland [I]; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Portugal; Spain; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Slovenia; Croatia; Lithuania; Ukraine; Azores (Faial); Canada [I] (Newfoundland [I], Québec [I]); St. Pierre et Miquelon [I]; USA [I] (California [I], Oregon [I]); Argentina [I] (Tierra del Fuego [I]); Falkland Isl. [I]

10 DEN fin FOR GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 CIS FRA POR SPA 13 CRO SLV 14 LIT UKR 21 AZO 72 cdn spm 73 usa 76 usa 85 arg 91 fal

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium helveticum Weigel; Observ. Bot. [Weigel] 24 (1772), nom. illeg.

= Galium hercynicum var. arvernense Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 41 (1903)

= Galium hercynicum var. riparium Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 41 (1903)

= Galium hercynicum var. transiens Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 41 (1903)

= Galium hercynicum Weigel; Observ. Bot. [Weigel] 25 (1772)

= Galium humifusum Pers.; Phys.-Min. Bergm. Beschreib. Meißner [Schaub] 235 (1799), nom. illeg.

= Galium moenchianum Wender.; Fl. Hassiaca [Wenderoth] 35 (1846)

= Galium montanum Huds.; Fl. Angl. [Hudson] 56 (1762), nom. illeg.

= Galium montium J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 237 (1791), sphalm.

= Galium ovatum Moench; Methodus [Moench] 485 (1794), nom. illeg.

= Galium pawlowskii Kucowa; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 8: 433 (1962), et in Fragm. Florist. &Geobot., Krakow 9: 469 (1963), descr. emend.

= Galium procumbens Stokes; Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 151 (1787)

= Galium pulchellum Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 58 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Galium pumilum subsp. saxatile (L.) Dostál; Kvĕtena Česke Socialist. Republ. 1380 (1949), nom. illeg.

= Galium riparium Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 41 (1903)

= Galium saxatile var. hercynicum (Weigel) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium saxatile var. lineare Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 484 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Galium saxatile var. pawlowskii (Kucowa) Mirek & Piek.-Mirk.; Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 53: 420 (1984), no precise basionym ref.

= Galium tenuicaule Krock.; Fl. Siles. [Krocker], Suppl. 1: 214 (1823)

variant :

var. vivianum (Kliphuis) Ortega Oliv. & Devesa; Acta Bot. Malac. 28: 206 (2003)

Distribution: C- & N-Portugal; NW- & C-Spain

12 POR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium hercynicum subsp. vivianum Kliphuis; Bot. Not. 125(4): 491 (1972)

= Galium saxatile subsp. vivianum (Kliphuis) Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 124(2): 176 (1975)

= Galium vivianum (Kliphuis) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 9(3): 273 (1974)

species :

Galium saxosum (Chaix) Breistr.; Procés-Verbaux Mens. Soc. Dauph. Ethnol. Anthropol. 24: 182-184 (1948)

Distribution: SE-France; NW-Italy

12 FRA 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula saxosa Chaix; Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 1: 361 (1786)

= Galium villarsii Req. ex DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 497 (1815), non Gaudin

species :

Galium scabrelloides Puff; J. S. African Bot. 44(3): 250 (1978)

Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]

27 SAF SWZ

species :

Galium scabrellum K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 113 (1899)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; Uganda; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe

23 BUR RWA ZAI 25 TAN UGA 26 MLW ZAM ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium bequaertii De Wild.; Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 9: Suppl. Bot. 12 (1921)

species :

Galium scabrifolium (Boiss.) Hausskn.; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 5: 120 (1893)

Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; Bulgaria; Turkey (S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)

13 BUL KOS SRB 34 TUR

Remarks: incurvum agg.; probably a synonym of G. asparagifolium fide Strid 2024

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium aureum var. scabrifolium (Boiss.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 61 (1875) (p. p. quoad pl. Tauri Cilicici.)

= Galium melanantherum var. scabrifolium Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 68 (1846) (p. p. excl. pl. Cadmi.)

species :

Galium schlumbergeri Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 51 (1875)

Distribution: Syria

34 SYR

species :

Galium schmidii Arrigoni; Webbia 27: 507 (1972)

Distribution: Sicily (Mt. Etna)

13 SIC

Remarks: Status uncertain, lucidum agg., near Galium aetnicum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium mollugo var. latifolium Em.Schmid; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 146: 253 (1933), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium schoenbeck-temesyae Ehrend.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 176: 217 (2005)

Distribution: S-Iran

34 IRN

species :

Galium scopulorum Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 252 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium semiamictum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 469 (1961)

Distribution: S-European Russia; Ukraine

14 RUS UKR

species :

Galium setuliferum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 254 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium shanense R.Bhattacharjee; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 48(1-4): 65 (2006)

Distribution: Myanmar

41 MYA

species :

Galium shengkuangense S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 4: 16 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium shepardii Post; Fl. Syria [Post] 15 (1896)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium shepherdii Jung-Mend.; Acta Bot. Brasil. 17(4): 606 (2003)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (São Paulo)

84 BRA

Remarks: belongs likely in Trichogalium

species :

Galium shinasii Yıldırım; PhytoKeys 75: 21 (2016)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium sichuanense Ehrend.; Novon 20(3): 275 (2010)

Distribution: China (Sichuan)

36 CHI

species :

Galium sidamense Chiov. ex Chiarugi; Webbia 8: 239 (1951)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Galium sieheanum Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 372 (1958)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium simense Fresen.; Mus. Senckenberg. 2: 165 (1837)

Distribution: Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Kenya; Tanzania; Yemen (W-Yemen)

23 BIO BUR CMN RWA ZAI 24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN 35 YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium abyssinicum Chiov.; Ann. Bot. (Rome) 9: 68 (1911)

species :

Galium similii Pavlov; Vĕstn. Akad. Nauk Kazakhsk. S.S.R. 4(73): 95 (1951)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Galium siyuanianum S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 3: 109 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium sojakii Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 210 (1991)

Distribution: S-Iran

34 IRN

species :

Galium songmaoense S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 7: 178 (2024)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and dubious

species :

Galium sorgerae Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 257, t. 2, f. B (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium speciosum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 62 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: North Macedonia; NW-Greece (mountains, also W-Peloponnisos)

13 GRC NMA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium absurdum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 108 1976-87 (1987)

species :

Galium spurium L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 106 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. spurium

Name: Kleinfrüchtiges Kletten-Labkraut, Kahles Grünblütiges Labkraut (DE); Raspilla bastarda (ES), False Cleavers (EN)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Scotland [I]); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, +Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hessen [I], Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt [I]); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; San Marino [I]; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (scattered mainland, incl. many islands); Crete (very rare C-Crete); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Eastern Desert, SE-Egypt); Canary Isl. (Hierro, Lanzarote, Gran Canaria, Tenerife); Soqotra; Siberia [I] (Altay [I], Buryatia [I], Chita [I], Irkutsk [I], Krasnoyarsk [I], W-Siberia [I], Yakutia [I]); Russian Far East [I] (Amur [I], Primorye [I]); Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; ?Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; ?Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Ikaria, Kalimnos, Rhodos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Baghlan, Bamyan, Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, Laghman, Paktia / Khost, Parwan, Qunduz, Samangan, Takhar, Zabul); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (Jazira, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (Negev Desert); Sinai peninsula (S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania); China (widespread); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Ogasawara Isl. [I] (Chichijima [I]); Taiwan; Pakistan (Baluchistan); Bhutan; N-India (Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Poonch); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I])

10 DEN FIN grb NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA PTL ROM SIC SLV sma SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY 24 SOC 30 sib 31 rfe 32 KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM GEO 34 AFG EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS TAI 40 BHU IND PAK 50 aus

Remarks: aparine agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Aparine spuria (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868)

= Aparine tenera (Gren.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868)

= Galium adhaerens DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 608 (1830), pro syn.

= Galium agreste var. echinospermum Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 59 (1822)

= Galium agreste var. leiospermon Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 59 (1882)

= Galium agreste Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 59 (1822), nom. illeg.

