452.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 55 (1822)

1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and Zuntini et al. (2024). Barnadesioideae (so far treated as most basal member of Asteraceae) might be a separate family, more related to Calyceraceae.

Species listed in database: 35331; hybrids: 682

= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)

= Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820), nom. cons.

= Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)

= Aposeridaceae Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 106 (1838)

= Arctotaceae Bessey; Univ. Stud. Nebraska 14: 107 (1914)

= Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)

= Artemisiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 48 (1820)

= Athanasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 56 (1820)

= Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)

= Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)

= Carlinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)

= Centaureaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)

= Cichoriaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 168 (1789), nom. cons.

= Cnicaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 297 (1818)

= Compositae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 538 (1792), nom. cons.

= Coreopsidaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 768 (1829)

= Cynaraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 926, 931, 1094, 1111 (1835)

= Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)

= Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 253 (1820)

= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 46 (1830)

= Grindeliaceae Rchb. ex A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 330 (1907)

= Heleniaceae Raf.; Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824)

= Helianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)

= Helichrysaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 712 (1829)

= Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)

= Ivaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 1: 31 (1837)

= Lactucaceae Drude; Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)

= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)

= Madiaceae A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 332 (1907)

= Matricariaceae Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 400 (1845)

= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)

= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 290 (1836)

= Partheniaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 816 (1829)

= Perdiciaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 728 (1829)

= Picridaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 482 (1820)

= Santolinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 560 (1820)

= Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)

= Serratulaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 577 (1820)

= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)

= Tussilagaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)

= Vernoniaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 296 (1836)

= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)

= Xeranthemaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 498 (1843)

452.3223 Genus Carduus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 820 (1753)

Distribution: Eurasia, Mediterranean, N-Africa; 1 from European part of Russia to E-Siberia and Far East. The tropical African populations have recently been separated as Afrocarduus.

Species listed in database: 88; hybrids: 35

species :

Carduus acanthocephalus C.A.Mey.; Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer [C.A. von Meyer] 71 (1831)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan

33 AZE GEO NCS

species :

Carduus acanthoides L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 821 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. acanthoides

Name: Stachel-Distel, Weg-Distel (DE), Broad-winged Thistle (EN), chardon épineux (FR)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Scotland [I]); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hessen [I], Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Channel Isl.; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (mainland, Evvoia); S-European Russia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; NW-European Russia (incl. Kaliningrad region); Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Libya; ?Egypt; Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia); China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, SW-Hunan, W-Jiangsu, N-Jiangxi, S-Nei Mongol, Ningxia, E-and S-Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, N-Xinjiang, Yunnan); E-Tibet; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Australia [I] (Victoria [I]); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], New Brunswick [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Colorado [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Iowa [I], Kansas [I], Maryland [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], Nebraska [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], North Carolina [I], North Dakota [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Dakota [I], Vermont [I], Virginia [I], West Virginia [I], Wisconsin [I], Wyoming [I]); Brazil [I] (Paraná [I], Rio de Janeiro [I], Rio Grande do Sul [I]); Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]

10 DEN grb NOR SWE 11 AUT CZE GER HUN LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 CIS FRA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 20 LBY 31 rfe 32 KAZ KGZ 33 AZE GEO NCS 34 TUR 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP KOR NKO 50 aus 51 nzl 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 84 bra 85 arg uru

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus acanthoides f. albiflorus L.Gross; Mitt. Bad. Landesvereins Naturk. 226-227: 214 (1908), nom. inval.

= Carduus acanthoides f. albiflorus L.Gross ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 859 (1928)

= Carduus acanthoides f. ochranthus (Wallr.) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 859 (1928)

= Carduus acanthoides var. albiflorus (Schur) Simonk.; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 337 (1887)

= Carduus acanthoides var. albiflorus Hampe; Prodr. Fl. Hercyn. 48 (1836), nom. inval.

= Carduus acanthoides var. involucratus Döll; Fl. Baden [Döll] 2: 945 (1859)

= Carduus acanthoides var. microcephalus Peterm.; Flora 27: 491 (1844)

= Carduus acanthoides var. ochranthus Wallr.; Scholion zu Hampe´s Prodr. Fl. Hercyn.: 269 (1840)

= Carduus acanthoides var. polyacanthos Hampe; Prodr. Fl. Hercyn. 48 (1836)

= Carduus acanthoides var. polyanthus (Rchb.) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 859 (1928)

= Carduus acanthoides var. submitis (Neilr.) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 859 (1928)

= Carduus acanthoides var. thessalus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 518 (1875)

= Carduus acuminatus Gaudin ex Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 15: 90, t. 872 (1852)

= Carduus camporum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 45 (1856)

= Carduus crispus subsp. acanthoides (L.) Berher; Fl. Vosges [Louis], éd. 2: 139 (1887)

= Carduus crispus var. litigiosus Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 230 (1850)

= Carduus fortior Klokov; Fl. URSR 11: 504, 567 (1962)

= Carduus murfatlarii Nyár. & Prodan; Bul. Şti. Acad. Republ. Populare Române, Secţ. Biol. Şti. Agric., Ser. Bot. 9: 325 (1957)

= Carduus polyacanthos Curtis; Fl. Londin. [Curtis] 6: t. 54 (1798)

= Carduus polyanthos Schreb.; Spic. Fl. Lips. 15 (1771), nom. illeg.

= Carduus ruderalis Tausch ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 412 (1879)

= Carduus sinuatus Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 187 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Carduus thessalus Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(2): 46 (1856)

= Carduus vranjanus Adamović ex Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 709 (1931), pro syn.

= Onopyxus acanthifolius Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 2: 140 (1899)

= Polyacantha acanthoides (L.) Hill; Herb. Brit. [Hill] 1: 69 (1769), as ´Polycantha´

subspecies :

subsp. pakistanicus Abid & Qaiser; Pakistan J. Bot. 51: 1437 (2019)

Distribution: Pakistan

40 PAK

subspecies :

subsp. sintenisii Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 358 (1964)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Carduus acicularis Bertol.; Ann. Storia Nat. 1: 274 (1829)

Name: Nadeldistel

Distribution: Switzerland; S-Spain (Cordoba); France; Italy; Sicily; Croatia; Montenegro; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (scattered mainland); Crimea [I]; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Kos); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania)

11 SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 BUL CRO GRC ITA MNT SIC TUE 14 kry 34 CYP EAI IRQ ISR JOR LEB TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus argentatus subsp. acicularis (Bertol.) Meikle; Fl. Cyprus [Meikle] 2: 949, 1897 (1985)

= Carduus argentatus var. esdraelonicus (Boiss.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 522 (1875)

= Carduus bicolor Vis.; Fl. Dalmat. 2: 48, t. 49. fig. 2 (1847)

= Carduus esdraelonicus Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 90 (1849)

= Carduus neglectus Ten.; Index Sem. (Naples, Neapolitano) 14 (1830) non Steud.

= Carduus pycnocephalus var. acicularis (Bertol.) Weiss; Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl., ed. 3 [Hallier & Brand]: 1528 (1897)

= Carduus sanctae-balmae subsp. acicularis (Bertol.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 177 (1894)

species :

Carduus adpressus C.A.Mey.; Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer [C.A. von Meyer] 71 (1831)

subspecies :

subsp. adpressus

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)

33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus colchicus Albov; Prodr. Fl. Colchic. 142 (1895)

= Carduus kozlovskii Sosn.; Vĕstn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 49: 37 (1920)

= Carduus laciniatus Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 722 (1846) ex Tamamsch., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 15: 385 (1953), descr. emend.

= Carduus multijugus K.Koch; Linnaea 24: 392 (1851)

subspecies :

subsp. novorossicus (Porten.) Zernov; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 36: 227 (2004)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus (Krasnodar); Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus novorossicus N.N.Portenier; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 82(1): 102 (1997)

= Carduus laciniatus subsp. novorossicus (Porten.) Zernov; Rast. Severo-Zapad. Zakavkaz´ya (Pl. Transcaucas. Bor.-Occ.): 111 (2000)

subspecies :

subsp. rhodopeus (Velen.) Kožuharov & N.Andreev; Opred. Vissh. Rast. Bulg. 785 (1992)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Bulgaria

13 BUL NMA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus rhodopeus Velen.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 1903(28): 7 (1903 publ. 1904)

species :

Carduus affinis Guss.; Pl. Rar. Neapol. [Gussone] 334 (1826)

subspecies :

subsp. affinis

Distribution: Italy (C- & S-Appennini)

13 ITA

subspecies :

subsp. brutius (Porta) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 423 (1964)

Distribution: S-Italy (Calabria)

13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus affinis subsp. brutius (Huter, Porta & Rigo) Peruzzi; Inform. Bot. Ital. 42(2): 530 (2010), isonym

= Carduus affinis var. brutius Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 356 (1904)

= Carduus brutius (Fiori) Huter; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 479 (1906)

species :

Carduus amanus Rech.f.; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 57: 93 (1950)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia); Syria

34 SYR TUR

species :

Carduus angusticeps H.Lindb.; Öfvers. Finska Vetensk.-Soc. Förh. 48(13): 113 (1906)

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina

13 BIH

species :

Carduus arabicus Jacq. ex Murray; Syst. Veg., ed. 14 [J.A.Murray] 724 (1784)

subspecies :

subsp. arabicus

Distribution: Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Malta; Albania; European Turkey; Greece (incl. Kiklades); Turkmenistan; Tajikistan; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl.; Turkey; Iraq; Afghanistan (Baghlan, Farah, Herat, Samangan); Pakistan (Baluchistan)

13 ALB GRC ITA MLT PEL PTL SIC TUE 32 TKM TZK 33 AZE 34 AFG EAI IRQ TUR 40 PAK

Remarks: status disputed, often included in C. pycnocephalus as ssp. marmoratus

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus arabicus Jacq.; Collectanea [Jacquin] 1: 56 (1774)

= Carduus arabicus subsp. marmoratus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 450 (1964)

= Carduus australis L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 348 (1782)

= Carduus marmoratus Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 43 (1856)

= Carduus nikitinii Tamamsch.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 28: 37, 600 (1963)

= Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. arabicus (Jacq. ex Murray) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 414 (1879)

= Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. marmoratus (Boiss. & Heldr.) P.H.Davis; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 3 3(3): 429 (1975)

= Carduus pycnocephalus var. arabicus (Jacq. ex Murray) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 521 (1875)

= Cnicus arabicus (Jacq. ex Murray) Roth; Ann. Bot. [Usteri] 8: 8 (1794)

subspecies :

subsp. cinereus (M.Bieb.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 451 (1964)

Distribution: Ukraine; Crimea; Egypt; Turkmenistan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey; Iraq; Iran (NE-Iran: Mts.); Afghanistan (Helmand); Lebanon; Syria; Israel; Sinai peninsula; Jordania

