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521.0000 Family Orobanchaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 2: 292 (1799), nom. cons.
95 genera, ca. 2150 spp. Phylogeny: McNeal et al. 2013, Pinto-Carrasco et al. 2017, Nickrent (2020)
Species listed in database: 2198; hybrids: 77
= Aeginetiaceae Livera; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 10: 153 (1927)
= Buchneraceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 979 (1870)
= Cyclocheilaceae Marais; Kew Bull. 35: 805 (1981)
= Euphrasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 239 (1820)
= Lindenbergiaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: xlix (2001)
= Melampyraceae Rich. ex Hook. & Lindl.; Fl. Scot. 2: 213 (1821)
= Nesogenaceae Marais; Kew Bull. 35: 798 (1981)
= Pedicularidaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 99 (1789)
= Phelypaeaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 73 (1834)
= Rhinanthaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 2: 295 (1799)
521.0817 Genus Aureolaria Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 58 (1836)
Distribution: E-USA, Mexico (1)
Species listed in database: 8
species :
Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 188 (1918 publ. 1919)
Name: Smooth yellow false foxglove
Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, West Virginia)
72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Agalinis flava (L.) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 644 (1967)
= Aureolaria calycosa (Mack. & Bush) Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 73: 512 (1921 publ. 1922)
= Aureolaria flava subsp. reticulata (Raf.) Pennell; Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 395 (1935)
= Aureolaria flava var. integrifolia Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 189 (1918)
= Aureolaria flava var. reticulata (Raf.) Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 71: 272 (1920)
= Aureolaria reticulata Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 59 (1837)
= Aureolaria villosa Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 59 (1836)
= Dasistoma aurea Raf.; J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 89: 99 (1819)
= Dasistoma calycosa Mack. & Bush; Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 105 (1905)
= Dasistoma flava (L.) Alph.Wood; Class-book Bot. (ed. 1861): 529 (1861)
= Dasistoma pubescens Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 520 (1846)
= Gerardia calycosa (Mack. & Bush) Fernald; Rhodora 51: 84 (1949)
= Gerardia dasystoma Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 680 (1841)
= Gerardia flava L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 610 (1753)
= Gerardia flava var. calycosa (Mack. & Bush) Steyerm.; Rhodora 62: 131 (1960)
= Gerardia flava var. reticulata (Raf.) Cory; Rhodora 38: 407 (1936)
= Gerardia villosa Muhl. ex Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 59 (1836)
= Gerardia villosa var. heterophylla Muhl.; Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept. 58 (1813), nomen
variant :
var. macrantha Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 73: 511 (1922)
Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)
72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Agalinis flava var. macrantha (Pennell) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 645 (1967)
= Aureolaria flava subsp. macrantha (Pennell) Pennell; Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 139 (1935)
= Gerardia flava var. macrantha (Pennell) Fernald; Rhodora 51: 84 (1949)
species :
Aureolaria grandiflora (Benth.) Pennell; Rhodora 20: 135, in adnot. (1918)
Name: Largeflower yellow false foxglove
Distribution: USA (Texas)
77 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Agalinis grandiflora (Benth.) S.F.Blake; Rhodora 20: 70 (1918)
= Dasistoma drummondii Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 520 (1846)
= Dasistoma grandiflora (Benth.) Alph.Wood; Amer. Bot. Fl. 231 (1870)
= Gerardia grandiflora Benth.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 206 (1835)
= Gerardia grandiflora var. integriuscula A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 291 (1878)
variant :
var. cinerea Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 73(3): 510 (-511) (1922)
Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas)
74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gerardia grandiflora var. cinerea (Pennell) Cory; Rhodora 38: 407 (1936)
= Aureolaria grandiflora subsp. cinerea (Pennell) Pennell; Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 389 (1935)
variant :
var. pulchra Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 80: 392 (-393) (1928)
Distribution: USA (Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin)
74 USA 75 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gerardia grandiflora var. pulchra (Pennell) Fernald; Rhodora 51: 84 (1949)
= Aureolaria grandiflora subsp. pulchra (Pennell) Pennell; Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 390 (1935)
variant :
var. serrata (Torr. ex Benth.) Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 73: 511 (1922)
Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas)
77 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Agalinis grandiflora var. serrata (Torr. ex Benth.) S.F.Blake; Rhodora 20: 70 (1918)
= Aureolaria grandiflora subsp. serrata (Torr. ex Benth.) Pennell; Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 389 (1935)
= Aureolaria serrata (Torr. ex Benth.) Rydb.; Brittonia 1: 96 (1931)
= Dasistoma drummondii var. serrata (Torr. ex Benth.) Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 521 (1846)
= Dasistoma serrata (Torr. ex Benth.) Small; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 451, et in Britton, Man. Fl. N. U. S. 836 (1901)
= Gerardia grandiflora var. serrata (Torr. ex Benth.) B.L.Rob.; Rhodora 10: 35 (1908)
= Gerardia serrata Torr. ex Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 521 (1846)
species :
Aureolaria greggii (S.Watson) Pennell; Rhodora 20: 135 (1918)
Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Gerardia greggii S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 131 (1882-83)
species :
Aureolaria levigata (Raf.) Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 59 (1836)
Name: Entireleaf yellow false foxglove
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia)
75 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Agalinis levigata (Raf.) S.F.Blake; Rhodora 20: 71 (1918)
= Dasistoma integrifolia A.Gray; Manual [A.Gray], ed. 1: 307 (1848)
= Dasistoma levigata (Raf.) Britton ex Morong; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 483 (1893)
= Dasistoma levigata (Raf.) Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S., ed. 2: 636 (1883)
= Gerardia integrifolia A.Gray; Manual [A.Gray], ed. 1: 307 (1848)