= Galium aparine proles aparinella (Lange ex Cutanda) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 50 (1903)

= Galium aparine proles tenerum (Gren.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 49 (1903)

= Galium aparine f. fallax L.Gross; Mitt. Bad. Bot. Vereins 210/211: 82 (1906)

= Galium aparine f. leiocarpum Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 77 (1903)

= Galium aparine f. pauciflorum (Bunge) Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 9: 259 (1873)

= Galium aparine f. spurium (L.) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 93: 433 (1966)

= Galium aparine f. strigosa (Thunb.) Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 9: 259 (1873)

= Galium aparine f. tenerum (Gren.) Hallier; Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl., ed. 3 [Hallier & Brand]: 1182 (1893)

= Galium aparine subsp. aparinella (Lange ex Cutanda) Jauzein; Fl. Champs Cult. 863 (1995)

= Galium aparine subsp. spurium (L.) Hartm.; Sv. Norsk Excurs.-Fl. 23 (1846)

= Galium aparine subsp. tenerum (Gren. & Godr.) Cout.; Fl. Portugal, ed. 2: 691 (1939)

= Galium aparine var. agreste Wigand; Fl. Kurhessen [Wigand] 147 (1859)

= Galium aparine var. aparinella (Lange ex Cutanda) Ortega Oliv., Devesa, Muñoz Garm., Herrero & R.Gonzalo; Fl. Iber. [Castroviejo et al.] 15: 149 (411) (2007)

= Galium aparine var. aparinella (Lange) Ortega Oliv. & Devesa; Acta Bot. Malac. 28: 209 (2003), nom. inval.

= Galium aparine var. echinospermum (Wallr.) T.Durand; Prodr. Fl. Belg. 3: 719 (1903)

= Galium aparine var. fallax (L.Gross) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 229 (1914)

= Galium aparine var. glaber St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 397 (1889)

= Galium aparine var. leiospermum (Wallr.) J.Becker; Fl. Frankfurt 1: 326 (1827)

= Galium aparine var. leiospermum (Wallr.) T.Durand; Prodr. Fl. Belg. 3: 719 (1903), isonym

= Galium aparine var. leiospermum (Wallr.) Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1863: 140 (1863)

= Galium aparine var. minor Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 3: 447 (1867), nom. illeg.

= Galium aparine var. minus C.C.Gmel.; Fl. Bad. [C.C.Gmelin] 4: 117 (1826)

= Galium aparine var. scaberrimum (Vahl ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 2): 183 (1843)

= Galium aparine var. spurium (L.) Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 245 (1877), isonym

= Galium aparine var. spurium (L.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 330 (1835 publ. 1836)

= Galium aparine var. spurium (L.) Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 1: 120 (1827), nom. illeg.

= Galium aparine var. tenerum (Gren.) Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 17: 94 (1855)

= Galium aparine var. tenerum (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 447 (1843)

= Galium aparinella Lange ex Cutanda; Fl. Comp. Madrid 358 (1861)

= Galium aparinoides K.Koch; Linnaea 17: 33 (1843), nom. illeg.

= Galium biflorum Hochst. ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 69 (1875)

= Galium campestre Hochst. ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 69 (1875), nom. illeg.

= Galium hispidum Roth; Tent. Fl. Germ. 2: 184 (1789)

= Galium hongnoense H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 438 (1912)

= Galium oliganthum Nakai & Kitag.; Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo, Sect. IV, 1 (Pl. Nov. Jehol.) 56 (1934)

= Galium pauciflorum Bunge; Enum. Pl. China Bor. 35 (1833), nom. superfl.

= Galium scaberrimum Vahl ex Hornem.; Hort. Bot. Hafn. [Hornemann] 1: 135 (1813)

= Galium sororium Hance; Ann. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 2: 734 (1852)

= Galium spurium f. strigosum (Thunb.) Kitag.; J. Geobot. 19: 92 (1971)

= Galium spurium subsp. aparinella (Lange ex Cutanda) Rivas Mart. & Castrov.; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 34: 555 (1977 publ. 1978)

= Galium spurium subsp. glabrum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 441 (1828), nom. inval.

= Galium spurium subsp. tenerum (Gren. & Godr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 330 (1879)

= Galium spurium subsp. tenerum (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Kerguélen; Bull. Assoc. Inform., Appl. Bot. (Marseille) 1: 182 (1994), isonym

= Galium spurium var. aparinella (Lange ex Cutanda) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 330 (1879)

= Galium spurium var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Klett & Richt.; Fl. Leipzig 141 (1830)

= Galium spurium var. leiospermon (Wallr.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 229 (1914), nom. inval.

= Galium spurium var. tenerum (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 44 (1850)

= Galium strigosum Thunb.; Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 7: 141 (1815)

= Galium tenerum Schleich. ex Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 442 (1828), nom. superfl.

= Galium tibeticum Aswal & Mehrotra; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 2: 236 (1981) (nom. nov. for G. pauciflorum Bunge)

= Galium trinioides Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 77 (1874)

= Galium tsukinanats Hassk.; Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. [Hasskarl] 106 (1844)

= Galium vaillantii subsp. spurium (L.) Lindm.; Sv. Fanerogamfl. 507 (1918), nom. illeg.

= Galium wutaicum Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 88 (1951)

variant :

var. vaillantii (DC.) Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 44 (1850)

Name: Borstiges Grünblütiges Labkraut

Distribution: sporadically within distribution of nominate form; Belgium; France; Germany; Switzerland; Hungary; Poland; European Russia; Siberia [I]; Russian Far East [I]; etc.

11 BGM GER HUN POL SWI 12 FRA 14 RUS 30 sib 31 rfe

Synonyms: hidden

= Aparine vaillantii (DC.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868)

= Galium aparine subsp. infestum (Waldst. & Kit.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg, 1. Aufl.: 103 (1834)

= Galium aparine subsp. vaillantii (DC.) Berher; Fl. Vosges [Louis], éd. 2: 125 (1887), isonym

= Galium aparine subsp. vaillantii (DC.) Hook.f.; Student´s Fl. Brit. Isl. 179 (1870)

= Galium aparine var. infestum (Waldst. & Kit.) Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 1: 120 (1827), nom. superfl.

= Galium aparine var. vaillantii (DC.) Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 330 (1837), isonym

= Galium aparine var. vaillantii (DC.) Lej.; Fl. Spa 2: 296 (1813)

= Galium infestum Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 3: 224 (1810)

= Galium spurium f. vaillantii (DC.) R.J.Moore; Canad. J. Bot. 53: 882 (1975)

= Galium spurium subsp. infestum (Waldst. & Kit.) Janch.; Phyton (Horn) 8: 239 (1959), isonym

= Galium spurium subsp. infestum (Waldst. & Kit.) Oborný; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 23(2): 741 (1885)

= Galium spurium subsp. vaillantii (DC.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 442 (1828)

= Galium spurium subsp. vaillantii (DC.) Gremli; Excursionsfl. Schweiz, ed. 2: 220 (1874), isonym

= Galium spurium var. infestum (Waldst. & Kit.) Trevir.; Index Sem. (Breslau) 1818: 3 (1818)

= Galium vaillantii DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4: 263 (1805)

subspecies :

subsp. africanum Verdc.; Kew Bull. 30(2): 324 (1975)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; N-Chad (Tibesti); Sudan (incl. Jbel Marra); Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Soqotra; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Malawi; South Africa (Limpopo, Gauteng, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho

23 BUR RWA ZAI 24 CHA ERI ETH SOC SOM SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW 27 LES SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium uniflorum Quézel; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 50: 28 (1959), nom. illeg.

subspecies :

subsp. ibicinum (Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss.) Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 127(4): 305 (1977)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Turkey; N-Iraq; Iran; Afghanistan (Badakshan, Baghlan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Herat, Kabul, Laghman, Wardak, Nangarhar, Orozgan / Daykundi, Paktia / Khost, Parwan, Takhar); Pakistan (Baluchistan, Chitral, Swat, Quetta); Australia [I] (South Australia [I])

32 TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG IRN IRQ TUR 40 PAK 50 aus

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium ibicinum Boiss. & Hausskn.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 70 (1875)

= Galium linczevskyi Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 710 (1958)

species :

Galium stepparum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 260, t. 3, f. A (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium sterneri Ehrend.; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 169: 420 (1960)

Name: Sterner-Labkraut (DE); Limestone Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Faeroe Isl.; England (N-England, Wales, Scotland, Orkney Isl.); Ireland (W-Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Germany (Schleswig-Holstein)

10 DEN FOR GRB IRE NOR 11 GER

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pumilum subsp. septentrionale Sterner ex Hyl.; Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 1945(7): 299 (1945)

species :

Galium subfalcatum Nazim. & Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 155 (1-4): 71 (1987)

Distribution: N-Pakistan

40 PAK

species :

Galium subnemorale Klokov & Zaver.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1974: 81 (1974)

Distribution: Ukraine

14 UKR

species :

Galium subtrifidum Reinw. ex Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 944 (1826)

Distribution: Sumatra; Philippines (Luzon); Java; Moluccas (Buru); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)

42 JAW MOL NWG PHI SUM

species :

Galium subuliferum Sommier & H.Lév.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 151 (1892)

Distribution: Romania; Bulgaria; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia)

13 BUL ROM 33 AZE GEO 34 TUR

species :

Galium subvelutinum (DC.) K.Koch; Linnaea 24: 465 (1851)

Distribution: Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran, C-Iran)

33 AZE 34 IRN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula subvelutina DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 585 (1830)

= Galium leiophyllum Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 36 (1843), nom. illeg.