14 KRY UKR 20 EGY 32 TKM TZK 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus beckerianus Tamamsch.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 15: 383 (1953)

= Carduus cinereus M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 270 (1808)

= Carduus knorringianus Tamamsch.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 15: 384 (1953)

= Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. breviphyllarius P.H.Davis; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33(3): 412 (1975)

= Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. cinereus (M.Bieb.) P.H.Davis; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33(3): 429 (1975)

= Carduus pycnocephalus var. cinereus (M.Bieb.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 321 (1875)

species :

Carduus argentatus L.; Mant. Pl. Altera [Linnaeus] 280 (1771)

Name: Silbrige Distel (DE); Silvery Thistle (EN)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Greece (Attiki, Athos, Limnos, Samothraki, Evros); Crete (widespread); Libya; Egypt (Eastern Desert, NE-Egypt); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Ikaria, Samos, Dodecanese, Kos, Nisyros, Tilos, Symi, Chalki, Rhodos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kastellorhizo Isl.); Turkey (S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (NW-Syria, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)

13 GRC KRI NMA 20 EGY LBY 34 EAI ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Cirsium argentatum (L.) Druce; List Brit. Pl., ed. 2: 63 (1928)

= Cnicus argentatus (L.) Roth; Catal. Bot. 1: 111 (1797)

species :

Carduus argyroa Biv.; Stirp. Rar. Sicilia 1: 7 (1813)

Distribution: France; Sardinia; S-Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Algeria; Tunisia

12 FRA SAR 13 ITA PEL SIC 20 ALG TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus argyroa (Biv.) Kunze; Flora 29: 760 (1846)

= Carduus fastigiatus Moris; Stirp. Sard. Elench. 2: 5 (1828)

= Carduus malacitanus Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 62 (1852)

species :

Carduus asturicus Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 49 (1975)

Distribution: NW-Portugal; NW-Spain

12 POR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus confertus var. purpureus DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 625 (1838)

species :

Carduus aurosicus Vill.; Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 1: 364 (1786)

Distribution: SE-France (near Barcelonette, NW of Gap)

12 FRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus podacanthus DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck] 3: 80 (1805)

species :

Carduus baeocephalus Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 2: 373 (1846)

subspecies :

subsp. baeocephalus

Name: Kleinkopfige Distel (DE); Cardo de costa (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)

21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Clavena baeocephala (Webb & Berthel.) Sch.Bip.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 2: 373 (1846)

subspecies :

subsp. microstigma Gaisberg & Wagenitz; Candollea 57(2): 281 (2002)

Name: Kleinnarbige Distel (DE)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (El Hierro)

21 CNY

species :

Carduus ballii Hook.f.; J. Bot. 11: 368 (1873)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus narcissi Sennen; Campagn. Bot. 1930-1935: 76 (1936)

= Carduus nutans subsp. subacaulis Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 217 (1949)

species :

Carduus bourgaei Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 441 (1964)

Name: Fuerteventura-Distel (DE); Cardo majorero (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Fuerteventura)

21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus bourgaeanus (Bolle) Sch.Bip.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 44 nec Boiss. & Reut.

species :

Carduus bourgeanus Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 62 (1852)

Distribution: Portugal; Spain (C-, S- & SE-Spain); NW-Morocco

12 POR SPA 20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ammophilus f. bourgeanus (Boiss. & Reut.) Font Quer; Iter Marocc. [Font Quer], Exsicc. 1930: no. 686 (1931)

= Carduus munuerae Pau; Actas Mem. Prim. Congr. Nat. Esp. Zaragoza 1908: 261 (1909)

= Carduus myriacanthus Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 361 (1841)

= Carduus reuterianus Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 44 (1856), nom. superfl.

= Carduus reuterianus var. pycnocephaloides Lange; Pug. Pl. Hispan. 140 (1861)

= Carduus reuterianus var. subacanthoides Lange; Pug. Pl. Hispan. 140 (1861)

= Carduus valentinus var. albiflorus Willk.; Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 104 (1893)

= Carduus valentinus var. castrilensis Degen & Hervier; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 15: 102 (1905)

= Carduus valentinus var. leptocephalus Pau; Carta Bot. 3: 5 (1906)

species :

Carduus broteroi (Welw. ex Mariz) Cout.; Fl. Portugal [Coutinho] 647 (1913)

Distribution: W-Portugal

12 POR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus lusitanicus subsp. broteroi (Welw. ex Mariz) Devesa & Talavera; Lagascalia 10: 62 (1981)

= Carduus medius var. broteroi Welw. ex Mariz; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 10: 249 (1892)

= Carduus micropterus subsp. broteroi (Welw. ex Cout.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 338 (1964)

species :

Carduus candicans Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 1: 85 (1801 publ. 1802)

subspecies :

subsp. candicans

Distribution: Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (N- and NC-Greece, Evvoia, Thasos, Samothraki)

13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC KOS MNT NMA ROM SRB TUE

subspecies :

subsp. globifer (Velen.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 411 (1964)

Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey

13 BUL KOS ROM SRB TUE

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus globifer Velen.; Fl. Bulg. [Velenovský] 300 (1891)

species :

Carduus carduelis (L.) Gren.; Billotia 1: 14 (1864)

Distribution: Austria; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; ?Albania; Romania; Bulgaria

11 AUT 13 BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB

Synonyms: hidden

= Arctium carduelis L.; Mant. Pl. 1: 108 (1767)

= Carduus alpestris Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 3: 296, t. 267 (1807)

= Carduus arctioides Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 1656 (1803), nom. superfl.

= Carduus centauroides Hoppe ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 628 (1838)

= Carduus defloratus subsp. carduelis (L.) A.Kern. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 853 (1928)

= Cirsium arctioides Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 2: 124 (1771), nom. superfl.

= Lappa carduelis (L.) Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 378 (1783)

species :

Carduus carlinifolius Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 700 (1785)

Distribution: Switzerland; NE-Spain; Andorra; France; Italy (Pyrénées, Alps)

11 SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ITA

Remarks: treated as bona sp. by Flora Iberica

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus canaliculatus Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 522 (1867)

= Carduus carlinifolius proles zetterstedtianus Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 88 (1905)

= Carduus defloratus subsp. carlinifolius (Lam.) Ces.; Not. Nat. Civ. Lombardia [Cattaneo] 1: 302 (1844)

= Carduus defloratus var. carlinifolius (Lam.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 355 (1904)

= Carduus defloratus var. zetterstedtianus (Rouy) Arènes; Monde Pl. 44: 18 (1949)

= Carduus medius subsp. carlinifolius (Lam.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 393 (1964)

= Onopyxus carlinifolius (Lam.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 2: 142 (1899)

species :

Carduus carlinoides Gouan; Ill. Observ. Bot. 62 (1773)

subspecies :

subsp. carlinoides

Distribution: N-Spain (Pyrénées, Cordillera Cantábrica); Andorra; France

12 ADO FRA SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus paniculatus Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 522 (1867)

= Carduus pyrenaicus (L.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 436 (1964), nom. illeg.

= Carlina pyrenaica L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 829 (1753)

= Cirsium paniculatum Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 2: 25 (1779)

= Onopyxus pyrenaeus (L.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 2: 141 (1899)

subspecies :

subsp. hispanicus (Kazmi) Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 50 (1975)

Distribution: S-Spain (Sa. Nevada)

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus carlinoides var. nevadensis Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 8: 123 (1909)

= Carduus pyrenaicus subsp. hispanicus Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 438 (1964)

species :

Carduus carpetanus Boiss. & Reut.; Diagn. Pl. Nov. Hisp. 19 (1842)

subspecies :

subsp. carpetanus

Distribution: NE-Portugal; NC-Spain

12 POR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ciliatus Pourr. ex Willk. & Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 193 (1865), nom. inval.

= Carduus gayanus Durand ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 625 (1838)

= Carduus gayanus var. capelli Cámara; Anales Estac. Exp. Aula Dei 3: 341 (1955)

subspecies :

subsp. braun-blanquetii (P.Monts.) Rivas Mart.; Itinera Geobot. 15(2): 699 (2002)

Distribution: NE-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus gayanus var. braun-blanquetii P.Monts.; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 10(15): 347 (1976 publ. 1977)

species :

Carduus cephalanthus Viv.; Fl. Cors. Prodr. 14 (1824)

Distribution: Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Algeria

12 COR SAR 13 ITA SIC 20 ALG

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus pycnocephalus Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 385 (1826), non L.

= Carduus congestus Guss.; Syll. Pl. Fl. Neapol. 412 (1831)

species :

Carduus chevallieri Barratte ex Chevall.; Mém. Herb. Boissier 7. 9 (1905)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria

20 ALG MOR

species :

Carduus chrysacanthus Ten.; Index Sem. (Naples, Neapolitano) 1825: 12 (1825)

Distribution: Italy (C- & S-Appennini); Croatia

13 CRO ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus carlinifolius proles petrophilus (Timb.-Lagr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 88 (1905)

= Carduus carlinifolius Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.): XLVIII (1812), nom. illeg., non Lam.

= Carduus ceretanus Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 73: 655 (1927)

= Carduus defloratus var. ceretanus (Sennen) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 213 (1949)

= Carduus macrocephalus Coss.; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 198 (1865)

= Carduus petrophilus Timb.-Lagr.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 15(Sess. Extraord.): 87 (1869)

species :

Carduus clavulatus Link; Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. [Buch] 147 (1825)

Name: Klauen-Distel (DE); Cardo de monteverde (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma)

21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus corsicus Sch.Bip.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 2): 375 (1846)

= Clavena canariensis DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 633 (1838)

species :

Carduus collinus Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 3: 257 (1807)

subspecies :

subsp. collinus

Name: Hügel-Distel (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Poland; Slovakia; Hungary; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Romania; Ukraine

11 ger HUN POL SLO 13 BIH CRO ITA MNT ROM SLV 14 UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus brachycephalus Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 10: 68 (1859)

= Carduus hippolyti Bory & Chaub.; Expéd. Sci. Morée, Bot. 241, t. 29 (1832)

= Carduus polyanthemos Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 417 (1866), nom. illeg.

