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493.0000 Family Gentianaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 141 (1789), nom. cons.
95 genera, ca. 1850 spp.
Species listed in database: 1857; hybrids: 24
= Chironiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 1(104-114): 1, 36 (1823)
= Coutoubeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Obolariaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 427 (1820)
= Potaliaceae Mart.; Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. [Martius] 2: 89, 91, 133 (1827)
= Saccifoliaceae Maguire & Pires; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 29: 242 (1978)
493.0432 Genus Blackstonia Huds.; Fl. Angl. [Hudson] 146 (1762)
Distribution: Europe, Mediterranean, 1 to Crimea, Caucasus
Species listed in database: 4
= Chlora Ren. ex Adans.; Fam. Pl. [Adanson] 2: 503 (1763)
= Disinstylis Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 3: 31 (1837)
= Pleurimaria Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 3: 31 (1837)
species :
Blackstonia acuminata (W.D.J.Koch & Ziz) Domin; Bull. Int. Acad. Tchéque Sci., Cl. Sci. Math. Nat. Méd. 34: 25 (1933)
Name: Später Bitterling (DE); Late-flowering Yellow-wort (EN)
Distribution: Netherlands; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, +Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz); Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; Greece (rare lowlands of C- & SC-Greece, Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., Kiklades: Tinos, Paros); Crete; European Russia; Morocco; Algeria; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Kos, Tilos, Karpathos, Rhodos); Turkey; Cyprus; Lebanon; Syria
11 GER HUN NET SLO 12 BAL COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA SIC SLV SRB 14 RUS 20 ALG MOR 34 CYP EAI LEB SYR TUR
Remarks: tetraploid [2n = 40]
Synonyms: hidden
= Blackstonia citrina (Boiss. & Reut.) Domin; Bull. Int. Acad. Tchéque Sci., Cl. Sci. Math. Nat. Méd. 34: 27 (1933)
= Blackstonia perfoliata subsp. acuminata (W.D.J.Koch & Ziz) Dostál; Kvetena Ceske Socialist. Republ. 1132 (1949)
= Blackstonia perfoliata subsp. serotina (W.D.J.Koch ex Rchb.) Vollm.; Fl. Bayern [Vollmann] 594 (1914)
= Blackstonia serotina (W.D.J.Koch ex Rchb.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 934 (1892)
= Centaurium serotinum (W.D.J.Koch ex Rchb.) E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 10: 16 (1903)
= Chlora acuminata W.D.J.Koch & Ziz; Cat. Pl. Palat. 20 (1814)
= Chlora citrina Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 77 (1852)
= Chlora lanceolata var. serotina (Koch ex Rchb.) Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 412 (1841)
= Chlora perfoliata f. exilis Bolzon; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1910: 77 (1910)
= Chlora perfoliata subsp. serotina (W.D.J.Koch ex Rchb.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 475 (1882)
= Chlora perfoliata subsp. serotina (W.D.J.Koch ex Rchb.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 214 (1894), isonym
= Chlora perfoliata var. acuminata (W.D.J.Koch & Ziz) Griseb.; Gen. Sp. Gent. 117 (1839)
= Chlora perfoliata var. serotina (Rchb.) Bolzon; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1910: 77 (1910)
= Chlora serotina var. acuminata (W.D.J.Koch & Ziz) F.W.Schultz; Fl. Pfalz [F.W.Schultz] 301 (1845), nom. illeg.
= Chlora serotina var. balearica Pau; Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 1: 211 (1901)
= Chlora serotina W.D.J.Koch ex Rchb.; Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 3: 6, t. 351 (1825)
variant :
var. aestiva (K.Malý) Domin; Bull. Int. Acad. Tchéque Sci., Cl. Sci. Math. Nat. Méd. 34: 26 (1933)
Distribution: SE-Europe; East Aegaean Isl. (Rhodos); etc.