= Galium leiophyllum var. subvelutinum (DC.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 51 (1875)

= Galium subvelutinum subsp. leiophyllum (Boiss. & Hohen.) Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 366 (1958)

= Galium subvelutinum var. leiophyllum (Boiss. & Hohen.) Bornm.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 6: 774 (1906)

variant :

var. oligotrichum Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 207 (1991)

Distribution: Azerbaijan; Turkey; Iraq; Iran

33 AZE 34 IRN IRQ TUR

species :

Galium subvillosum Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 38 (1865)

Distribution: South Africa (Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov.); Lesotho

27 LES SAF

variant :

var. subglabrum Puff; J. S. African Bot. 44(3): 257 (1978)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Galium sudeticum Tausch; Flora 18: 347 (1835)

Name: Sudeten-Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Poland; Czech Republic

11 CZE POL

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium anisophyllon subsp. sudeticum (Tausch) Oborný; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 23(2): 739 (1885)

= Galium anisophyllon var. sudeticum (Tausch) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 153 (1889)

= Galium anisophyllum var. sudeticum (Tausch) Sagorski & Gus.Schneider; Fl. Centralkarpath. [Sagorski & Gus.Schneid.] 205 (1891)

= Galium commune var. sudeticum (Tausch) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 144 (1902)

= Galium pumilum subsp. sudeticum (Tausch) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1(1): 117 (1949)

= Galium sylvestre var. sudeticum (Tausch) Fiek; Fl. Schlesien [Fiek] 200 (1881)

= Galium sylvestre var. sudeticum (Tausch) Neuman & Ahlfv.; Sver. Fl. 109 (1901)

species :

Galium suecicum (Sterner) Ehrend.; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 169: 417 (1960)

Name: Schwedisches Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: S- & C-Sweden; Germany (Brandenburg, +Sachsen-Anhalt); W-Poland

10 SWE 11 GER POL

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Conservation Status: extremely rare in the whole area, in Germany and Poland almost extinct

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pumilum subsp. suecicum Sterner; Sv. Fanerogamfl., ed. 2: 507 (1926)

= Galium pumilum var. vestrogothicum Sterner ex Hyl.; Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 1945(7): 299 (1945)

species :

Galium sungpanense Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 238 (1940)

Distribution: China (Hebei, Sichuan, Xinjiang)

36 CHI

species :

Galium surinamense Dempster; Allertonia 3: 250 (1982)

Distribution: Surinam

82 SUR

Remarks: belongs likely in Trichogalium

species :

Galium sylvaticum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus], ed. 2: 155 (1762)

Name: Wald-Labkraut (DE), Scotch mist (EN)

Distribution: +Denmark; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, +Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, +Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Canada [I] (Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Massachusetts [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], New York [I], Oregon [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I])

10 DEN 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH CRO ITA KOS SLV SRB 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa

Remarks: sylvaticum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Asterophyllum sylvaticum (L.) K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.; Fl. Friburg. 3: 1077 (1829)

= Galium capillipes Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 847 (1832)

= Galium inflatum Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 11 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium intermedium Eichw.; Naturhist. Skizze Lithauen Volhynien Podolien [Eichwald] 153 (1830), nom. illeg.

= Galium linifolium Rochel; Pl. Banat. Rar., index: s. p. (1828), nom. illeg.

= Galium nitidum Willd.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.] 163 (1827)

= Galium polymorphum Knaf; Flora 29: 295 (1846)

= Galium sylvaticum f. juranum (Gren.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 210 (1914)

= Galium sylvaticum f. pubescens (DC.) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 210 (1914)

= Galium sylvaticum f. purpurascens Woerl.; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 3: 159 (1885)

= Galium sylvaticum var. alpinum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 283 (1866)

= Galium sylvaticum var. brevifolium St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 388 (1889)

= Galium sylvaticum var. intermedium Heuff.; Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 124 (1858)

= Galium sylvaticum var. juranum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 21 (1850)

= Galium sylvaticum var. laevigatum Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 55 (1822)

= Galium sylvaticum var. longifolium St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 388 (1889)

= Galium sylvaticum var. lugdunense Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 21 (1850)

= Galium sylvaticum var. pubens Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 1: 56 (1822)

= Galium sylvaticum var. pubescens DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 3: 252 (1805)

= Galium sylvaticum var. pubescens Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 283 (1866)

= Galium sylvaticum var. pubescens Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 88 (1836)

= Galium sylvaticum var. rubens Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 56 (1822), nom. inval.

= Galium sylvaticum var. salicifolium Glaab; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 11: 78 (1894)

= Galium sylvaticum var. saxatile Heuff.; Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 124 (1858)

= Galium sylvaticum var. tetragonum Wirtg.; Fl. Coblenz 92 (1841)

species :

Galium taiwanense Masam.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 29: 180 (1939)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

species :

Galium takasagomontanum Masam.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 26: 52 (1936)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

species :

Galium talaveranum Ortega Oliv. & Devesa; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 143(2): 182 (2003)

Distribution: Portugal; W-Spain

12 POR SPA

species :

Galium taygeteum Krendl; Bot. Chron. (Patras) 6-7: 85 (1986-1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: S-Greece (widespread Peloponnisos, Kithira)

13 GRC

species :

Galium tendae Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 17: 97 (1855)

Distribution: France; Italy (SW-Alps)

12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: baldense agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium baldense subsp. tendae (Rchb.f.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 874 (1938)

= Galium baldense var. tendae (Rchb.f.) Bég.; Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 113 (1903)

= Galium helveticum subsp. tendae (Rchb.f.); Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 313 (1882)

= Galium helveticum subsp. tendae (Rchb.f.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 313 (1882)

= Galium helveticum var. tendae (Rchb.f.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 153 (1889)

= Galium pusillum var. tendae (Rchb.f.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 326 (1879)

species :

Galium tenuissimum M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 104 (1808)

Distribution: Switzerland [I]; Slovakia; Hungary; ?Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; ?Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; ?North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (rare mainland, incl. Samothraki); E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); N-Iran; Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (Jazira, NW-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); China (Xinjiang)

11 HUN SLO swi 13 ALB BIH BUL GRC KOS ROM SRB TUE 14 KRY RUS UKR 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM GEO NCS 34 CYP IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium filiforme Willd. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 418 (1844), nom. illeg.

= Galium incurvum J.Fleisch. ex Tausch; Flora 18: 354 (1835), nom. illeg.

= Galium tenuissimum subsp. adrianopolitanum (Podp.) Ančev; Evolyutsiya Tsvet. Rast. Florogen. 1: 127 (1978)

= Galium tenuissimum var. adrianopolitanum Podp.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 52: 655 (1902)

form :

f. trichophorum (Kar. & Kir.) Ehrenb. & Schönb.-Tem.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 176: 247 (2005)

Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece; S-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Turkey; Iraq; Iran; Cyprus; Lebanon; Syria; United Arab Emirates; China (Xinjiang); Pakistan (Pakistani Punjab, Swat, Chitral); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

13 BUL GRC KOS ROM SRB TUE 14 KRY RUS UKR 32 KAZ KGZ TZK 34 CYP IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR 35 UAE 36 CHI 40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium trichophorum Kar. & Kir.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 372 (1842)

= Galium tenuissimum subsp. trichophorum (Kar. & Kir.) Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 127(4): 305 (1977)

species :

Galium tetraphyllum Nazim. & Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 155 (1-4): 73 (1987)

Distribution: Pakistan (Swat)

40 PAK

species :

Galium thasium Stoj. & Kitanov; God. Sofiisk. Univ. Fiz.-Mat. Fak. 42: 160 (1946)

Distribution: NE-Greece (Thasos)

13 GRC

Remarks: provisionally accepted name; possibly conspecific with G. pycnotrichum fide Strid (2024)

species :

Galium thymifolium Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 67 (1846)

Distribution: Greece (mountains of C-Greece, C-Evvoia, Peloponnisos)

13 GRC

species :

Galium tianschanicum Popov; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol., n. s. 47: 88 (1938)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan

32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium kiapazi Manden.; Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 17: 64 (1953)

= Galium saxatile var. leiophyllum Trautv.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39(1): 333 (1866)

= Galium tianschanicum var. prostratum Popov; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol., n. s. 47: 88 (1938)

= Galium tianschanicum var. xerophyticum Popov; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol., n. s. 47: 88 (1938)

species :

Galium timeroyi Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 138 (1846)

subspecies :

subsp. timeroyi

Distribution: Germany [I]; C- & E-France; S-France

11 ger 12 FRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asperum subsp. jordanii (Loret & Barrandon) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 876 (1938)

= Galium closianum Timb.-Lagr.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 9: 613 (1862)

= Galium commune Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 138 (1902), nom. illeg.

