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452.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 55 (1822)
1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and Zuntini et al. (2024). Barnadesioideae (so far treated as most basal member of Asteraceae) might be a separate family, more related to Calyceraceae.
Species listed in database: 35331; hybrids: 682
= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)
= Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820), nom. cons.
= Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Aposeridaceae Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 106 (1838)
= Arctotaceae Bessey; Univ. Stud. Nebraska 14: 107 (1914)
= Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Artemisiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 48 (1820)
= Athanasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 56 (1820)
= Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Carlinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Centaureaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Cichoriaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 168 (1789), nom. cons.
= Cnicaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 297 (1818)
= Compositae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 538 (1792), nom. cons.
= Coreopsidaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 768 (1829)
= Cynaraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 926, 931, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 253 (1820)
= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 46 (1830)
= Grindeliaceae Rchb. ex A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 330 (1907)
= Heleniaceae Raf.; Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824)
= Helianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Helichrysaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 712 (1829)
= Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Ivaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 1: 31 (1837)
= Lactucaceae Drude; Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)
= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)
= Madiaceae A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 332 (1907)
= Matricariaceae Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 400 (1845)
= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 290 (1836)
= Partheniaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 816 (1829)
= Perdiciaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 728 (1829)
= Picridaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 482 (1820)
= Santolinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 560 (1820)
= Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Serratulaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 577 (1820)
= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Tussilagaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Vernoniaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 296 (1836)
= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Xeranthemaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 498 (1843)
452.5155 Genus Cicerbita Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 433 (1822)
Distribution: few spp. temperate palearctic, mostly W- to C-Asia. Several species still listed here do belong into other genera, but are not yet reassigned.
Species listed in database: 19
= Galathenium Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 7: 442 (1840)
= Mycelis Cass.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 33: 483 (1824)
= Cephalorrhynchus Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 4: 28 (1844)
species :
Cicerbita acuminata (Conrath & Freyn) Grossh.; Izv. Azerbaidžansk. Fil. 1: 137, 163 (1936)
Distribution: Transcaucasus
Error
Remarks: generic placement uncertain
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephalorrhynchus freyniana Bornm.; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 89: 410 (1944)
= Cicerbita conrathiana Beauverd; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, Sér. 2, 2: 125 (1910)
= Mulgedium acuminatum Conrath & Freyn; Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 476 (1895), nom. illeg.
species :
Cicerbita alii Roohi Bano & Qaiser; Pakistan J. Bot. 42(Sp. Issue): 39 (2010)
Distribution: Pakistan; N-India (Himachal Pradesh)
40 IND PAK
Remarks: placed by molecular results outside of Cicerbita, most likely to belong into Lactuca.
species :
Cicerbita alpina (L.) Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 434 (1822)
Name: Alpen-Milchlattich (DE), Alpine Blue-sow-thistle (EN)
Distribution: England (C-Scotland); Norway; Sweden; Finland; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; NE-Spain (Gerona); Andorra; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; NE-Greece (Rodopi); N-European Russia; Ukraine
10 FIN GRB NOR SWE 11 AUT CZE GER LIE POL SLO SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 RUS UKR
Remarks: Cicerbita s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Agathyrsus alpinus (L.) D.Don; Edinburgh New Philos. J. 1828 310 (1828-1829 publ. 1829)
= Agathyrsus caeruleus (Sm.) D.Don; Edinburgh New Philos. J. 1828 310 (1828-1829 publ. 1829)
= Agathyrsus lapponicus (Froel.) Paxton; Pocket Bot. Dict. 10 (1840)
= Agathyrsus leucophaeus (Willd.) Beck; Bot. North. Middle States [Beck] 170 (1833)
= Cicerbita alpina f. albiflora Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 1100 (1928)
= Cicerbita borealis Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 434 (1822)
= Cicerbita leucophaea (Willd.) Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 434 (1822)
= Galathenium multiflorum (Desf.) Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 7: 443 (1840)
= Garacium alpinum (L.) Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 327 (1850)
= Hieracium mulgedium E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 14: 101 (1906)
= Lactuca alpina (L.) A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(2): 444 (1884)
= Lactuca leucophaea (Willd.) A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 19: 73 (1883)
= Lactuca spicata Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 349 (1891)
= Mulgedium alpinum (L.) Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 142 (1832)
= Mulgedium leucophaeum (Willd.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 7: 250 (1838)
= Mulgedium multiflorum (Desf.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 7: 249 (1838)
= Picridium alpinum Philippe; Fl. Pyren. [Philippe] 1: 576 (1859)
= Sonchus alpestris Clairv.; Man. Herbor. Suisse 231 (1811)
= Sonchus alpinus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 794 (1753)
= Sonchus caeruleus Sm.; Fl. Brit. 815 (1800), nom. illeg.