= Carduus polyanthos Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 548, 988 (1875)

= Carduus pungens (Willd.) Pers. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 643 (1838)

= Cirsium brevispinum Sch.Bip. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 410 (1879)

= Cirsium elatius Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 299 (1822)

= Cirsium hippolyti Link ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 368 (1841)

= Cirsium microcephalum Sch.Bip.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 246 (1858)

= Cirsium polyanthos d´Urv.; Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 363 (1822)

= Cirsium pungens (Willd.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 370 (1826)

= Cirsium siculum Spreng.; Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. [Sprengel] 3: 36 (1822)

= Cnicus collinus Hornem.; Hort. Bot. Hafn. [Hornemann], Suppl. 92 (1819)

= Cnicus palustris Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 2: 151 (1813)

= Cnicus pungens Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 1663 (1803)

= Cnicus siculus Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Syn. 2: 442 (1844)

= Orthocentron glomeratum Cass.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 36: 481 (1823)

= Serratula pungens (Willd.) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 6: 566 (1805)

subspecies :

subsp. cylindricus (Borbás) Soó; Feddes Repert. 85: 453 (1974)

Distribution: Italy; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Romania

13 BIH CRO ITA MNT ROM

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus cylindricus Borbás

= Carduus candicans subsp. cylindricus (Borbás) Hayek

subspecies :

subsp. glabrescens (Sagorski) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 412 (1964)

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina

13 BIH

species :

Carduus corymbosus Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.) 48 (1811)

Distribution: Sardinia; C- & S-Italy; Sicily

12 SAR 13 ITA SIC

species :

Carduus crispus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 821 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. crispus

Name: Krause Distel (DE), Welted Thistle (EN), chardon crépu (FR)

Distribution: Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland [I], Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Romania; Bulgaria; S-European Russia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; NW-European Russia (incl. Kaliningrad region); Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Mongolia; NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir); Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], New Brunswick [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (New Jersey [I], Pennsylvania [I])

10 DEN FIN NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 37 MON 40 IND 71 cdn 72 cdn 75 usa

Remarks: the differences between C. crispus and C. acanthoides break down in Eastern Asia. In China there is only one taxon, fide Flora of China best assigned to C. acanthoides

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus acanthoides var. crispus (L.) Bab.; Man. Brit. Bot. [Babington] 172 (1843)

= Carduus agrestis A.Kern.; Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl., ed. 3 [Hallier & Brand] 1526 (1895), in syn.

= Carduus crispus f. albiflorus A.Siegel; Mitt. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 4(3): 39 (1924)

= Carduus crispus f. laxus (Čelak.) Vollm.; Fl. Bayern [Vollmann] 757 (1914)

= Carduus crispus subsp. agrestis (A.Kern.) Vollm.; Fl. Bayern [Vollmann] 757 (1914)

= Carduus crispus subsp. incanus (Klokov) Soó

= Carduus crispus subsp. integrifolius (Rchb.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg, 1. Aufl.: 517 (1834)

= Carduus crispus subsp. pinnatifidus (Rchb.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg, 1. Aufl.: 517 (1834)

= Carduus crispus var. acanthoides Bellynck; Fl. Namur 112 (1855)

= Carduus crispus var. araneosus Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 73: 655 (1926)

= Carduus crispus var. collaris Wender.; Fl. Hassiaca [Wenderoth] 279 (1846)

= Carduus crispus var. fissurae (Nyár.) Soó; Feddes Repert. 85: 454 (1974)

= Carduus crispus var. glabratus Tausch; Flora 17(2): 496 (1834)

= Carduus crispus var. glareicola P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 530 (75) (2006)

= Carduus crispus var. integrifolius Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 283 (1832)

= Carduus crispus var. intermedius Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 101 (1829)

= Carduus crispus var. laxus Čelak.; Arch. Naturwiss. Landesdurchf. Böhmen 2(2) (Prodr. Fl. Böhmen 2): 255 (1871)

= Carduus crispus var. lilacinus Tausch; Flora 17(2): 496 (1834)

= Carduus crispus var. longifolius Lindblom; Bot. Not. 1841: 5 (1841)

= Carduus crispus var. pinnatifidus Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 283 (1832)

= Carduus crispus var. purpureus Tausch; Flora 17(2): 496 (1834)

= Carduus incanus Klokov; Fl. URSR 11: 502, 567 (1962)

= Carduus inclinans Stokes; Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 870 (1787)

= Carduus personata var. agrestis (Vollm.) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 857 (1928)

= Polyacantha crispa (L.) Hill; Herb. Brit. [Hill] 1: 71 (1769)

= Polycantha crispus (L.) Hill.; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 59 (1768)

subspecies :

subsp. multiflorus (Gaudin) Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 48 (1975)

Name: Vielblütige Krause Distel (DE), Many-flowered Welted Thistle (EN)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Hessen [I], Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland); Switzerland; NE-Spain; France; Channel Isl. (Guernsey, Jersey)

10 DEN GRB IRE SWE 11 BGM GER NET SWI 12 CIS FRA SPA

Remarks: the Western subspecies, extending eastwards to W-Germany. Records from Romania are questionable.

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus acanthoides subsp. multiflorus (Gaudin) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 413 (1879)

= Carduus crispus subsp. multiflorus (Gaudin) Gremli; Excursionsfl. Schweiz, ed. 3: 235 (1878)

= Carduus crispus subsp. occidentalis Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 185 (1949)

= Carduus crispus var. multiflorus (Gaudin) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 624 (1838)

= Carduus crispus var. polyanthemus (L.) Godr.; Fl. Lorraine 2: 44 (1843)

= Carduus crispus var. polycephalus Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 78 (1905)

= Carduus multiflorus Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 5: 166 (1829)

= Carduus polyanthemus L.; Mant. Pl. 1: 109 (1767)

= Carduus sanctae-balmae var. hispanicus Vayr.; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 30: 526 (1902), nomen

= Cirsium polyanthemon (L.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 371 (1826)

= Cnicus polyanthemus (L.) Bertol.; Amoen. Ital. 41 (1819)

species :

Carduus dahuricus (Arènes) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 373 (1964)

Distribution: Siberia (Chita); Russian Far East

30 SIB 31 RFE

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus crispus subsp. dahuricus Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 188 (1949)

species :

Carduus defloratus L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1200 (1759)

subspecies :

subsp. defloratus

Name: Alpen-Distel, Berg-Distel (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina

11 AUT GER LIE SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH CRO ITA SLV

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus argemonoides Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 85 (1905), pro syn.

= Carduus barrelieri Bertol. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 411 (1879)

= Carduus cirsioides Vill.; Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 30 (1779)

= Carduus crassifolius Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 2: 838 (1809)

= Carduus defloratus subf. crassifolius (Willd.) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 852 (1928)

= Carduus defloratus subsp. crassifolius (Willd.) Hayek; Fl. Steiermark 2: 596 (1913)

= Carduus defloratus subsp. spinulosus (Bertol.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 412 (1879)

= Carduus defloratus subsp. viridis (A.Kern.) Murr; Neue Übers. Bl.-Pfl. Vorarlberg Liechtenstein 3(1): 328 (1924)

= Carduus defloratus var. cirsioides DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 628 (1838)

= Carduus defloratus var. entraunensis Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 7: 78 (1931)

= Carduus defloratus var. subdecurrens Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 354 (1904)

= Carduus defloratus var. transalpinus (Suter) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 628 (1838)

= Carduus glaucophyllus Desf. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 628 (1838)

= Carduus leptophyllus Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 5: 171 (1829)

= Carduus montosus Pollini; Viagg. Lago di Garda 115 (1816)

= Carduus pannonicus Schleich. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 629 (1838)

= Carduus pectinatus L.; Mant. Pl. Altera [Linnaeus] 279 (1771)

= Carduus prasinus Glaab; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 2: 148 (1896)

= Carduus spinulosus Bertol.; Amoen. Ital. 41 (1819)

= Carduus subdecurrens Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 8: 623 (1853)

= Carduus tenuifolius Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 5: 174 (1829)

= Carduus transalpinus Suter; Helvet. Fl. 2: 172 (1802)

= Carduus viridis A.Kern.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] 1: 74 (1881)

= Cirsium defloratum (L.) Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 2: 127 (1771)

= Cirsium leucostylum Moench; Methodus [Moench] 556 (1794), nom. illeg.

= Cirsium pauciflorum Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 2: 22 2: 22 (1779)

= Pternix deflorata (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 60 (1768)

subspecies :

subsp. glaucus (Rchb.f.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 412 (1879)

Name: Blaugrüne Distel (DE)

Distribution: Austria; Poland; Slovakia; Hungary; Slovenia; Croatia; Romania; Ukraine

11 AUT HUN POL SLO 13 CRO ROM SLV 14 UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus crassifolius subsp. glaucus (Rchb.f.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 389 (1966)

= Carduus defloratus var. glaucus Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 15: 89 (1853)

= Carduus glaucinus Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 9(3): 272 (1974), nom. nov.

= Carduus glaucus Baumg.; Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 58 (1817), nom. illeg.

= Carduus glaucus f. albiflorus Hadač & Smarda; Rastl. Kotl. Siedmich Pramen. Belansky. Tatr. 115 (1960)

subspecies :

subsp. medius (Gouan) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 6: 36 (1923)

Distribution: N-Spain; Andorra; France; Italy (Pyrénées, Alps)

12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus argemone Pourr.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 700 (1785)

= Carduus argemone subsp. obtusisquamus Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 49 (1975)

= Carduus defloratus proles medioformis Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 85 (1905)

= Carduus defloratus subsp. argemone (Pourr. ex Lam.) Ces.; Not. Nat. Civ. Lombardia [Cattaneo] 1: 1: 302 (1844)

= Carduus defloratus subsp. argemone (Pourr. ex Lam.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17(1): 91 (1987 publ. 1988)

= Carduus defloratus subsp. medioformis (Rouy) Braun-Blanq.; Bull. Soc. Pharm. Montpellier 87: 235 (1945)

= Carduus defloratus var. argemone (Pourr. ex Lam.) Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 18: 89 (1858)

= Carduus defloratus var. argemonoides Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 85 (1905)

= Carduus defloratus var. medius (Gouan) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 354 (1904)

= Carduus durieuanus Font Quer & Rothm.; Cavanillesia 7: 178 (1936)

= Carduus inclinatus (Lam.) Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 522 (1867)

= Carduus medius subsp. argemone (Pourr. ex Lam.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 1002 (1940)

= Carduus medius var. ramosus Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 87 (1905)

= Carduus nutans subsp. hamulosus Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 178 (1894)

= Carduus ×medius Gouan; Ill. Observ. Bot. 62 (1773)

= Cirsium inclinatum Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 2: 22 (1779)

= Cnicus argemone Pourr. ex Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 700 (1785)

= Cnicus gouanii Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 1665 (1803)

= Onopyxus medius (Gouan) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 2: 143 (1899)

subspecies :

subsp. rhaeticus (DC.) Murr; Neue Übers. Bl.-Pfl. Vorarlberg Liechtenstein 3(1): 328 (1924)

Distribution: Switzerland; Austria; France; Italy; Slovenia

11 AUT SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA SLV

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus defloratus subsp. rhaeticus (DC.) Rothm.