= Galium commune subsp. jordanii (Loret & Barrandon) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 141 (1902)

= Galium commune var. implexum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 141 (1902)

= Galium commune var. intertextum (Jord.) Loret & Barrandon; Fl. Montpellier 302 (1876)

= Galium commune var. intertextum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 141 (1902), isonym

= Galium commune var. scabridum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 141 (1902)

= Galium commune var. timeroyi (Jord.) Loret & Barrandon; Fl. Montpellier 301 (1876)

= Galium commune var. timeroyi (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 140 (1902), isonym

= Galium hanryi F.W.Schultz; Arch. Fl. 1(2): 309 (1861)

= Galium implexum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 141 (1846)

= Galium intertextum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 142 (1846)

= Galium jordanii Loret & Barrandon; Fl. Montpellier 301 (1876)

= Galium jordanii subvar. closianum (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium jordanii var. gracilicaule Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 140 (1902)

= Galium jordanii var. implexum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 140 (1902)

= Galium jordanii var. intertextum (Jord.) Loret & Barrandon; Fl. Montpellier 301 (1876)

= Galium jordanii var. scabridum (Jord.) Loret & Barrandon; Fl. Montpellier 301 (1876)

= Galium jordanii var. timeroyi (Jord.) Loret & Barrandon; Fl. Montpellier 301 (1876)

= Galium pumilum subsp. jordanii (Loret & Barrandon) Braun-Blanq.; Commun. Stat. Int. Géobot. Médit. Montpellier 20(Cat. Fl. Aigoual): 289 (1933)

= Galium pumilum var. timeroyi (Jord.) Braun-Blanq.; Commun. Stat. Int. Géobot. Médit. Montpellier 20(Cat. Fl. Aigoual): 289 (1933)

= Galium rouyanum Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 5: 39 (1921)

= Galium scabridum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 136 (1846)

subspecies :

subsp. fleurotii (Jord.) P.A.Duvign.; Nouv. Fl. Belg., Grand-Duché Luxemb., Nord France, 2. éd. 829 (1978)

Distribution: C-France

12 FRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium collinum Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 135 (1846)

= Galium commune var. bretonii Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 140 (1902)

= Galium commune var. collinum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 140 (1902)

= Galium commune var. fleurotii (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 140 (1902)

= Galium commune var. gracilicaule Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 141 (1902)

= Galium fleurotii Jord.; Index Sem. (Grenoble) 1849: 15 (1849)

= Galium fleurotii var. bretonii (Rouy) Donneaux; Lejeunia 103: 50 (1981)

= Galium fleurotii var. gracilicaule (Rouy) J.Duvign.; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 39: 193 (1969)

= Galium jordanii subsp. fleurotii (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium jordanii var. bretonii Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 140 (1902)

= Galium jordanii var. collinum (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 140 (1902)

= Galium jordanii var. fleurotii (Jord.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 140 (1902)

= Galium jordanii var. rouyanum Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 5: 39 (1922)

= Galium pumilum subsp. fleurotii (Jord.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 530 (2006)

= Galium timeroyi var. bretonii (Rouy) P.A.Duvign.; Nouv. Fl. Belg., Grand-Duché Luxemb., Nord France, 2. éd. 829 (1978)

species :

Galium tmoleum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 39 (1843)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pulchellum Stapf; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 50: 106 (1885), nom. superfl.

= Galium stapfianum Ehrend.; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 56: 226 (1948)

species :

Galium tokyoense Makino; Ill. Fl. Japan 1(11): 2, t. 89 (1891), nomen, et Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 72 (1903)

Distribution: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Hebei, Shandong); South Korea; Japan (Honshu)

36 CHI 38 JAP KOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asprellum var. tokyoense (Makino) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23: 105 (1909)

= Galium dahuricum f. tokyoense (Makino) Kitag.; Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 92 (1940)

= Galium dahuricum var. tokyoense (Makino) Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 243 (1940)

= Galium pseudoasprellum var. tokyoense (Makino) Cufod.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 243 (1940)

species :

Galium tolosianum Boiss. & Kotschy; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 53 (1875)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium tomentosum Thunb.; Fl. Cap. [Thunberg] 1: 551 (1813)

Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium asperum Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 30 (1794), nom. illeg.

= Galium asperum var. villosum Eckl. & Zeyh.; Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 369 (1837)

= Galium glabrum Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 30 (1794)

= Galium maritimum Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 30 (1794), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium tortumense Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 264 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (NE-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium transcarpaticum Stojko & Tasenk.; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 36(6): 594 (1979)

Distribution: Ukraine

14 UKR

species :

Galium tricornutum Dandy; Watsonia 4: 47 (1957)

Name: Dreihörniges Labkraut (DE); Roughfruit Corn-bedstraw, Corn Cleavers (EN); Raspilla tricorne (ES)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, +Scotland); Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hessen [I], +Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, +Schleswig-Holstein, +Saarland, +Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; ?Bosnia & Hercegovina; ?Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; ?North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (scattered mainland, incl. many islands); Crete; Belarus; C-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Desert Oases, NE-Egypt, Nile Delta, Nile Valley, N-Egypt); Madeira (Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma, Gomera); Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Dodecanese, Kos, Tilos, Karpathos, Kasos, Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Wakhan, Badghys, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghorat, Herat, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Laghman, Wardak, Paktia / Khost, Parwan, Qunduz, Samangan, Takhar); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Jordania (W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (Asir); Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Yemen (W-Yemen); China (Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou); Tibet; Pakistan (Chitral, Kurram, Quetta, Baluchistan, Waziristan, Drosh, Pakistani Punjab, Hazara); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Leh); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I]); Canada [I] (Ontario [I]); USA [I] (Arkansas [I], California [I], Georgia [I], Maryland [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Carolina [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I]); NE-Brazil [I]; Paraguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Ñuble [I], Biobío [I])

10 GRB NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM GER HUN LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 BAL COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR KRY RUS UKR 20 EGY LBY TUN 21 CNY MDR 29 mau reu 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 35 QAT SAU UAE YEM 36 CHI TIB 40 IND PAK 50 aus 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 84 bra 85 arg cle par

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium borbonicum Cordem.; Fl. Réunion [Cordemoy] 517 (1895), tentatively listed as a synonym.

= Galium kurramensis Nazim.; Fl. Pakistan 190: 57 (1989)

= Galium spurium Huds.; Fl. Angl. [Hudson] 57 (1762), nom. superfl.

= Galium tehranicum M.Moussavi, A.Ghahreman & Attar; Iran. J. Bot. 6: 146 (1993)

= Galium tricorne Stocks; Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 153 (1787) (nom. illeg. excl. syn. Valantia aparine)

= Galium tricorne var. laeve Texidor; Revista Progr. Ci. Exact. 18: 617 (1869)

= Galium tricorne var. microcarpum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 45 (1850)

= Galium tricornutum f. microcarpum (Gren.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 250 (1965)

= Galium tricornutum subsp. longipedunculatum Nazim.; Fl. Pakistan 190: 61 (1989)

= Vaillantia aparine Hoffm.; Deutschl. Fl., Theil 2 [Hoffmann] 2(2): 275 (1804) non L.

= Valantia spuria Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 129 (1805)

= Valantia triflora Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 384 (1779)

species :

Galium trifloriforme Kom.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 428 (1900)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye, Kuril Isl., Sakhalin); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Qinghai); South Korea; Japan

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium japonicum var. trifloriformis (Kom.) Nakai; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 31: 106 (1952)

species :

Galium triflorum Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Michaux] 1: 80 (1803)

Name: Fragrant bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Norway; Sweden; Finland; Switzerland; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Siberia (Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, SW-Siberia, S-Yakutia, W-Siberia); Russian Far East (Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Guizhou, Sichuan); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); India (Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab); Alaska; Greenland; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Northern Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming); Mexico (Tamaulipas, Veracruz)

10 FIN NOR SWE 11 SWI 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS 30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP 40 IND 70 ASK CDN GNL 71 CDN 72 CDN SPM 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula galioides Jacquem. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 205 (1881), nom. inval.

= Galium brachiatum Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 1: 103 (1814)

= Galium bryophilum Goldb. ex M.A.Maxim.; Novyi Mag. Estestv. Istorii 1828: 16 (1828)

= Galium bryophyllum Goldb. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 602 (1830), nom. inval.

= Galium cuspidatum Muhl.; Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept. 16 (1813), nomen, et ed. 2, 25 (1818), nomen

= Galium cuspidatum Muhl. ex Elliott; Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 1: 197 (1817)

= Galium gratum Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 6211 (1831), nomen

= Galium jalapense Schltdl.; Linnaea 9: 591 (1834)

= Galium longicaule Raf.; Fl. Ludov. 75 (1817)

= Galium obovatum Schltdl. & Cham.; Linnaea 5: 164 (1830), nom. illeg.