34 EAI
Remarks: diploid [2n = 20] and possibly deserving higher rank
Synonyms: hidden
= Blackstonia acuminata f. aestiva (K.Malý) Domin; Rozpr. Ceské Akad. Ved. Tr. 2, Vedy Mat. Prír. 43(2): 6 (1933)
= Blackstonia acuminata subsp. aestiva (K.Malý) Zeltner; Bull. Soc. Neuchâteloise Sci. Nat. 93: 35 (1970)
= Blackstonia serotina f. aestiva K.Malý; Magyar Bot. Lapok 7: 226 (1908)
= Blackstonia serotina var. aestiva (K.Malý) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.):425 (1925)
species :
Blackstonia grandiflora (Viv.) Pau; Mém. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 361 (1924)
Distribution: SE-Spain; Baleares; Sardinia; Sicily; Pantelleria; Morocco; Algeria (incl. Hoggar); Tunisia; N-Chad (Tibesti)
12 BAL SAR SPA 13 PTL SIC 20 ALG MOR TUN 24 CHA
Synonyms: hidden
= Blackstonia grandiflora (Viv.) Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 17: 41 (1927), isonym
= Blackstonia grandiflora var. trimestris (Murb.) Zeltner; Bull. Soc. Neuchâteloise Sci. Nat. 93: 1-164 (1970)
= Blackstonia perfoliata subsp. grandiflora (Viv.) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 3: 578 (1934)
= Chlora grandiflora var. hibernans Murb.; Acta Univ. Lund. 34 [Contr. Fl. Tunisie 3]: 3 (1898)
= Chlora grandiflora var. trimestris Murb.; Acta Univ. Lund. 34 [Contr. Fl. Tunisie 3]: 3 (1898)
= Chlora grandiflora Viv.; Fl. Cors. Prodr., App. Alt. 4 (1830)
= Chlora perfoliata var. grandiflora (Viv.) Griseb.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 69 (1845)
= Chlora perfoliata var. mascariensis Ball; Spicil. Fl. Marocc. [Ball]: 567 (1878)
= Chlora perfoliata var. ponsii Pau; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 29: 230 (1900)
species :
Blackstonia imperfoliata (L.f.) Samp.; Herb. Port. 105 (1913)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Baleares (Formentera, Menorca); France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Morocco; Tunisia
12 BAL COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ITA SIC 20 MOR TUN
Synonyms: hidden
= Blackstonia perfoliata subsp. imperfoliata (L.f.) Franco & Rocha Afonso; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64: 378 (1971)
= Chlora affinis Willk.; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 5: 874 (1847)
= Chlora crenulata Salzm. ex Griseb.; Gen. Sp. Gent. 118 (1838)
= Chlora dubia Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 2: 434 (1819)
= Chlora imperfoliata L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 218 (1782)
= Chlora imperfoliata var. lanceolata (W.D.J.Koch & Ziz) Griseb.; Gen. Sp. Gent. 118 (1839)
= Chlora lanceolata W.D.J.Koch & Ziz; Cat. Pl. Palat. 20 (1814)
= Chlora sessilifolia Desv.; Trav. Soc. Amat. 1: 74, t. 3, f. 2 (1807)
= Disinstylis italica Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 3: 31 (1837)
= Seguiera imperfoliata (L.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 430 (1891)
species :
Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds.; Fl. Angl. [Hudson] 146 (1762)
subspecies :
subsp. perfoliata
Name: Durchwachsenblättriger Bitterling (DE); Perfoliate Yellow-wort (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, S-Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, +Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I]); Switzerland; ?Liechtenstein; Austria; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Monaco; Channel Isl.; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (scattered coastal, incl. most islands); Crete; European Russia; Crimea; Morocco; Tunisia; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; East Aegaean Isl. (Karpathos, Chalki, Rhodos); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (W-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel); Australia [I] (South Australia [I]); New Zealand [I]; Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]
10 GRB IRE 11 AUT BGM GER HUN LUX NET SWI 12 ADO BAL CIS COR FRA GIB MCO POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA PEL SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 KRY RUS 20 MOR TUN 33 GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR LEB SYR TUR 50 aus 51 nzl 85 arg uru
Synonyms: hidden
= Blackstonia perfoliata f. ochroleuca (H.Lindb.) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 3: 578 (1934)
= Blackstonia perfoliata var. longidens (H.Lindb.) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 3: 578 (1934)
= Blackstonia perfoliata var. ponsii (Pau) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 89 (1983)
= Centaurium perfoliatum (L.) E.H, L.K.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 10: 16 (1903)
= Chironia perfoliata (L.) Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 137 (1796)
= Chlora citrina var. ternata Borbás; Bot. Centralbl. 59: 163 (1894)
= Chlora mascariensis Desf. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 190 (1821), ed. 2, 1: 352 (1840)
= Chlora perfoliata (L.) L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 267 (1767)
= Chlora perfoliata f. ochroleuca H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 120 (1932)
= Chlora perfoliata var. acuminata Griseb.; Gen. Sp. Gent. 117 (1839)
= Chlora perfoliata var. compacta Lange; Pug. Pl. Hispan. 2: 164 (1862)
= Chlora perfoliata var. longidens H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 120 (1932)
= Chlora perfoliata var. pusilla Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 3: 18 (1828)
= Chlora perfoliata var. sessilifolia Griseb.; Gen. Sp. Gent. 117 (1839)
= Chlora sicula Tineo ex Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Syn. 2: 819 (1844)
= Gentiana perfoliata L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 232 (1753)
= Pleurimaria mascariensis (Desf. ex Steud.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 3: 31 (1837)
= Pleurimaria perfoliata (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 3: 31 (1837)
= Seguiera perfoliata (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 430 (1891)
= Seguiera perfoliata var. compacta (Lange) Merino; Fl. Galicia [Merino] 2: 15 (1906)
subspecies :
subsp. intermedia (Ten.) Zeltner; Bull. Soc. Neuchâteloise Sci. Nat. 93: 45 (1970)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Malta; Greece (Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., Attiki, rare Kiklades); Crete; Morocco; East Aegaean Isl. (Rhodos, Karpathos)
12 COR POR SAR SPA 13 GRC ITA KRI MLT SIC 20 MOR 34 EAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Blackstonia intermedia (Ten.) Sennen ex Martinez; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 14: 462 (1934)
= Blackstonia perfoliata f. intermedia (Ten.) A.Robyns; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 26: 358 (1956), nom. inval.
= Chlora intermedia Ten.; Syll. Pl. Fl. Neapol. 565 (1831)
= Chlora perfoliata subsp. intermedia (Ten.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 501 (1881)
= Chlora perfoliata var. minor Ten.; Fl. Napol. 2: 198 (1820)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

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