= Carduus defloratus subsp. tridentinus (Evers) Ladurner; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 55: 398 (1905)

= Carduus defloratus var. carlinoides Ambrosi; Fl. Tirolo Mer. [Ambrosi] 2: 514 (1857)

= Carduus defloratus var. rhaeticus DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 628 (1838)

= Carduus rhaeticus (DC.) A.Kern.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] 1: 75 (1881)

= Carduus rhaeticus subsp. tridentinus (Evers) Ladurner

= Carduus tridentinus Evers; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 46: 79 (1896)

subspecies :

subsp. summanus (Pollini) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 400 (1882), as ´sumanus´

Name: Dickblättrige Distel (DE)

Distribution: Switzerland; Austria; France; Italy

11 AUT SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus summanus Pollini; Giorn. Fis. Chim. Storia Nat. Med. Arti 9: 96 (1816), as ´sumanus´

species :

Carduus edelbergii Rech.f.; Biol. Skr. 8(2) [Symb. Afghan. 2]: 175 (1955)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Nangarhar, Paktia / Khost); Pakistan (Kurram, Chitral, Swat, Murree, Hazara, Astor, Deosai, Baltistan, Gilgit); Nepal; NW-India (Dras, Ladakh, Poonch, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh)

34 AFG 40 IND NEP PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus edelbergii subsp. lanatus Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 344 (1964)

= Carduus lucidus Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2895 (1831), nomen

= Carduus nutans var. lucidus DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 622 (1838)

= Cnicus lucidus Wall. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 622 (1838), nom. inval.

species :

Carduus euboicus Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 49 (1975)

Distribution: Greece (Evvoia, Attiki, very rare)

13 GRC

Remarks: valid species and not a synonym of C. nutans fide Kit Tan & Zografidis 2014

species :

Carduus fasciculiflorus Viv.; Fl. Cors. Prodr., App. 1: 6 (1825)

Distribution: Corsica; Sardinia; Italy (Montecristo Isl.)

12 COR SAR 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus morisii Balb.; Stirp. Sard. Elench. 26 (1827)

species :

Carduus fissurae Nyár.; Enum. Pl. Vasc. Cheia Turzii 227 (1939)

Distribution: Romania

13 ROM

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Carduus getulus Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 2: 275 (1875)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (NE-Egypt, NW-coastal Egypt); Iraq (NW-Iraq); Iran (S-Iran, W-Iran); Syria; Israel (C-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Negev Desert, Judean Desert, S-Negev Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (Asir, Nejd Desert)

20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 34 IRN IRQ ISR JOR SIN SYR 35 SAU

species :

Carduus hamulosus Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. [Ehrhart] 7: 166 (1792)

subspecies :

subsp. hamulosus

Name: Haken-Distel (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Slovakia; Hungary; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; ?+Greece; Belarus; Ukraine; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran)

11 ger HUN SLO 13 CRO KOS ROM SRB 14 BLR KRY UKR 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus acanthoides Pall. ex M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 268 (1808), nom. inval.

= Carduus hamulosus subsp. pseudocollinus (Schmalh.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16(3-4): 371 (1970 publ. 1971)

= Carduus hamulosus subsp. sordidus (DC.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16(3-4): 371 (1970 publ. 1971)

= Carduus hamulosus var. pseudocollinus Schmalh.

= Carduus hamulosus var. sordidus DC.

= Carduus hamulosus var. spinigerus (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 412 (1879)

= Carduus nigrescens subsp. spinigerus (Jord.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 1004 (1940)

= Carduus nigrescens var. spinigerus (Jord.) St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 8, 2: 416 (1889)

= Carduus pseudocollinus (Schmalh.) Klokov; Fl. URSR 11: 510 (1962)

= Carduus spinigerus Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 215 (1846)

= Carduus tauricus Klokov; Fl. URSR 11: 511, 569 (1962)

= Carduus tortuosus Gorl. & Ye.M.Kondr.; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 42(5): 54 (1985)

= Carduus tyraicus Klokov; Fl. URSR 11: 507, 568 (1962)

= Onopyxus hamulosus (Ehrh.) Bubani; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 5: 319 (1873)

subspecies :

subsp. hystrix (C.A.Mey.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 402 (1964)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Azerbaijan (Talysh); Turkey; Iran

32 KAZ 33 AZE 34 IRN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus hystrix C.A.Mey.; Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer [C.A. von Meyer] 71 (1831)

subspecies :

subsp. stenocephalus (Tamamsch.) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

Distribution: E-European Russia; Ukraine; Northern Caucasus

14 RUS UKR 33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus stenocephalus Tamamsch.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 16: 468 (1954)

species :

Carduus hohenackeri Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 366 (1964)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO

species :

Carduus ibicensis (Devesa & Talavera) Rosselló & N.Torres; Fl. Montiber. 31: 48 (2005)

Distribution: Baleares (Ibiza, Formentera)

12 BAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus bourgeanus subsp. ibicensis Devesa & Talavera; Lagascalia 10(1): 61 (1981)

= Carduus bourgaeanus var. devesae O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17(1): 91 (1987 publ. 1988)

species :

Carduus kerneri Simonk.; Természetrajzi Füz. 10: 181 (1886), et Enum. Fl. Transsilv. 337 (1886)

subspecies :

subsp. kerneri

Distribution: Montenegro; Romania; Bulgaria; Ukraine

13 BUL MNT ROM 14 UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus fussii A.Kern. ex Simonk.; Természetrajzi Füz. 10: 181 (1886), et Enum. Fl. Transsilv. (1886) 337 in syn.

= Carduus ×lindtneri Rech.f.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 47: 177 (1939)

subspecies :

subsp. lobulatiformis (Csürös & Nyár.) Soó; Feddes Repert. 85: 454 (1974)

Distribution: Romania (S-Carpathians)

13 ROM

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus lobulatiformis Csürös & Nyár.; Stud. Cercet. Biol. (Cluj) 8: Fasc. 1-2, 190 (1957)

subspecies :

subsp. scardicus (Griseb.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 417 (1964)

Distribution: Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; N-Greece

13 ALB BUL GRC KOS MNT NMA SRB

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus kerneri subsp. austroorientalis Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 49 (1975)

= Carduus scardicus (Griseb.) Degen & Dörfl.; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 64: 726 (1897)

species :

Carduus kirghisicus Sultanova; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(11): 103 (2000)

Distribution: Kyrgyzstan

32 KGZ

species :

Carduus kumaunensis (Arènes) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 364 (1964)

Distribution: Pakistan (Astor); NW-India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand)

40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus crispus subsp. kumaunensis Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., n. s. 24: 189 (1849)

species :

Carduus lanuginosus Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 1648 (1803)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus pannosus Trautv.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 271 (1875)

= Onopordum lanuginosum (Willd.) Sosn. ex Grossh.; Fl. Kavkaza [Grossheim] 4: 191 (1934)

species :

Carduus leptocladus Durand; Rev. Bot. Recueil Mens. t. 1845 362 (1846)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Libya

20 ALG LBY MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus pteracanthus var. leptocladus (Durand) Batt.

species :

Carduus litigiosus Nocca & Balb.; Fl. Ticin. 2: 99 (1821)

subspecies :

subsp. litigiosus

Distribution: SE-France; N-Italy

12 FRA 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus arenarius DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 457 (1815)

= Carduus candollei Moretti; Pl. Ital., Dec. 2: 10 (1824)

= Carduus decandollei Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 283 (1841)

= Carduus intricatus Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 15: 91, t. 866 (1852)

= Carduus litigiosus var. intricatus Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 358 (1904)

= Carduus litigiosus var. obesus Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 7: 69 (1931)

= Carduus montanus Suffren ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 625 (1838)

= Carduus sanctae-balmae Loisel.; Nouv. Not. Fl. France 34 (1827)

subspecies :

subsp. horridissimus (Briq. & Cavill.) Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 49 (1975)

Distribution: SE-France (Alpes Maritimes)

12 FRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus horridissimus (Briq. & Cavill.) Landolt; Fl. Indicativa 268 (2010)

= Carduus litigiosus var. horridissimus Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 7: 68 (1931)

= Carduus litigiosus var. spinosior Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 76 (1905)

species :

Carduus lobulatus Borbás; Magyar Bot. Lapok 1: 318 (1902)

Distribution: Poland; Slovakia

11 POL SLO

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus collinus subsp. lobulatus (Borbás) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23(3-4): 391 (1977 publ. 1978)

= Carduus spinulosus subsp. lobulatus (Borbás) Soó; Feddes Repert. 85(7-8): 453 (1974)

species :

Carduus macrocephalus Desf.; Fl. Atlant. 2: 245 (1799)

Distribution: Switzerland; Poland; Sardinia; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Albania; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; South Africa [I] (E-Cape Prov. [I]); Australia [I] (New South Wales [I])

11 POL SWI 12 SAR 13 ALB CRO ITA SLV 20 ALG MOR TUN 27 saf 50 aus

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus atlanticus Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 22 (1874)

= Carduus kahenae Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 275 (1875)

= Carduus macrocephalus subsp. scabrisquamus (Arènes) Kazmi

= Carduus macrocephalus var. atlanticus (Pomel) Batt.

= Carduus macrocephalus var. kabylicus Maire

= Carduus macrocephalus var. kahenae (Pomel) Batt.; (1889)

= Carduus nutans subsp. macrocephalus (Desf.) Gugler

= Carduus nutans subsp. macrocephalus (Desf.) Nyman

= Carduus nutans subsp. scabrisquamus Arènes

= Carduus nutans var. macrocephalus (Desf.) B.Boivin; Phytologia 23(1): 111 (1972)

= Carduus propinquus Pomel ex Batt. & Trab.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 524 (1889)

species :

Carduus malyi Greuter; Willdenowia 35: 227 (2005), nom. nov.