= Galium paridifolium Eschsch. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 412 (1844)

= Galium pennsylvanicum W.P.C.Barton; Comp. Fl. Philadelph. [W.P.C.Barton] 1: 83 (1818)

= Galium suaveolens Wahlenb.; Fl. Lapp. [Wahlenberg] 48 (1812)

= Galium triflorum f. glabrum Leyendecker; Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 15: 180 (1941)

= Galium triflorum f. hispidum Leyendecker; Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 15: 180 (1941)

= Galium triflorum f. rollandii Vict.; Naturaliste Canad. 71: 208 (1944)

= Galium triflorum var. asprelliforme Fernald; Rhodora 37: 445 (1935)

= Galium triflorum var. bryophyllum (Goldb. ex DC.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 324 (1879)

= Galium triflorum var. viridiflorum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 602 (1830)

species :

Galium trojanum Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 385 (1958)

Distribution: Turkey (WN-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium truniacum (Ronniger) Ronniger; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] no. 10: 52 (1913)

Name: Traunsee-Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Austria

11 AUT GER

Remarks: lucidum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium lucidum subvar. truniacum (Ronniger) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 214 (1914)

= Galium corrudifolium subsp. truniacum Ronniger; Exsicc. (Herb. Norm.) 51-52: 22 (1910)

species :

Galium tubiflorum Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 353, f. 4 (1958)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium tuncelianum Yıld.; Ot Sist. Bot. Derg. 17(2): 103 (2010)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Galium tunetanum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 583 (1788)

Distribution: S-Spain (Sa. de las Nieves); Sicily; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

12 SPA 13 SIC 20 ALG MOR TUN

Remarks: verum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium serotinum Munby; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 2: 284 (1855), nom. illeg., non Boiss. & Heldr.

= Galium tunetanum var. hirtum Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 397 (1890)

= Galium tunetanum var. lanigerum Batt. ex Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 17: 115 (1926)

species :

Galium turgaicum Knjaz.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 88(12): 88 (2003)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

species :

Galium tyraicum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 468 (1961)

Distribution: Ukraine

14 UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium macilentum Klokov & Zaver.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1974: 85 (1974)

species :

Galium uliginosum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 106 (1753)

Name: Moor-Labkraut (DE), Fen bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Iceland; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; NE-Spain; Andorra; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; NE-Greece (Rodopi); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (Altay, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, NW_Sieria, SW-Siberia, N-Yakutia, S-Yakutia); Russian Far East [I]; Kazakhstan; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Turkey (NE-Anatolia); China (Xinjiang, ?Sichuan, ?Yunnan); Mongolia; New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Greenland [I]

10 DEN FIN GRB ICE IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 KAZ 33 ARM GEO 34 TUR 36 CHI 37 MON 51 ctm nzl 70 gnl

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium albolutescens Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 8 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium aquaticum Willd.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.] 158 (1827)

= Galium grandiflorum Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 7 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium hirsutum Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 10 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium langei Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 27: 173 (1928 publ. 1929)

= Galium minus Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 9 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium palustre var. uliginosum (L.) Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 496 (1927)

= Galium spinulosum Mérat; Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris 58 (1812)

= Galium spurium Spreng.; Fl. Halens. 52 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Galium sylvaticum subsp. supinum Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 312 (1882)

= Galium uliginosum f. latifolium (T.Marsson) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6: 221 (1914)

= Galium uliginosum subvar. rubriflorum (Arv.-Touv.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 42 (1903)

= Galium uliginosum var. ericetorum H.Post; Bot. Not. 1844: 123 (1844)

= Galium uliginosum var. glabratum Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 448 (1843)

= Galium uliginosum var. hirsutum Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 90 (1836)

= Galium uliginosum var. latifolium T.Marsson; Fl. Neu-Vorpommern 221 (1869)

= Galium uliginosum var. meratianum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 42 (1903)

= Galium uliginosum var. minus Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 1: 121 (1827)

= Galium uliginosum var. nanum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 436 (1828)

= Galium uliginosum var. rubriflorum Arv.-Touv.; Monogr. Pilosella & Hieracium, Addit. 20 (1888)

species :

Galium undulatum Puff; J. S. African Bot. 44(3): 262 (1978), nom. nov.

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium uncinatum Licht. ex Bartlett & H.L.Wendl.; Beitr. Bot. [Bartling & Wendland] 2: 12 (1825), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium valdepilosum Heinr.Braun; Beitr. Mittl. & Südl. Mähr. [Formánek] 43 (1886)

Name: Mährisches Labkraut (DE)

Distribution: Denmark; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Sachsen, +Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; W-Ukraine

10 DEN 11 AUT CZE GER POL 14 UKR

Remarks: pusillum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium anisophyllon subsp. bavaricum Ehrend.; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 31: 7 (1956)

= Galium pumilum subsp. slesvicense Sterner ex Hyl.; Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 1945(7): 300 (1945)

= Galium valdepilosum subsp. slesvicense (Sterner) Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 124: 177 (1975)

species :

Galium valentinum Lange; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn, Ser. 4, 3: 95 (1882)

Distribution: E- & SE-Spain

12 SPA

species :

Galium vartanii Grossh.; Trudy Geobot. Obsl. Pastb. S.S.R. Azerbaijdzhana, Ser. B, 1: 78 (1929)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Armenia; Azerbaijan

33 ARM AZE NCS

species :

Galium vassilczenkoi Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 714 (1958)

Distribution: Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Badakshan, Wakhan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); Pakistan (Quetta)

32 TZK 34 AFG 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium afghanicum Ehrend.; Biol. Skr. 10(3) [Symb. Afghan. 4]: 142 (1959)

species :

Galium velenovskyi Ančev; Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 28(11): 1534 (1975)

Distribution: Bulgaria

13 BUL

species :

Galium verrucosum Huds.; Philos. Trans. 56: 251 (1767)

Name: Anis-Labkraut (DE); Warty bedstraw (EN); Raspilla verrucosa (ES)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Austria [I]; Poland [I]; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Pantelleria; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Albania; Greece (scattered NE-, C- & S-Greece, Ionian Isl., Kiklades); Crete; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Samos, Kalimnos, Tilos, Chalki, Rhodos, Kasos, Karpathos); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel); USA [I] (Michigan [I])

11 aut ger pol swi 12 BAL COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KRI PEL PTL SIC 20 ALG MOR TUN 21 CNY MDR 34 CYP EAI ISR LEB 75 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Aparine tricornis Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868), nom. superfl.

= Aparine verrucosa (Huds.) Moench; Methodus [Moench] 640 (1794)

= Galium granulatum (Spreng.) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 249 (1818)

= Galium saccharatum All.; Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 9 (1773), nom. illeg.

= Galium saccharatum var. pleianthum Murb.; Acta Univ. Lund. 33(12): 91 (1897)

= Galium tricorne Stokes; Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 153 (1787), nom. superfl.

= Galium vaillantii var. halophilum Ponzo; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1912: 105 (1912)

= Galium valantia Weber; Prim. Fl. Holsat. [Wiggers] 12 (1780), nom. superfl.

= Galium verrucosum subsp. halophilum (Ponzo) Lambinon; Bull. Soc. Échange Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Bassin Médit. 26: 83 (1997)

= Galium verrucosum var. halophilum (Ponzo) Natali & Jeanm.; Candollea 43: 397 (1988)

= Rubia tricornis Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 373 (1880), nom. superfl.

= Valantia aparine L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 1051 (1753)

= Valantia granulata Spreng.; J. Bot. [Schrader] 1800(2): 200 (1800)

= Valantia saccharata (All.) C.C.Gmel.; Fl. Bad. [C.C.Gmelin] 3: 781 (1808)

= Valantia tricornis (Stokes) Roth; Neue Beytr. Bot. 1: 142 (1802)

species :

Galium verticillatum Danth.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 585 (1788)

Distribution: E- & S-Spain; France; Italy; Sicily; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (scattered mainland, Thasos, Samothraki, Sporades, Skiros, Paxos, Amorgos); Crete; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Nisyros, Karpathos, Kasos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NW-Iraq); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran); Afghanistan (Balkh, Herat); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains)

12 FRA SPA 13 ALB BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI ROM SIC SRB 14 KRY UKR 20 ALG MOR TUN 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM GEO NCS 34 AFG EAI IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Aparinanthus verticillatus (Danthoine ex Lam.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 397 (1868)

= Galium murale M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 105 (1808), nom. illeg.

= Galium smithii G.Don; Gen. Hist. 3: 660 (1834)

= Galium verticillatum f. leiocarpum Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 265 (1936), nom. illeg.