= Gerardia levigata Raf.; Ann. Nat. 13 (1820)
species :
Aureolaria patula (Chapm.) Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 71: 271 (1919 publ. 1920)
Name: Spreading yellow false foxglove
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee)
78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Dasistoma patula Chapm.; Bot. Gaz. 3: 10 (1878)
= Gerardia patula (Chapm.) A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 291 (1878)
species :
Aureolaria pectinata (Nutt.) Pennell; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 411 (1913)
Name: Combleaf yellow false foxglove
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia)
74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Agalinis pedicularia var. pectinata (Nutt.) S.F.Blake; Rhodora 20: 70 (1918)
= Aureolaria pectinata subsp. eurycarpa (Pennell) Pennell; Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 404 (1935)
= Aureolaria pectinata subsp. floridana Pennell; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 414 (1913)
= Aureolaria pectinata subsp. transcedens (Pennell) Pennell; Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 404 (1935)
= Aureolaria pectinata var. eurycarpa Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 80: 425 (1928)
= Aureolaria pectinata var. ozarkensis Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 80: 425 (1928)
= Aureolaria pectinata var. transcedens Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 80: 424 (1928)
= Aureolaria pedicularia var. pectinata (Nutt.) Gleason
= Dasistoma pectinata (Nutt.) Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 520 (1846)
= Gerardia pectinata (Nutt.) Torr. ex Benth.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 206 (1835)
= Gerardia pedicularia var. pectinata Nutt.; Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall] 2: 48 (1818)
= Panctenis pectinata Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 61 (1836)
species :
Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. ex Pennell; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40(8): 412 (1913)
Name: Fernleaf yellow false foxglove
Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)
72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Agalinis pedicularia (L.) S.F.Blake; Rhodora 20: 70 (1918)
= Agalinis pedicularia var. caesariensis (Pennell) S.F.Blake; Rhodora 20: 70 (1918)
= Aureolaria pedicularia subsp. caesariensis Pennell; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 413 (1913)
= Aureolaria pedicularia subsp. carolinensis Pennell; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 413 (1913)
= Aureolaria pedicularia var. caesariensis (Pennell) Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 80: 416 (1928)
= Aureolaria pedicularia var. carolinensis (Pennell) Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 80: 417 (1928)
= Dasistoma pectinatum (Nutt.) Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 520 (1846)
= Dasistoma pedicularia (L.) Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 521 (1846)
= Gerardia pedicularia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 611 (1753)
= Panctenis pedicularia (L.) Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 61 (1837)
= Panctenis pedicularia var. pumila Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 61 (1837), nomen
= Panctenis pedicularia var. ramosissima Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 61 (1837), nomen
= Panctenis pedicularia var. simplex Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 61 (1837), nomen
= Panctenis pedicularis Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 61 (1836)
variant :
var. ambigens (Fernald) Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 189 (1918)
Distribution: USA (Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin)
74 USA 75 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Agalinis pedicularia var. ambigens (Fernald) S.F.Blake; Rhodora 20: 70 (1918)
= Aureolaria pedicularia subsp. ambigens (Fernald) Pennell
= Gerardia pedicularia var. ambigens Fernald; Rhodora 10: 86 (1908)
variant :
var. austromontana Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 71: 268 (1920)
Distribution: USA (Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia)
78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Aureolaria pedicularia subsp. austromontana (Pennell) Pennell; Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 402 (1935)
= Gerardia pedicularia var. austromontana (Pennell) Fernald; Rhodora 51: 85 (1949)
variant :
var. intercedens Pennell; Torreya 19: 207 (1919)
Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia)
72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gerardia pedicularia var. intercedens (Pennell) Fernald; Rhodora 51: 85 (1949)
= Aureolaria pedicularia subsp. intercedens (Pennell) Pennell; Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 401 (1935)
species :
Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 409 (1913)
Name: Downy yellow false foxglove
Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, West Virginia)
72 CDN 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Agalinis glauca (Eddy) S.F.Blake; Rhodora 20: 71 (1918)
= Agalinis virginica (L.) S.F.Blake; Rhodora 20: 71 (1918)
= Aureolaria cuneifolia Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 59 (1837)
= Aureolaria dispersa (Small) Pennell; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 411 (1913)
= Aureolaria glauca Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 2: 60 (1836)
= Aureolaria microcarpa Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 71: 270 (1919 publ. 1920)
= Dasistoma dispersa Small; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 452 (1901)
= Dasistoma quercifolia (Pursh) Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 520 (1846)
= Dasistoma quercifolia var. integrifolia Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 520 (1846)
= Dasistoma quercifolia var. intermedia Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 520 (1846)
= Dasistoma virginica (L.) Britton; Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 295 (1894)
= Gerardia dispersa (Small) Cory; Bull. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. 550 (Cat. Fl. Texas): 93 (1937)
= Gerardia glauca Eddy; Med. Repos. 2(5): 126 (1808)
= Gerardia quercifolia Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 2: 423, t. 19 (1813)
= Gerardia virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.; Prelim. Cat. 40 (1888)
= Rhinanthus virginicus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 603 (1753)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.05 (May 23rd, 2025)

Covering 356,547 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,107 synonyms,
in total 1,416,616* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life