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina

13 BIH

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus illyricus K.Malý; Bull. Inst. Jard. Bot. Univ. Belgrade 2: 57 (1932), non Batt.

species :

Carduus maroccanus (Arènes) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 347 (1964)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus granatensis var. maurus (Emb. & Maire) Pau

= Carduus nigrescens var. tetuanensis Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 346 (1924)

= Carduus nutans subsp. maroccanus Arènes

= Carduus nutans subsp. maurus (Emb. & Maire) Greuter; Willdenowia 35(2): 227 (2005)

= Carduus platypus subsp. adpressus Andrews

= Carduus platypus subsp. maurus (Emb. & Maire) Maire

= Carduus platypus var. maurus Emb. & Maire; Pl. Marocc. Nov. 2: 6 (1929)

species :

Carduus martinezii Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 348 (1924)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus font-queri Pau; Iter Marocc. [Font Quer], Exsicc. 1930: no. 687 (1932)

= Carduus martinezii subsp. fontqueri (Pau) Kazmi; (1964)

species :

Carduus membranaceus Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 2(1): 168 (1903)

Distribution: Sicily

13 SIC

species :

Carduus meonanthus Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 186 (1820 publ. 1828)

subspecies :

subsp. meonanthus

Distribution: C- & S-Portugal; SW-Spain

12 POR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ammophilus Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 187 (1824)

= Carduus meonanthus var. ammophilus (Hoffmanns. & Link) Cout.; Fl. Portugal [Coutinho] 1: 647 (1913)

subspecies :

subsp. valentinus (Boiss. & Reut.) Devesa & Talavera; Rev. Carduus Penins. Iberica Baleares 102 (1981)

Distribution: E- & SE-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus bourgeanus subsp. valentinus (Boiss. & Reut.) Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 49 (1975)

= Carduus crispus var. valentinus (Boiss. & Reut.) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 187 (1949)

= Carduus meonanthus var. valentinus (Boiss. & Reut.) Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 14: 211 (1915)

= Carduus myriacanthus var. valentinus (Boiss. & Reut.) Pau; Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 22: 118 (1926)

= Carduus valentinus Boiss. & Reut.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 45 (1856)

species :

Carduus modestii Tamamsch.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 15: 386 (1953)

Distribution: Mongolia

37 MON

species :

Carduus myriacanthus Salzm. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 624 (1838)

Distribution: S- & SE-Spain (Almeria, Cádiz); Gibraltar; Morocco; Algeria

12 GIB SPA 20 ALG MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus baeticus Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 63 (1852)

= Carduus balansae Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 44 (1856)

= Carduus carlinoides Durieu ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 625 (1838), nom. inval.

= Carduus confertus Bourg. ex Willk. & Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 194 (1865)

= Carduus reuterianus f. baeticus (Boiss. & Reut.) Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 6: 65 (1896)

species :

Carduus nawaschini Bordz.; Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12-13: 141 (1931)

Distribution: Armenia; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)

33 ARM 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus flavescens K.Koch; Linnaea 24: 394 (1851) (non L. (1753))

species :

Carduus nervosus K.Koch; Linnaea 17: 42 (1843)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia)

33 ARM AZE 34 TUR

species :

Carduus nigrescens Vill.; Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 30 (1779)

subspecies :

subsp. nigrescens

Name: Schwärzliche Distel (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Spain (E-, NC-, N- & EC-Spain); Andorra; Gibraltar; SC-France; NW-Italy

11 ger 12 ADO FRA GIB SPA 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus acanthoides var. martrinii (Timb.-Lagr. ex Martrin-Donos) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 79 (1905)

= Carduus assoi (Willk.) Devesa & Talavera; Lagascalia 10(1): 62 (1981)

= Carduus australis Jord.; Index Sem. (Grenoble) 1849: 14 (1849)

= Carduus cebennensis Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 81 (1905)

= Carduus controversus Sudre; Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 12: 22 (1894)

= Carduus hamulosus subsp. nigrescens (Vill.) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 38 (1923)

= Carduus hamulosus subsp. spiniger (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 182 (1889)

= Carduus hamulosus var. spiniger (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 412 (1879)

= Carduus martrinii Timb.-Lagr.; Fl. Tarn 1: 377 (1864)

= Carduus medius subsp. martrinii (Timb.-Lagr. ex Martrin-Donos) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 393 (1964)

= Carduus nigrescens subsp. assoi Willk.; Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 105 (1893)

= Carduus nigrescens subsp. australis (Nyman) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

= Carduus nigrescens subsp. martrinii (Timb.-Lagr. ex Martrin-Donos) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 412 (1879)

= Carduus nigrescens subsp. recurvatus (Jord. ex Boreau) Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 7: 84 (1931)

= Carduus nigrescens var. assoi (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17: 91 (1988)

= Carduus nigrescens var. australis (Jord.) Arènes; Monde Pl. 44: 18 (1949)

= Carduus nigrescens var. virgatus (Rouy) Arènes; Monde Pl. 44: 18 (1949)

= Carduus nutans var. nigrescens (Vill.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 353 (1904)

= Carduus platypus subsp. celtibericus Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 6: 60 (1907)

= Carduus recurvatus Jord. ex Boreau; Fl. Centre France [Boreau], éd. 3, 2: 359 (1857)

= Carduus spiniger Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 215 (1846)

= Carduus spinigerus proles australis (Jord.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 80 (1905)

= Carduus spinigerus f. australis Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 80 (1905)

= Carduus subcarlinoides Sennen & Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 6: 27 (1907)

= Carduus timbali Martrin-Donos; Fl. Tarn 1: 377 (1864)

= Carduus virgatus Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 80 (1905)

= Carduus vivariensis subsp. assoi (Willk.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 400 (1964)

= Carduus vivariensis subsp. australis (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 412 (1879)

subspecies :

subsp. aemilii (Briq. & Cavill.) B.P.R.Chéron; Compt. Rend. Soc. Bot. Ardèche 62: 14 (2018)

Distribution: France

12 FRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus aemilii Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 7: 87 (1931)

subspecies :

subsp. hispanicus (Franco) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17(1): 91 (1987 publ. 1988)

Distribution: SE-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus assoi subsp. hispanica (Franco) Devesa & Talavera; Lagascalia 10(1): 62 (1981)

= Carduus chrysacanthus subsp. hispanicus Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 48 (1975)

= Carduus granatensis var. gracilis Willk.; Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 106 (1893)

= Carduus subcarlinoides subsp. gracilis (Rouy ex Willk.) Fern.Casas; Fontqueria 1: 10 (1982)

species :

Carduus numidicus Coss. & Durieu; Expl. Sci. Algérie 1: t. 49 (1849)

Distribution: France [I]; Algeria

12 fra 20 ALG

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus nutans subsp. numidicus (Coss. & Durieu) Arènes

= Carduus thoermeri subsp. numidicus (Coss. & Durieu) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 333 (1964)

species :

Carduus nutans L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 821 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. nutans

Name: Nickende Distel (DE), Musk Thistle (EN), chardon penché (FR)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man [I], Scotland, +Isles of Scilly); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Denmark; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl.; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (widespread on mainland, Sporades, Limnos, Samothraki); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; NW-European Russia (incl. Kaliningrad region); Moldova; Ukraine; ?Algeria; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria, Samos); China (Xinjiang); Mongolia; South Korea [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arizona [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Colorado [I], District of Columbia [I], Georgia [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Iowa [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Louisiana [I], Maryland [I], Mississippi [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], Nebraska [I], Nevada [I], New Jersey [I], New Mexico [I], New York [I], North Carolina [I], North Dakota [I], Ohio [I], Oklahoma [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Carolina [I], South Dakota [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Washington [I], West Virginia [I], Wisconsin [I], Wyoming [I]); Mexico [I]; Bolivia [I]; Brazil [I]; Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], Araucanía [I])

10 DEN GRB ire SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER NET SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS FRA SPA 13 BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 34 EAI 36 CHI 37 MON 38 kor 50 aus 51 nzl 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex 83 bol 84 bra 85 arg cle uru

Remarks: Validity and delimitation of the various subspecies highly fluctuating and disputed

Synonyms: hidden

= Ascalea nutans (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 60 (1768)

= Carduus aggregatus Schleich.; Cat. Pl. Helv., ed. 4: 11 (1821)

= Carduus appeninus Jan ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 622 (1838)

= Carduus armenus Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 516 (1875)

= Carduus chrysacanthus var. leucanthus Willk.; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 198 (1865)

= Carduus coloratus (C.Winkl.) Tamamsch.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 15: 390 (1953)

= Carduus hamulosus Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.): XLVIII (1812)

= Carduus kondratjukii Gorl.; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 42(5): 52 (1985)

= Carduus latisquamus Freyn & Conrath ex Freyn; Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 357 (1895)

= Carduus leiophyllus var. vestitus Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 2: 102 (1902)

= Carduus nutans f. leucanthus (Willk.) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 235 (1949)

= Carduus nutans var. armenus Boiss.

= Carduus nutans var. brachycentrus Haussm.; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 8: 40 (1895)

= Carduus nutans var. camerosianum Pau; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 25: 82 (1926)

= Carduus nutans var. chrysacanthoides Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 7: 93 (1931)

= Carduus nutans var. coloratus C.Winkl. ex O.Fedtsch. & B.Fedtsch.

= Carduus nutans var. heldreichii Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 237 (1949)

= Carduus nutans var. litoralis P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 530 (75, 531) (2006)

= Carduus nutans var. longispinus (Moris) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 238 (1949)

= Carduus nutans var. macrocephalus Wender.; Fl. Hassiaca [Wenderoth] 279 (1846)

= Carduus nutans var. ortholepis Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 189 (1918)

= Carduus nutans var. petrovicii Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 237 (1949)

= Carduus nutans var. phyllolepis (Willk.) Rivas Mart., T.E.Díaz, Fern.Prieto, Loidi & Penas; Veg. Picos de Europa [Díaz et al.] 259 (1984)

= Carduus nutans var. songaricus C.Winkl. ex O.Fedtsch. & B.Fedtsch.; Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae [O.A.Fedchenko & B.A.Fedchenko] 4: 277 (1911)

= Carduus nutans var. stribrnyi Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 237 (1949)

= Carduus nutans var. vestitus (Hallier) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 654 (1967)

= Carduus phyllolepis Willk.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 41: 51 (1891)

= Carduus schischkinii Tamamsch.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 15: 389 (1953)

= Carduus songoricus (C.Winkl. ex O.Fedtsch. & B.Fedtsch.) Tamamsch.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 15: 391 (1953)

= Carduus thoermeri subsp. armenus (Boiss.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 334 (1964)

= Onopyxus nutans (L.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 2: 145 (1899)

subspecies :

subsp. alpicola (Gillot) Chass. & Arènes; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 83: 411 (1936)

Name: Alpische Nickende Distel (DE)

Distribution: Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Bayern); France; Italy

11 BGM GER NET 12 FRA 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus alpicola Gillot; Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 5: 247 (1902)

= Carduus nutans subsp. alpicola (Gillot) Malag.; Subesp. Variación Geogr. 16 (1973) without basionym date

= Carduus nutans var. alpicola (Gillot) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 1004 (1940)

= Carduus nutans var. latisquamus Belli; Malpighia 2: 865 (1888)

subspecies :

subsp. falcatoincurvus P.H.Davis; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33(3): 411 (1975)

Distribution: European Turkey; Turkey

13 TUE 34 TUR

subspecies :

subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovič) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24(4): 237 (1949)

Name: Glatte Nickende Distel (DE)

Distribution: Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Belgium; Germany [I]; Switzerland; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; San Marino [I]; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece; S-European Russia; Estonia; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; NW-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan); Afghanistan (Parwan); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains)

10 DEN NOR SWE 11 BGM ger HUN SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 ALB BUL GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM sma SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY MLD RUS UKR 33 AZE GEO 34 AFG IRN SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus attenuatus Klokov; Fl. URSR 11: 517, 570 (1962)

= Carduus leiophyllus Petrovič; Addit. Fl. Agr. Nyss. 105 (1886)

= Carduus macrocephalus subsp. sporadum (Halácsy) Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 48 (1975)

= Carduus macrolepis Peterm.; Flora 27: 492 (1844)

= Carduus nutans subsp. attenuatus (Klokov) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 32: 185 (2000)

= Carduus nutans subsp. macrolepis (Peterm.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 326 (1964)

= Carduus nutans var. leiophyllus G.A.Mulligan & Frankton; Canad. Field-Naturalist 68: 35 (1954), nom. illeg.