= Galium verticillatum f. robustum Pau; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 7: 91 (1907)

= Galium verticillatum f. trichocarpum Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 265 (1936)

= Galium verticilliflorum Pourr. ex Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées, Suppl. 24 (1818)

= Sherardia erecta Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 86 (1806)

= Sherardia minuta Pall. ex Georgi; Beschr. Nation. Russ. Reich. 3(4): 727 (1800)

species :

Galium verum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 107 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. verum

Name: Echtes Labkraut (DE), Lady´s Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Iceland; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly, St. Kilda Isl.); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread mainland, Kerkyra, Thasos, Samothraki); S-European Russia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Siberia (Altay, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, SW-Siberia, S-Yakutia, N-Yakutia); Russian Far East (Kamchatka, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin, Upper Amur); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Samos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Badakshan, Takhar); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); China (Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Zhejiang); Tibet; Mongolia; Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan; NE-Pakistan (Gilgit, Astor, Deosai); NW-India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir); Australia [I] (Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Greenland [I]; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Delaware [I], Iowa [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], North Dakota [I], Nebraska [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Dakota [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I], Wyoming [I]); Argentina [I]

10 DEN FIN GRB ICE IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MLT MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG MOR TUN 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO 34 AFG EAI IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR 36 CHI TIB 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO 40 IND PAK 50 aus 51 nzl 70 gnl 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 85 arg

Remarks: verum agg. See also G. ruthenicum and G. wirtgenii. Russian authors separate G. tomentellum (Urals)

Synonyms: hidden

= Asterophyllum galium K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.; Fl. Friburg. 3: 1077 (1829)

= Galium affine Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 474 (1827)

= Galium alpinum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 288 (1866), nom. superfl.

= Galium approximatum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 20 (1850)

= Galium bracteolatum Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 74: 374 (1927)

= Galium caucasicum Lag.; Gen. Sp. Pl. [Lagasca] 9 (1816)

= Galium floridum Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 58 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Galium gironae Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 74: 374 (1927)

= Galium glabratum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 472 (1961)

= Galium glabrum Hoffm.; Deutschl. Fl., Jahrgang 3 [Hoffmann] 72 (1800), nom. illeg.

= Galium leonis Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 293 (1936)

= Galium luteoverticillatum St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 126 (1880)

= Galium luteum Garsault; Fig. Pl. Med. t. 284 (1764), Descr. Pl. Anim. 179 (1767), Thell. in Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 8: 790 (1908)

= Galium luteum Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 381 (1779)

= Galium luteum Moench; Methodus [Moench] 485 (1794), nom. illeg.

= Galium luteum St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 387 (1889), nom. illeg., non Lam.

= Galium luteum var. brachycarpum (DC.) St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 387 (1889)

= Galium luteum var. trachyphyllum (DC.) St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 387 (1889)

= Galium mauryi Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 73: 652 (1926 publ. 1927)

= Galium minimum Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 10 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium minutum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 106 (1753)

= Galium officinale Gaterau; Descr. Pl. Montauban 43 (1789)

= Galium pallidiflorum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 281 (1866)

= Galium palustre var. effusum Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 74 (1820)

= Galium palustre var. vulgare Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 74 (1820)

= Galium pentandrum Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 10 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium poligamum Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 13 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium pseudoverum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 281 (1866)

= Galium ruthenicum f. setulosum H.Lindb.; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 25: 28 (1900)

= Galium squarrosum Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 288 (1936)

= Galium sublutaeum Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 10 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Galium sylvestre var. glabrum (Hoffm.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 327 (1879)

= Galium tenderiense Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 471 (1961)

= Galium tomentellum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 470 (1961)

= Galium trichophyllum Wulfen; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 3: 319 (1805), nom. illeg.

= Galium tuberculatum C.Presl; Delic. Prag. 120 (1822)

= Galium vernum subsp. alpinum (Schur) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 155 (1889)

= Galium verosimile Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 234 (1818)

= Galium verum lusus glabrum Regel & Herder; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(1): 9 (1867)

= Galium verum lusus hispidulum Regel & Herder; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(1): 9 (1867)

= Galium verum lusus tomentosum (C.A.Mey.) Regel & Herder; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(1): 10 (1867)

= Galium verum f. album H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 368 (1934)

= Galium verum f. album Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 343 (1939), nom. illeg.

= Galium verum f. angustifolium Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 56 (1822)

= Galium verum f. bracteolatum Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 74: 374 (1927)

= Galium verum f. crebrifolium Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 7 (1903)

= Galium verum f. gironei Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 74: 374 (1927), nomen

= Galium verum f. hispidulum Caball.; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 2: 240 (1942)

= Galium verum f. intermedium (Nakai) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 34: 51 (1920)

= Galium verum f. latifolium Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 56 (1822)

= Galium verum f. luteolum Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 5(11): 47 (1928)

= Galium verum f. puberulum Serg.; Trudy Biol. Naučno-Issl. Inst. Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 2: 68 (1936)

= Galium verum f. setulosum (H.Lindb.) Cajander; Melan. Suomen Kasvio [Cajander], ed. 5: 534 (1906)

= Galium verum f. souliei Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 74: 374 (1927)

= Galium verum f. subpubescens Serg.; Trudy Biol. Naučno-Issl. Inst. Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 2: 68 (1936)

= Galium verum f. tomentosum (C.A.Mey.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 34: 50 (1920)

= Galium verum f. trichanthum Ančev; Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 28: 1535 (1975)

= Galium verum f. virens Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 6: 58 (1895)

= Galium verum subsp. leiophyllum (Wallr.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg, 1. Aufl.: 101 (1834)

= Galium verum subsp. maritimum (DC.) Adema; Gorteria 10: 156 (1981)

= Galium verum subsp. ochroleucum Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 328 (1879)

= Galium verum subsp. pamiroalaicum (Pobed.) Kamelin; Fl. Ushchel. Reki Varzob 282 (2021)

= Galium verum subsp. praecox Rech.f.; (1943) (non (Láng) Hayek 1930)

= Galium verum var. albidum Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 10: 39 (1870)

= Galium verum var. asparagifolium Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 210 (1832)

= Galium verum var. compactum Touss. & Hoschedé; Fl. Vernon 188 (1898)

= Galium verum var. depressum Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 5(2): 126 (1915)

= Galium verum var. lasiocarpum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 13 (1903), nom. illeg.

= Galium verum var. leiophyllum Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 56 (1822)

= Galium verum var. littorale Bréb.; Fl. Normandie, éd. 3: 138 (1859)

= Galium verum var. luteum (Lam.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 34: 49 (1920)

= Galium verum var. luteum H.Mart.; Prodr. Fl. Mosq., Ed. Alt. 28 (1817)

= Galium verum var. luteum Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 4: 214 (1865)

= Galium verum var. maritimum DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4: 248 (1805)

= Galium verum var. pallidiflorum F.Gérard; Magn. Fl. Sel. 2749 (1894)

= Galium verum var. pallidum Čelak.; Arch. Naturwiss. Landesdurchf. Böhmen 2(2) (Prodr. Fl. Böhmen 2): 277 (1871)

= Galium verum var. pallidum Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 84 (1879), nom. illeg.

= Galium verum var. planifolium Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 84 (1879)

= Galium verum var. praecox Láng ex Hagenb.; Tent. Fl. Basil., Suppl. 26 (1843)

= Galium verum var. praecox Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 343 (1939), nom. illeg.

= Galium verum var. pseudolittorale Caball.; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 2: 240 (1942)

= Galium verum var. pubescens Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 171 (1827)

= Galium verum var. subulatum Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 88 (1836)

= Galium verum var. supinum Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 88 (1836)

= Galium verum var. tomentosum C.A.Mey.; Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer. [C.A. von Meyer] 54 (1831)

= Galium verum var. trachycaulis Trautv. & C.A.Mey.; Reise Sibir. [Middendorff] 1(2, 3): 49 (1856), nom. superfl.

= Galium verum var. verosimile (Roem. & Schult.) Garcke; Fl. Halle [Garcke] 217 (1848)

= Galium verum var. verosimile (Roem. & Schult.) H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 146 (1932)

= Galium verum var. vulgare Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 74 (1820)

= Galium wettsteinii Ullep.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 43: 421 (1893)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. approximatum (Gren.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 21 (1903)

= Rubia vera (L.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 372 (1880)

variant :

var. trachyphyllum Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 56 (1822)

Distribution: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Hebei, Shanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Sichuan); North Korea; South Korea

36 CHI 38 KOR NKO

subspecies :

subsp. asiaticum (Nakai) T.Yamaz.; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 3a: 240 (1993)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Hebei, Shanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Alaska; Aleutes

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO 70 ASK

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium lacteum (Maxim.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 718 (1958)

= Galium verum f. lacteum (Maxim.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 34: 50 (1920)

= Galium verum var. asiaticum Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 344 (1939)

= Galium verum var. intermedium Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 343 (1939)

= Galium verum var. japonalpinum Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 343 (1939)

variant :

var. hallaensis K.S.Jeong & K.Choi; Phytotaxa 302(1): 95 (2017)

Distribution: South Korea

38 KOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium pusillum Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 4 (1915)

= Galium verum var. hallasanense M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 312 (2017)

variant :

var. lacteum Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 19: 283 (1874)

Distribution: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu); North Korea; South Korea; Japan

36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

variant :

var. nikkoense Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 347 (1939)

Distribution: China (Shandong); Japan

36 CHI 38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium verum f. nikkoense (Nakai) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 86 (1953)

subspecies :

subsp. glabrescens Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 127(4): 304 (1977)

Distribution: SC-Turkey; NE-Iraq; N-Iraq; NW-Iran; Lebanon; Syria

34 IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium glabrescens (Ehrend.) Mikheev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 71 (1992) (non G. glabrescens Dempster & Ehrend. 1965)

= Galium bassitense Thunb.; Mém. Inst. Égypte, n. s. 40: 191 (1940)

subspecies :

subsp. meridionale F.M.Vázquez & Crystal; Folia Bot. Extremadur. 12: 161 (2018)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

species :

Galium viridiflorum Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 51 (1852)

Distribution: SW-Spain (Granada, Ronda); ?Morocco

12 SPA

species :

Galium viscosum Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 2: 29 (1791)

subspecies :

subsp. viscosum

Distribution: S-Portugal; S-Spain; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

12 POR SPA 20 ALG MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium agglomeratum Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 690 (1812)

= Galium campestre Schousb. ex Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 152 (1809)

= Galium gibraltaricum Schott; Isis [Oken] 21: 821 (1828)

= Galium glomeratum Desf.; Fl. Atlant. 1: 128 (1798)

= Galium glomeratum var. campestre (Schousb. ex Willd.) Ball; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 487 (1878)

= Galium viscosum var. campestre (Schousb. ex Willd.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 331 (1879)

= Galium viscosum var. gibraltaricum (Schott) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 16: 34 (1925)

= Galium viscosum var. glomeratum (Desf.) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 16: 34 (1925)

subspecies :

subsp. bovei (Boiss. & Reut.) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 16: 34 (1925)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria

20 ALG MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium bovei Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 50 (1852)

= Galium bovei var. hesperium Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 16: 32 (1925)

= Galium glomeratum var. bovei (Boiss. & Reut.) Pau; Iter Marocc. [Font Quer], Exsicc. 1928: no. 612 (1928)

= Galium viscosum var. bovei (Boiss. & Reut.) Font Quer; Cavanillesia 1: 77 (1928)

= Galium viscosum var. hesperium (Maire) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 16: 34 (1925)

subspecies :

subsp. rifanum (Emb. & Maire) Maire; Cavanillesia 2: 172 (1939)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium rifanum Emb. & Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 17: 49 (1927)

= Galium rifanum var. flavovirens Emb. & Maire; Pl. Marocc. Nov. 3: 4 (1930)

= Galium viscosum var. flavovirens (Emb. & Maire) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc [Jahandiez et al.] 3: 715 (1934)

species :

Galium volhynicum Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 278 (1971), nom. nov.

Name: Wolhynisches Labkraut

Distribution: Serbia; Romania; Bulgaria; Moldova; C-Ukraine

13 BUL ROM SRB 14 MLD UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula galioides subsp. tyraica (Besser) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 332 (1879)

= Asperula tyraica Besser; Enum. Pl. [Besser] 41 (1821)

species :

Galium wendelboi Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 209 (1991)

Distribution: N-Iran

34 IRN

species :

Galium wirtgenii F.W.Schultz; Arch. Fl. 1(1): 201 (1855)

Name: Wirtgen-Labkraut, Wirtgen´s bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [I], Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Slovenia; Albania; European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (Altay, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, NW-Siberia, SW-Siberia, N-Yakutia, S-Yakutia); Russian Far East (Upper Amur, Sakhalin, Chukotka); Mongolia; Canada [I] (Québec [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Indiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Pennsylvania [I], Vermont [I])

11 AUT CZE GER HUN LIE POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 ALB SLV 14 RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 37 MON 72 cdn 75 usa

Remarks: verum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium hypanicum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 467 (1961)

= Galium praecox (K.H.Lang) A.Kern.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] 6: 78 (1893)

= Galium vernum var. wirtgenii (F.W.Schultz) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 328 (1879)

= Galium verum subsp. praecox (K.H.Lang) Petr.; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 16: 21 (1910)

= Galium verum subsp. wirtgenii (F.W.Schultz) Oborný; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 23(2): 735 (1885)

= Galium verum var. praecox K.H.Láng ex Hagenb.; Tent. Fl. Basil., Suppl. 26 (1843)

= Galium verum var. wirtgenii (F.W.Schultz) Čelak.; Žíva (Sborn. Ved. Král. Cesk., Odb. Prír. Math.) 4: 118 (1870)

species :

Galium xeroticum (Klokov) Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 278 (1971)

Distribution: Crimea

14 KRY

Synonyms: hidden

= Asperula xerotica Klokov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 18: 228 (1957)

= Galium biebersteinii Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 124: 174 (1975)

= Galium xeroticum (Klokov) Soó; Feddes Repert. 83(3): 168 (1972), isonym

species :

Galium xylorrhizum Boiss. & A.Huet; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 2: 115 (1856)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)

33 GEO 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium leiophyllum var. stenophyllum Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 51 (1875)

= Galium praemontanum var. armazicum Mardal.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 70: 265 (1985)

species :

Galium zabense Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 255 (1979)

Distribution: Turkey (SE-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Galium zaisanicum Pinzhenina & Kupr.; Rast. Mir Aziatsk. Rossii 16(1): 72-82 (2023)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

species :

Galium ×albertii Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 10 (1903)

Distribution: France

12 FRA

Remarks: Galium boreale x G. verum

species :

Galium ×barcinonense Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 27: 181 (1928 publ. 1929)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Galium lucidum x G. maritimum

species :

Galium ×buekkense Huljak; Magyar Bot. Lapok 26: 24 (1927 publ. 1928)

Distribution: Hungary

11 HUN

Remarks: Galium abaujense x G. vernum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium ×huljakii Jáv.; Magyar Bot. Lapok 26: 24 (1927 publ. 1928)

species :

Galium ×carmineum Beauverd; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, Sér. 2, 27: 92 (1937)

Distribution: Switzerland; Austria; France; Italy; Slovenia

11 AUT SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA SLV

Remarks: rubrum agg., Galium anisophyllon x (x) centroniae

species :

Galium ×centroniae Cariot; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 6: 13 (1879)

Distribution: Switzerland; Austria; France; Italy; Slovenia (Alps)

11 AUT SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA SLV

Remarks: rubrum agg., Galium pumilum x rubrum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium obliquum var. centroniae (Cariot) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 152 (1889)

= Galium rubrum var. centroniae (Cariot) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 27 (1903)

species :

Galium ×digeneum A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 118 (1876)

Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, Thüringen); Austria; etc.

11 AUT GER

Remarks: Galium album x glaucum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium ×baumgartneri Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2): 1124 (1893)

species :

Galium ×effulgens Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2): 1124 (1893)

Distribution: Austria; Spain

11 AUT 12 SPA

Remarks: Galium lucidum x G. verum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium ×paui Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 73: 651 (1926 publ. 1927)

species :

Galium ×fictum Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 22 (1903)

Distribution: France

12 FRA

Remarks: Galium glaucum x G. mollugo

Synonyms: hidden

= xAsperugalium fictum (E.G.Camus) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 883 (1938)

species :

Galium ×himmelbaurianum (Ronniger) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 12: 117 (1966)

Distribution: Bulgaria; Ukraine

13 BUL 14 UKR

Remarks: Galium humifusum x G. verum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium ×jubilaeare Ostapko; Indust. Bot. 20: 5 (2020)

= Galium ×raisiae Ostapko; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 50(6): 61 (1993)

= xGaliasperula himmelbauriana Ronniger; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 29: 143 (1931)

species :

Galium ×hungaricum A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 119 (1876)

Distribution: Hungary

11 HUN

Remarks: Galium mollugo x G. schultesii

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium ×gyoerffyi Hulják; Magyar Bot. Lapok 25: 268 (1926 publ. 1927)

species :

Galium ×huteri A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 119 (1876)

Distribution: Italy

13 ITA

Remarks: Galium laevigatum x G. lucidum

species :

Galium ×jansenii Kloos; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1929: 424 (1929 publ. 1930)

Distribution: S-Germany

11 GER

Remarks: Galium sylvaticum x G. mollugo

species :

Galium ×jarynae Wołosz.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 37: 227 (1887)

Distribution: Spain; France

12 FRA SPA

Remarks: Galium aristatum x G. mollugo

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium ×elegans Błocki; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 350 (1892), nomen

= Galium ×honoratae Błocki; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 43: 108 (1893), nomen

species :