= Carduus nutans var. sporadum Halácsy

= Carduus pindicola Hausskn.; Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 5: 86 (1887)

= Carduus thoermeri Weinm.; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 9(7): 69 (1837)

subspecies :

subsp. micropterus (Borbás) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 704 (1931)

Distribution: Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Albania

13 ALB BIH CRO ITA MNT SLV

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus micropterus (Borbás) Teyber; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 60: 308 (1910)

= Carduus nutans var. micropterus Borbás; Math. Term. Közlem. 14: 390 (1877)

subspecies :

subsp. perspinosus (Fiori) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 236 (1949)

Distribution: C- & S-Italy

13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus micropterus subsp. perspinosus (Fiori) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 337 (1964)

= Carduus nutans f. perspinosus Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 352 (1904)

subspecies :

subsp. platylepis (Rchb. & Saut.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 411 (1879)

Name: Breitschuppige Nickende Distel (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg [I], Bayern, Hessen [I]); Switzerland; Austria; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia

11 AUT GER SWI 12 FRA 13 CRO ITA SLV

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus nutans var. platylepis (Rchb. & Saut.) Hampe; Prodr. Fl. Hercyn. 48 (1836)

= Carduus platylepis Rchb. & Saut.; Flora 13: 410 (1830)

subspecies :

subsp. siculus (Franco) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

Distribution: Sicily

13 SIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus macrocephalus subsp. siculus Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 48 (1975)

subspecies :

subsp. taygeteus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 704 (1931)

Distribution: Italy; Montenegro; European Turkey; Greece; Turkey

13 GRC ITA MNT TUE 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus taygeteus Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(3): 42 (1856)

= Carduus taygeteus subsp. insularis Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 48 (1975)

subspecies :

subsp. trojanus P.H.Davis; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33(3): 412 (1975)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Carduus olympicus Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 43 (1856)

subspecies :

subsp. olympicus

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia)

34 TUR

subspecies :

subsp. hypoleucus (Bornm.) P.H.Davis; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33(3): 429 (1975)

Distribution: Turkey; Iran

34 IRN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus hypoleucus Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 20(2): 161 (1906)

species :

Carduus onopordioides Fisch. ex M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 552 (1819)

subspecies :

subsp. onopordioides

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (NE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran)

33 ARM AZE GEO 34 IRN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus onopordioides var. albidens Ghahr. & Mozaff.; Fl. Iran [Ghahreman] 19: no. 2274 (1999)

subspecies :

subsp. atropatanicus (Grossh.) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

Distribution: Azerbaijan (Nachichevan)

33 AZE

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus atropatanicus Sosn. ex Grossh.; Fl. Kavkaza [Grossheim] 4: 175 (1934)

subspecies :

subsp. furiosus (Tamamsch.) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan

33 ARM AZE GEO

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus furiosus Tamamsch.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 28: 17, 599 (1963)

subspecies :

subsp. hajastanicus (Tamamsch.) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan

33 ARM AZE GEO

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus hajastanicus Tamamsch.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 28: 16, 599 (1963)

= Carduus onopordioides subsp. hajastanicus (Tamamsch.) Tsiklauri; Fl. Gruzii, ed. 2, 15: 315 (2007), isonym

subspecies :

subsp. turcicus (Kazmi) Davies; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33(3): 429 (1975)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus turcicus Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 365 (1964)

species :

Carduus paui Devesa & Talavera; Rev. Carduus Penins. Iberica Baleares 62 (1981)

Distribution: E-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus carlinifolius subsp. paui (Devesa & Talavera) Mateo; Claves Fl. Prov. Teruel [Mateo] 383 (1992)

= Carduus defloratus subsp. paui (Devesa & Talavera) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Man. Països Catalans 3: 881 (1995)

species :

Carduus personata (L.) Jacq.; Fl. Austriac. [Jacquin] 4: 25 (1776)

subspecies :

subsp. personata

Name: Kletten-Distel (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [I], Sachsen, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Romania; Bulgaria; Ukraine

11 AUT CZE GER LIE POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Arctium personata L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 816 (1753)

= Carduus arctioides Vill.; Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 2: 22 (1788), nom. illeg.

= Carduus leucanthemos Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 417 (1866)

= Carduus personata var. glabratus Tausch; Flora 17(2): 496 (1834)

= Carduus personata var. microcephalus R.Uechtr.; Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 53: 138 (1876)

= Carduus personata var. pseudocrispus (Schur) Simonk.; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 339 (1887)

= Carduus personatus (L.) Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378 (1791)

= Carduus simplicifolius Sang.; Atti Accad. Pontif. Sci. Nuovi Lincei 18: t. 2 (1865)

= Carduus traunsteineri Rouy; Ill. Pl. Eur., t. 461 (1903)

= Cirsium lappaceum Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 2: 24 (1779), nom. superfl.

= Lappa personata (L.) Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 378 (1783)

subspecies :

subsp. albidus (Adamović) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 376 (1964)

Distribution: Italy; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; N-Greece (very rare along the border); Ukraine

13 ALB BIH BUL GRC ITA KOS NMA ROM SRB 14 UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus personata var. albidus Adamović; Rad Jugoslav. Akad. Znan. 185: 241 (1911)

= Carduus bicolorifolius Klokov; Fl. URSR 11: 499, 566 (1962)

species :

Carduus platypus Lange; Index Sem. (Copenhagen) 1857: 26 (1857)

subspecies :

subsp. platypus

Distribution: EC- & NE-Portugal; NW- & C-Spain

12 POR SPA

Remarks: often included in C. nutans as subspecies

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus nigrescens var. spinulosus Willk.; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 197 (1865)

= Carduus nutans Boiss. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 411 (1879), nom. inval.

= Carduus nutans subsp. platypus (Lange) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

variant :

var. lusitanicus (Rouy) Devesa; Fl. Iber. [Castroviejo et al.] 16(1): 190 (2014)

Distribution: Portugal; Spain

12 POR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus lusitanicus Rouy; Ill. Pl. Eur., t. 437 (1903)

subspecies :

subsp. granatensis (Willk.) Malag.; Subesp. Variación Geogr. 16 (1973)

Distribution: S- & SE-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus granatensis Willk.; Linnaea 30: 113 (1859)

= Carduus nutans subsp. granatensis (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17(1): 91 (1987 publ. (1988)

= Carduus platypus subsp. granatensis (Willk.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 411 (1879)

= Carduus recurvatus Willk.; Linnaea 30: 113 (1859 publ. 1860)

= Carduus sandwithii Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 350 (1964)

species :

Carduus poliochrus Trautv.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 272 (1875)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan

33 AZE GEO NCS

Remarks: sometimes listed as ´Carduus polyochrus´

species :

Carduus pumilus D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 167 (1825), nom. illeg., non Vill.

Distribution: Nepal

40 NEP

species :

Carduus pycnocephalus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus], ed. 2: 1151 (1763)

subspecies :

subsp. pycnocephalus

Name: Knäuelköpfige Distel (DE); Italian thistle (EN); Cardo de calvero (ES)

Distribution: Denmark; Sweden; Belgium; Germany [I]; Austria; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares (Ibiza & Formentera, Mallorca, Menorca); France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (very widespread); Crete (incl. islets); Belarus; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Eastern Desert, NE-Egypt, Nile Delta, NW-coastal Egypt); Canary Isl. (La Palma, Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura); Ethiopia [I]; Turkmenistan; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, S-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Badghys, Baghlan, Faryab, Kandahar, Samangan); Cyprus (E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert, Judean Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, NE-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, S-Saudi Arabia: Rub to Khali, Asir, Nejd Desert); Kuwait; United Arab Emirates; Pakistan (Baluchistan, Quetta, Chitral); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir); Sri Lanka [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (East Maui [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Idaho [I], Mississippi [I], New York [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Carolina [I], Texas [I]); Brazil [I] (Rio Grande do Sul [I]); Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Rios [I], Los Lagos [I]); Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]

10 DEN SWE 11 AUT BGM ger 12 BAL COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KRI MNT PEL SIC SLV SMA TUE 14 BLR KRY MLD UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY 24 eth 32 TKM 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 35 KUW SAU UAE 40 IND PAK srl 50 aus 51 ctm nzl 63 haw 73 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 84 bra 85 arg cle jnf uru

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus acanthoides Huds.; Fl. Angl. [Hudson], ed. 2: 351 (1778), nom. illeg.

= Carduus galactites Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 701 (1783)

= Carduus litigiosus Moris; Stirp. Sard. Elench. 1: 26 (1827)

= Carduus lucidus Moench; Methodus [Moench] 554 (1794)

= Carduus parviflorus Buch; Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. [Buch] 147 (1825)

= Carduus peregrinus Retz.; Observ. Bot. [Retzius] 1: 27 (1779)

= Carduus pseudosyriacus Lojac.; Naturalista Sicil. 4: 109 (1885)

= Carduus pycnocephalus proles mouillefarinei Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 72 (1905)

= Carduus syncephalus Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 281 (1831)

= Carduus tenuiflorus subsp. pycnocephalus (L.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 177 (1894), nom. illeg.

= Carduus tenuiflorus var. pycnocephalus (L.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 626 (1838)

= Carduus zapateri E.Rev. & Debeaux; Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 12: 354 (1895)

= Cnicus pycnocephalus (L.) Roth; Ann. Bot. [Usteri] 8: 8 (1794)

= Onopyxus pycnocephalus (L.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 2: 139 (1899)

subspecies :

subsp. albidus (M.Bieb.) Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 446 (1964)

Name: Weiße Knäuelköpfige Distel (DE); White Plymouth Thistle (EN)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (incl. Kiklades); Crete; S-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; ?Egypt; W-Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (incl. Rhodos); Turkey; Iran; Afghanistan (Baghlan, Balkh, Faryab, Helmand, Herat, Kandahar, Orozgan / Daykundi, Takhar); Cyprus; Lebanon

13 ALB BUL GRC KRI NMA TUE 14 KRY RUS UKR 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN LEB TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus albidus M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 269 (1808)

= Carduus pycnocephalus var. albidus (M.Bieb.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 521 (1875)

= Carduus tenuiflorus var. albidus (M.Bieb.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 626 (1838)

subspecies :

subsp. intermedius (Lojac.) Giardina & Raimondo; Bocconea 20: 10 (2007)

Distribution: Pantelleria

13 PTL

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus intermedius Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 2(1): 167 (1903)

species :

Carduus quercifolius F.K.Mey.; Haussknechtia Beih. 15: 165 (fig. 29) (2011)

Distribution: Albania

13 ALB

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status to be verified

species :

Carduus ramosissimus Pančić; Elench. Crna Gora 51 (1875)

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania

13 ALB BIH KOS MNT SRB

species :

Carduus rechingeranus Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 420, f. 36 (1964)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Carduus rivasgodayanus Devesa & Talavera; Rev. Carduus Penins. Iberica Baleares 34 (1981)

Distribution: S-Spain (Sa. da Ronda)

12 SPA

species :

Carduus santacreui (Devesa & Talavera) Devesa; Fl. Iber. [Castroviejo et al.] 16(1): 194 (2014)

Distribution: S-Spain (Cadiz)

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus lusitanicus subsp. santacreui Devesa & Talavera; Rev. Carduus Penins. Iberica Baleares 42 (1981)

species :

Carduus seminudus M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 271 (1808)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan)

32 TKM 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN

species :

Carduus spachianus Durand; Rev. Bot. Recueil Mens. 1: 361 (1845 publ. 1846)

subspecies :

subsp. spachianus

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya

20 ALG LBY MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus duriaei Boiss. & Reut.; Mém. Acad. Natl. Sci. Lyon, Cl. Sci. 1 (Pug. Pl. Nov. Gall.): 64 (1852)

= Carduus meonanthus subsp. duriaei (Boiss. & Reut.) Quézel & Santa

= Carduus meonanthus subsp. spachianus (Durand) Maire

= Carduus pteracanthus Durand; Rev. Bot. Recueil Mens. 1: 362 (1845 publ. 1846)

subspecies :

subsp. atlantis (Humb. & Maire) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus atlantis Humbert & Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 43 (1926)

subspecies :

subsp. megalatlanticus (Maire) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus atlantis subsp. megalatlanticus (Maire) Emb.; Cat. Pl. Maroc 797 (1934)

= Carduus megalatlanticus Emb.; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 33: 48 (1932 publ. 1933)

species :

Carduus squarrosus DC. ex Lowe; Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 6: (1838) reimpr. 18

Distribution: Madeira (Madeira Isl.)

21 MDR

Synonyms: hidden

= Clavena squarrosa DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 633 (1838)

species :

Carduus tenuiflorus Curtis; Fl. Londin. [Curtis] 2(6): t. 55 (1793)

subspecies :

subsp. tenuiflorus

Name: Schmalköpfige Distel (DE); Slender Thistle (EN); Cardo borriquero (ES)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany [I]; Switzerland; Poland; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares (Ibiza & Formentera, Mallorca, Menorca); France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Azores (Faial, Graciosa, Pico, Sao Jorge, Sao Miguel, Sta. Maria, Terceira); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (El Hierro, Fuerteventura, Gomera, La Palma, Lanzarote, Tenerife); South Africa [I] (fairly widespread); India [I] (Jammu & Kashmir [I]); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); Lord Howe Isl. [I]; Norfolk Isl. [I]; New Zealand [I]; USA [I] (California [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I]); Bolivia [I]; Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I])

10 GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 BGM ger NET POL SWI 12 BAL CIS COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ITA SIC 20 ALG MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY MDR 27 saf 40 ind 50 aus lhi nfk 51 nzl 73 usa 75 usa 76 usa 83 bol 85 arg cle uru

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus argiroa Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 413 (1879)

= Carduus corbariensis Timb.-Lagr. & Theven.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, Sér. 7, 6: 647 (1874)

= Carduus microcephalus Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 5: 168 (1829)

= Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. tenuiflorus (Curtis) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 524 (1889)

= Carduus pycnocephalus var. tenuiflorus (Curtis) Ball; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 521 (1878)

= Carduus syncephalus Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 15: 87, t. 864 (1831)

= Carduus tenuiflorus var. corbariensis (Timb.-Lagr. & Thevenau) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 71 (1905)

= Carduus tenuiflorus var. peduncularis N.H.F.Desp.; Fl. Sarthe 139 (1838)

= Carduus tenuiflorus var. spinulosus Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 347 (1924)

= Carduus tenuiflorus var. stenolepis Willk.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 41: 51 (1891)

subspecies :

subsp. sardous (DC.) Gamisans, Piquemal & Schlüssel; Compl. Prod. Fl. Corse, Asteraceae II: 113 (2004)

Distribution: France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy

12 COR FRA SAR 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus sardous DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 626 (1838)

= Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. sardous (DC.) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 524 (1889)

species :

Carduus thracicus (Velen.) Hayek; Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 2: 705 (1931)

Distribution: C- & E-Bulgaria

13 BUL

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus seminudus var. thracicus Velen.

species :

Carduus tmoleus Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 1(4): 21 (1844)

subspecies :

subsp. tmoleus

Distribution: S-Albania; Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of mainland, Thasos, Samothraki); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia)

13 ALB BUL GRC 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus armatus Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 104 (1846)

= Carduus tmoleus subsp. armatus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Franco; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 48 (1975)

= Cnicus armatus Sol.; Nat. Hist. Aleppo, ed. 2 [Russell]: 2: 262 (1794)

subspecies :

subsp. baldaccii (Kazmi) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

Distribution: S-Albania

13 ALB

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus cronius subsp. baldaccii Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 379 (1964)

subspecies :

subsp. cronius (Boiss. & Heldr.) Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 49-61 (2003)

Distribution: North Macedonia; NW-Greece

13 GRC NMA

Remarks: probably only a variety fide Strid

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus cronius Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 1(6): 105 (1846)

= Carduus armatus var. cronius (Boiss. & Heldr.) Halácsy

species :

Carduus transcaspicus Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 37 (1918)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran)

32 TKM 34 IRN

species :

Carduus uncinatus M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 553 (1819)

subspecies :

subsp. uncinatus

Distribution: Germany [I]; SE-Romania; S-European Russia; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Iran (NE-Iran: Mts.)

11 ger 13 ROM 14 KRY MLD RUS UKR 32 KAZ KGZ TZK 33 GEO NCS 34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus hamulosus subsp. uncinatus (M.Bieb.) Elenevsky & Derv.-Sok.; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 97(1): 100 (1992)

variant :

var. transcaspicus (Rech.f.) Parsa; Fl. Iran [Parsa] 10: 139 (1980)

Distribution: Turkmenistan

32 TKM

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus uncinatus subsp. transcaspicus Rech.f.; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 54: 15 (1944)

subspecies :

subsp. davisii Kazmi; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 404 (1964)

Distribution: Crimea

14 KRY

species :

Carduus vivariensis Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 212 (1846)

Distribution: NE-Spain; Andorra; S- & SC-France

12 ADO FRA SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus nigrescens subsp. vivariensis (Jord.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 178 (1894)

species :

Carduus volutarioides Reyes-Bet.; Vieraea 31: 294 (2003)

Name: Teneriffa-Distel (DE); Cardo de Icod (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)

21 CNY

species :

Carduus ×aragonensis Devesa & Talavera; Rev. Carduus Penins. Iberica Baleares 108 (1981)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus assoi ssp. assoi x paui

species :

Carduus ×arvaticus Font Quer & Rothm.; Sched. Fl. Iber. Selectam, Cent. 2-3: no. 284 (1935)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus medius x phyllolepis

species :

Carduus ×atacinus (Arènes) B.Bock; Bull. Soc. Bot. Centre-Ouest 42: 268 (2011 publ. 2012)

Distribution: Spain; France

12 FRA SPA

Remarks: Carduus acanthoides x nigrescens

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×variabilis subsp. atacinus Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 242 (1949)

species :

Carduus ×axillaris Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 169 (1828)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern); Slovakia; etc.

11 GER SLO

Remarks: Carduus crispus x defloratus

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×amsteinii Brügger; Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubündens, N. F. 23-24: 106 (1880)

= Carduus ×burnatii F.O.Wolf; Bull. Murith. Soc. Valais. Sci. Nat. 26: 263 (1898)

= Carduus ×burnatii Genty; Index Sem. (Dijon) 1907: 19 (1907)

= Carduus ×fatrae Margittai; Magyar Bot. Lapok 13: 79 (1914)

= Carduus ×groedigensis Fritsch; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 39: 89 (1889)

= Carduus ×moritzii Brügger; Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubündens, N. F. 23-24: 106 (1880)

= Carduus ×moritzii subsp. burnatii (Genty) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 245 (1949)

species :

Carduus ×beckianus Soó

Distribution: Slovakia; etc.

11 SLO

species :

Carduus ×bergadensis Sennen; Treb. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 3: 150 (1917) [nothossp.]

subspecies :

subsp. bergadensis

Distribution: Spain; etc.

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus carlinifolius x nutans

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×leridanus Devesa & Talavera; Rev. Carduus Penins. Iberica Baleares 109 (1981)

subspecies :

subsp. mercadaliae (Mateo, Fabregat & López Udias) Mateo & M.B.Crespo; Fl. Montiber. 59: 90 (2015) [nothossp.]

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus paui x nutans ssp. nutans

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×leridanus subsp. mercadaliae Mateo, Fabregat & López Udias; Anales Biol., Fac. Biol., Univ. Murcia 20: 103 (1995), as ´mercadalii´ [nothosubsp.]

species :

Carduus ×brunneri Döll; Fl. Baden [Döll] 2: 946 (1859)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern); etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Carduus defloratus x nutans

species :

Carduus ×budaianus Jáv.; Magyar Bot. Lapok 12: 356 (1913)

Distribution: Slovakia; etc.

11 SLO

species :

Carduus ×camplonensis Devesa & Talavera; Lagascalia 10(1): 62 (1981)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus carpetanus x platypus ssp. platypus

species :

Carduus ×cantabricus Devesa & Talavera; Lagascalia 10(1): 61 (1981)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus carlinoides ssp. carlinoides x carpetanus

species :

Carduus ×estivali Arènes; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 15: 456 (1944) [nothossp.]

subspecies :

subsp. estivali

Distribution: Spain; etc.