Galium ×kondratjukii Ostapko; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 50(6): 60 (1993)

Distribution: Ukraine

14 UKR

Remarks: Galium cincinnatum x G. tomentosum

species :

Galium ×lanulosum Ostapko; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 50(6): 62 (1993)

Distribution: Ukraine

14 UKR

Remarks: Galium humifusum x G. tomentosum

species :

Galium ×lindbergii Giraudias; Bull. Assoc. Pyren. Échange Pl. 15: 13 (1905), Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. viii.32

Distribution: Spain; France

12 FRA SPA

species :

Galium ×mutabile Besser; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 42 (1821)

Distribution: Belgium; Germany; Hungary; France; Romania; European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (W-Siberia, SW-Siberia, Tomsk, Khakassia)

11 BGM GER HUN 12 FRA 13 ROM 14 RUS UKR 30 SIB

Remarks: Galium mollugo L. x Galium verum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium ×aberrans Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2): 1123 (1893)

= Galium ×depauperatum J.Schust.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 2: 96 (1906)

= Galium ×eminens Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 19 (1850)

= Galium ×intercedens A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 20: 326 (1870)

= Galium ×spectabile Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2): 1123 (1893)

species :

Galium ×neglectum Le Gall ex Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 22 (1850)

Distribution: Spain; France

12 FRA SPA

Remarks: Galium album x G. arenarium

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium erectum var. dunense Corb.; Nouv. Fl. Normandie 299 (1894)

= Galium mollugo subsp. neglectum (Le Gall ex Gren.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 324 (1879)

= Galium mollugo var. dunense (Corb.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 16 (1903)

= Galium ×neglectum var. dunense (Corb.) Rouy; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 148 (1902)

= Galium ×simonii Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 385 (1903)

species :

Galium ×pomariorum Vollrath & Breitf.; Ber. Naturwiss. Ges. Bayreuth 27: 275 (2015)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Galium album x sylvaticum

species :

Galium ×pomeranicum Retz.; Fl. Scand. Prodr. ed. 2, 34 (1795)

Name: Gelblichweißes Labkraut (DE), Hybrid Bedstraw (EN)

Distribution: Iceland; England (England, Wales, Scotland, Orkney Isl.); Ireland (Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hessen [I], Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland [I], Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl.; ?Sardinia; Italy; ?Sicily; Malta; Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Siberia (Tomsk); Ukraine; Crimea; Canada [I] (New Brunswick [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Massachusetts [I], New York [I])

10 DEN FIN GRB ICE IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MLT ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 72 cdn 75 usa

Remarks: Galium album x verum, verum agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium mollugo f. calvifrons Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 162 (1892)

= Galium mollugo f. decolorans (Gren.) Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 163 (1892)

= Galium mollugo var. abietinum Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 162 (1892)

= Galium mollugo var. guillemotii (Corb.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 8 (1903)

= Galium mollugo var. ochroleucum Fr.; Novit. Fl. Svec. 5: 66 (1819)

= Galium ruthenicum f. piliferum H.Lindb.; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 25: 28 (1900)

= Galium verum f. piliferum (H.Lindb.) Cajander; Melan. Suomen Kasvio [Cajander], ed. 5: 534 (1906)

= Galium verum subvar. ochroleucum (Fr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 12 (1903)

= Galium verum var. ochroleucum (J.P.Wolff) Günther, Grab. & Wimm.; Enum. Stirp. Phan. Silesia 27 (1824)

= Galium verum var. ochroleucum (J.P.Wolff) Ortmann; Elbogn. Kreis Königr. Böhm. [Glückselig] 85 (1842), isonym

= Galium verum var. ochroleucum Fr.; Novit. Fl. Suec. Alt. 23 (1828)

= Galium ×ambiguum Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 20 (1850)

= Galium ×bailletii E.G.Camus; Bull. Soc. Étude Fl. Franco-Helv. 3: 21 (1900)

= Galium ×ceretanum Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 73: 652 (1926 publ. 1927)

= Galium ×decolorans Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 19 (1850), nom. superfl.

= Galium ×flavum Wallr.; Scholion zu Hampe´s Prodr. Fl. Hercyn.: 178 (1840)

= Galium ×guillemotii Corb.; Nouv. Fl. Normandie 301 (1894)

= Galium ×hillardiae Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 8: 869 (1928 publ. 1929)

= Galium ×mouretii Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: 433 (1900)

= Galium ×ochroleucum Rochel; Pl. Banat. Rar., index: s. p. (1828), nom. illeg.

= Galium ×ochroleucum subsp. angustifolium Čelak.; Arch. Naturwiss. Landesdurchf. Böhmen 2(2) (Prodr. Fl. Böhmen 2): 278 (1871)

= Galium ×ochroleucum subsp. latifolium Čelak.; Arch. Naturwiss. Landesdurchf. Böhmen 2(2) (Prodr. Fl. Böhmen 2): 278 (1871)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. ambiguum (Gren. & Godr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 20 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. approximatum (Gren. & Godr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 21 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. bailletii (E.G.Camus) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 21 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. decolorans (Gren. & Godr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 21 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. effugens Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 21 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. fallacinum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 20 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. gonsei Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 21 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. guillemotii (Corb.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 21 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. mouretii (Sennen) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 20 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. palatinum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 21 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. pseudocinereum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 21 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. sternbergii Knaf ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 324 (1879), nom. inval.

= Galium ×ochroleucum var. timbalii (Har.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 20 (1903)

= Galium ×ochroleucum Wolf ex Schweigg. & Körte; Fl. Erlang. [Schweigger & Koerte] 36 (1804), nom. illeg.

= Galium ×odessanum Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 468 (1961)

= Galium ×palatinum F.W.Schultz ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 328 (1879)

= Galium ×pomeranicum nothosubsp. hillardiae (Druce) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 530 (2006)

= Galium ×pomeranicum nothovar. guillemotii (Corb.) B.Touss. & Lambinon; Nouv. Fl. Belg., Grand-Duché Luxemb., Nord France, 6. éd. 1061 (2012)

= Galium ×schiedeanum Fisch.-Benz.; Krit. Fl. Schlesw.-Holst. 2: 114 (1889)

= Galium ×timbalii Har.; Bull. Soc. Étude Fl. Franco-Helv. 1: 39 (1898)

= Galium ×verocinereum J.Serres; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 2: 223 (1855)

species :

Galium ×pralognense Beauverd; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, Sér. 2, 19: 356 (1928 publ. 1927)

Distribution: France

12 FRA

Remarks: Galium pumilum x G. verum

species :

Galium ×prolazense Nyár.; Bul. Grad. Bot. Univ. Cluj 15: 55 (1935)

Distribution: Romania

13 ROM

Remarks: Galium album x G. flavescens

species :

Galium ×pseudoboreale Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 460 (1961)

Distribution: C-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (W-Siberia/Siberian Urals, SW-Siberia)

14 RUS UKR 30 SIB

Remarks: Galium boreale x G. rubioides

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium rubioides f. pseudoboreale (Klokov) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18(1-2): 176 (1973)

= Galium ×pseudorubioides Klokov; Fl. URSR 10: 460 (1961), nom. illeg.

species :

Galium ×querceticola Wołosz.; Exsicc. (Fl. Polon.) 1896: no. 952 (1896)

Distribution: Poland

11 POL

Remarks: Galium abaujense ssp. polonicum x G. intermedium

species :

Galium ×retzii Bouchard; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 97: 219 (1951)

Distribution: France

12 FRA

Remarks: Galium papillosum x G. verum

species :

Galium ×schmidelyi Chenevard & F.O.Wolf; Bull. Trav. Soc. Bot. Genève 9: 130 (1903)

Distribution: France

12 FRA

Remarks: Galium mollugo x G. rubrum

species :

Galium ×schneebergense Ronniger; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 71: 49 (1922)

Distribution: Austria

11 AUT

Remarks: Galium anisophyllon x G. meliodorum

species :

Galium ×viciosorum Sennen & Pau; Bull. Géogr. Bot. 24: 241 (1914)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Galium maritimum x C. verum

Synonyms: hidden

= Galium ×delaribae Sennen & Gonzalo; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1925: 5479 (1925)

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.05 (May 20th, 2026)

Covering 359,646 accepted species,
8,890 hybrids, 47,679 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,012,517 synonyms,
**in total 1,428,732* names**

[about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus*" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life

Contact

How to Cite:

Realization

Search

+ Family

Filter

Order

Family (5)

Genus (606)

Display options

A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.05 (May 20th, 2026)

Covering 359,646 accepted species,8,890 hybrids, 47,679 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,012,517 synonyms,in total 1,428,732* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life

Covering 359,646 accepted species,
8,890 hybrids, 47,679 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,012,517 synonyms,
**in total 1,428,732* names**

[about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus*" are deliberately omitted]