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus acanthoides x nigrescens

subspecies :

subsp. carbonelii (Arènes) B.Bock; Bull. Soc. Bot. Centre-Ouest 42: 264 (2011 publ. 2012)

Distribution: France; etc.

12 FRA

Remarks: Carduus acanthoides x vivariensis

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×variabilis subsp. carbonelii Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 252 (1949)

species :

Carduus ×fallax Borbás; Természet (Pest) 9: 121 (1877)

Distribution: Hungary; etc.

11 HUN

Remarks: Carduus acanthoides x candicans

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×bihariensis Simonk.; Természetrajzi Füz. 5: 51 (1881)

species :

Carduus ×gillotii Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 87 (1905)

Distribution: France; etc.

12 FRA

Remarks: Carduus crispus x defloratus ssp. medius

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×moritzii subsp. gillotii (Rouy) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 245 (1949)

= Carduus ×nuriensis Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 28: 106 (1930)

species :

Carduus ×grassensis Briq. & Cavill.; Fl. Alpes Marit. 7: 61 (1931)

Distribution: France; etc.

12 FRA

Remarks: Carduus acanthoides x tenuiflorus

species :

Carduus ×grenieri Sch.Bip. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 412 (1879) [nothossp.]

subspecies :

subsp. grenieri

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Carduus nutans x personata

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×irmischii Sch.Bip. ex Thomé; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 4: 369 (1905)

subspecies :

subsp. alpestris Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 252 (1949) [nothossp.]

Distribution: France; etc.

12 FRA

Remarks: Carduus nutans ssp. platylepis x personata

species :

Carduus ×haussknechtii Bornm.; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 8: 37 (1895)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern)

11 GER

Remarks: Carduus personata x sepincola

species :

Carduus ×hazslinszkyanus Budai; Magyar Bot. Lapok 12: 356 (1913)

Distribution: Slovakia; Hungary; etc.

11 HUN SLO

species :

Carduus ×intercedens Hausskn.; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 8: 41 (1895)

Distribution: Romania; etc.

13 ROM

Remarks: Carduus hamulosus x nutans

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×dobrogensis Prodan; Fl. Român. 1: 1069 (1923), et Bul. Şti. Acad. Republ. Populare Romine, Secţ. Biol. Şti. Agric. Ser. Bot. 9: 324 (1957)

= Carduus ×nutantiformis subsp. intercedens (Hausskn.) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 252 (1949)

species :

Carduus ×ipe Boros; Biologia (Bratislava), Sect. Bot. 15: 846 (1960)

Distribution: Slovakia; etc.

11 SLO

species :

Carduus ×jordanii Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 252 (1949)

Distribution: Spain; etc.

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus litigiosus x (nigrescens ssp.) vivariensis

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×nutantiformis subsp. lesurinus (Rouy) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 251 (1949)

species :

Carduus ×leptocephalus Peterm.; Deutschl. Fl. [Petermann] 316 (1849)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen, Thüringen)

11 GER

Remarks: Carduus acanthoides x crispus

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×aschersonianus Ruhmer; Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 239 (1881)

= Carduus ×elatior Döll ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 865 (1928)

species :

Carduus ×meratii Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 248 (1949)

Distribution: Europe

Error

Remarks: Carduus crispus x tenuiflorus

species :

Carduus ×mixtus Corb.; Nouv. Fl. Normandie 348 (1894)

Distribution: France; etc.

12 FRA

Remarks: Carduus nutans x tenuiflorus

species :

Carduus ×montis-majoris Teyber; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 60: 309 (1910)

Distribution: Austria; etc.

11 AUT

Remarks: Carduus acanthoides x nutans ssp. micropterus

species :

Carduus ×naegelii Brügger; Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubündens, N. F. 23-24: 107 (1880)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern)

11 GER

Remarks: Carduus defloratus x personata

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×peculiaris Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2): 1234 (1893)

= Carduus ×stiriacus Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2): 1233 (1893)

species :

Carduus ×nyaradyanus Degen ex Nyar.; Magyar Bot. Lapok 12: 114 (1913)

Distribution: Slovakia; Hungary; etc.

11 HUN SLO

species :

Carduus ×orthocephalus Wallr.; Scholion zu Hampe´s Prodr. Fl. Hercyn.: 268 (1840) [nothossp.]

subspecies :

subsp. orthocephalus

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen, Thüringen); Slovakia; etc.

11 GER SLO

Remarks: Carduus acanthoides x nutans subsp. nutans

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×braunii M.Loehr; Enum. Fl. Deutschland 371 (1852)

= Carduus ×sonderi F.W.Schultz; Fl. Pfalz [F.W.Schultz] 252 (1845)

subspecies :

subsp. carniolicus Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 244 (1949) [nothossp.]

Distribution:

Error

Remarks: Carduus acanthoides x nutans ssp. platylepis

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×carniolicus Rech.; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 19: 152 (1913), nom. illeg.

species :

Carduus ×peisonis Teyber; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 58: (8) (1908)

Distribution: Slovakia; etc.

11 SLO

species :

Carduus ×puechii H.J.Coste; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 321 (1902 publ. 1903)

Distribution: France; etc.

12 FRA

Remarks: Carduus nigrescens x nutans

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×nutantiformis Shuttlew. ex Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 90 (1905)

= Carduus ×nutantiformis subsp. puechii (H.J.Coste) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 251 (1949)

species :

Carduus ×pycnocephaloformis Arènes; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 15: 349 (1943)

Distribution: Spain; etc.

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus acicularis x pycnocephalus

species :

Carduus ×schulzeanus Ruhmer; Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 240 (1881)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern, Thüringen)

11 GER

Remarks: Carduus acanthoides x defloratus

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×draunburgensis Keller; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 865 (1928)

= Carduus ×khekii Murr; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 214 (1892)

= Carduus ×laxus Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2): 1232 (1893)

= Carduus ×rechingeri Hayek; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 51: 442 (1901)

= Carduus ×schulzeanus subsp. laxus (Beck) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 241 (1949)

species :

Carduus ×sepincola Hausskn.; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 6: 25 (1894)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Sachsen); Austria; etc.

11 AUT GER

Remarks: Carduus crispus x personata. Stabilized hybrid forming its own populations, can possibly treated as full species

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×diversifolius Wallr.; Scholion zu Hampe´s Prodr. Fl. Hercyn.: 267 (1840), nom. inval.

= Carduus ×personatoformis Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 83 (1905)

= Carduus ×personatoformis subsp. subinteger (Murr) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 248 (1949)

= Carduus ×subinteger Murr; Neue Übers. Bl.-Pfl. Vorarlberg Liechtenstein 3(1): 328 (1924)

species :

Carduus ×septentrionalis Devesa & Talavera; Rev. Carduus Penins. Iberica Baleares 107 (1981)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus argemone x carpetanus

species :

Carduus ×solteszii Budai; Magyar Bot. Lapok 12: 356 (1913)

Distribution: Slovakia; Hungary; etc.

11 HUN SLO

species :

Carduus ×stangii H.Buek ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 411 (1879) [nothossp.]

subspecies :

subsp. stangii

Distribution: England (England, Wales, S-Scotland); Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen, Thüringen); etc.

10 GRB 11 GER

Remarks: Carduus crispus x nutans

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×caflischii Brügger; Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubündens, N. F. 23-24: 106 (1880)

= Carduus ×crispoformis Arènes; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 15: 455 (1944)

= Carduus ×dubius Balb.; Cat. Stirp. (1813): 21 (1813), nom. inval.

= Carduus ×polyacanthos Ruhmer; Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 239 (1881), nom. illeg.

= Carduus ×polyanthemus Schleich. ex Hegetschw. & Heer; Fl. Schweiz [Hegetschweiler] 799 (1840), nom. illeg.

= Carduus ×stangii H.Buek ex W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 2: 462 (1844), nom. inval.

= Carduus ×stangii subsp. vindobonensis (Beck) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 247 (1949)

= Carduus ×vindobonensis Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 1238 (1893)

subspecies :

subsp. killiasii (Brügger) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 248 (1949) [nothossp.]

Distribution: Europe

Error

Remarks: Carduus crispus x nutans ssp. platylepis

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×killiasii Brügger; Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubündens, N. F. 23-24: 106 (1880)

subspecies :

subsp. semiperegrinus (Aellen) Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 248 (1949)

Distribution: Europe

Error

Remarks: Carduus crispus x nutans ssp. leiophyllus

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×semiperegrinus Aellen; Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 50: 233 (1940)

species :

Carduus ×textorisianus Margittai

Distribution: Slovakia; etc.

11 SLO

species :

Carduus ×theriotii Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 72 (1905) [nothossp.]

subspecies :

subsp. theriotii

Distribution: France

12 FRA

Remarks: Carduus pycnocephalus x tenuiflorus

subspecies :

subsp. cyrneus (Schlüssel & Jeanm.) Lambinon, Jeanm. & Schlüssel; Candollea 61: 107 (2006) [nothossp.]

Distribution: Corsica

12 COR

Remarks: Carduus pycnocephalus x tenuiflorus ssp. sardous

Synonyms: hidden

= Carduus ×cyrneus Schlüssel & Jeanm.; Compl. Prod. Fl. Corse, Asteraceae II: 114 (2004)

= Carduus ×theriotii nothosubsp. cyrneus (Schlüssel & Jeanm.) Lambinon, Jeanm. & Schlüssel; Candollea 61(1): 107 (2006)

species :

Carduus ×turocensis Margittai; Magyar Bot. Lapok 13: 79 (1914)

Distribution: Slovakia; Hungary; etc.

11 HUN SLO

species :

Carduus ×veronensis Arènes; Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 252 (1949)

Distribution: Spain; etc.

12 SPA

Remarks: Carduus nutans x pycnocephalus

species :

Carduus ×vigoi Mateo; Fl. Montiber. 58: 11 (2014)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

species :

Carduus ×weizensis Hayek; Fl. Steiermark 2: 593 (1913)

Distribution: Austria; Slovakia; etc.

11 AUT SLO

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.10 (Oct. 12th, 2025)

Covering 357,450 accepted species,
8,806 hybrids, 48,075 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,004,944 synonyms,
**in total 1,419,285* names**

[about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus*" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life

Contact

How to Cite:

Realization

Search

+ Family

Filter

Order

Family (12)

Genus (1732)

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.10 (Oct. 12th, 2025)

Covering 357,450 accepted species,8,806 hybrids, 48,075 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,004,944 synonyms,in total 1,419,285* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life

Covering 357,450 accepted species,
8,806 hybrids, 48,075 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,004,944 synonyms,
**in total 1,419,285* names**

[about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus*" are deliberately omitted]