= Sonchus canadensis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 793 (1753)
= Sonchus lapponicus Froel.; Ann. Bot. [Usteri] 1: 26 (1791)
= Sonchus leucophaeus Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 1520 (1803)
= Sonchus montanus Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 401 (1792)
= Sonchus multiflorus Desf.; Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3 (Cat. Pl. Horti Paris.) 145 (1829)
= Sonchus racemosus Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 400 (1792)
= Soyeria alpina (L.) Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 327 (1850)
species :
Cicerbita auriculiformis (C.Shih) N.Kilian; Fl. China 20-21: 215 (2011)
Distribution: China (Gansu, W-Nei Mongol, Qinghai)
36 CHI
Remarks: placed by molecular results outside of Cicerbita
Synonyms: hidden
= Chaetoseris qiliangshanensis S.W.Liu & T.N.Ho; Fl. Qinghaiica 3: 512 (1996)
= Stenoseris auriculiformis C.Shih; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33(2): 195-197 (1995)
species :
Cicerbita azurea (Ledeb.) Beauverd; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, Sér. 2, 2: 123 (1910)
Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; China (N-Xinjiang); Mongolia
30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ 36 CHI 37 MON
Remarks: placed by molecular results outside of Cicerbita
Synonyms: hidden
= Cicerbita azurea var. glabra Sennikov; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 82(5): 112 (1997)
= Cicerbita glabra (Sennikov) Tzvelev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(11): 1754 (2007)
= Lactuca azurea (Ledeb.) Danguy; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 20: 39 (1914)
= Mulgedium azureum (Ledeb.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 7: 248 (1838)
= Sonchus azureus Ledeb.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 138-140 (1833)
species :
Cicerbita chiangdaoensis H.Koyama; Bull. Nation. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 27(4): 135 (2001)
Distribution: N-Thailand
41 THA
Remarks: placed by molecular results outside of Cicerbita, most likely to belong into Lactuca.
species :
Cicerbita crassicaulis (Trautv.) Beauverd; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, Sér. 2, 2: 127 (1910)
Distribution: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan
32 KAZ KGZ TZK
Remarks: placed by molecular results outside of Cicerbita, most likely to belong into Lactuca.
Synonyms: hidden
= Cicerbita chaffanjonii Beauverd; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, Sér. 2, 2: 143 (1910)
= Mulgedium crassicaule Trautv.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39(1): 390 (1866)
= Steptorhamphus chaffanjonii O.Fedtsch. & B.Fedtsch.; Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae [O.A.Fedchenko & B.A.Fedchenko] 4: 319 (1912)
= Steptorhamphus crassicaulis (Trautv.) Kirp.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 29: 327 (1964)
species :
Cicerbita cyprica (Rech.f.) M.Güzel, Coșkunç. & N.Kilian; Pl. Syst. Evol. 307(1, 7): 12 (2021)
Distribution: Cyprus (C-Mountains)
34 CYP
Remarks: Cicerbita s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephalorrhynchus cypricus Rech.f.; Ark. Bot., a. s. 1: 435 (1950)
= Cicerbita cyprica Beauverd; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève Sér. 2, 26: 156 (1934), nom. inval.
= Lactuca cyprica (Rech.f.) N.Kilian & Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 229-238 (2003)
species :
Cicerbita ladyginii (Tzvelev) N.Kilian; Fl. China 20-21: 216 (2011)
Distribution: Tibet
36 TIB
Remarks: generic placement uncertain
Synonyms: hidden
= Chaetoseris ladyginii Tzvelev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(11): 1756 (2007)
species :
Cicerbita microcephala (DC.) M.Güzel, Coșkunç. & N.Kilian; Pl. Syst. Evol. 307(1, 7): 12 (2021)
Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey; Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Lebanon; Syria
33 ARM AZE 34 IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR
Remarks: Cicerbita s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephalorrhynchus aucheri Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 11 (1846)
= Cephalorrhynchus microcephalus (DC.) Schchian; Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 23: 101 (1963)
= Chondrilla hispida (Pall.) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 328 (1812)
= Lactuca microcephala DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 7: 134 (1838)
species :
Cicerbita neglecta (Tzvelev) N.Kilian; Fl. China 20-21: 216 (2011)
Distribution: Tibet
36 TIB
Remarks: generic placement uncertain
Synonyms: hidden
= Chaetoseris neglecta Tzvelev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(11): 1756 (2007)
species :
Cicerbita nepalensis Kitam.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 30(4-6): 127 (1979)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Sikkim)
40 IND NEP
Remarks: placed by molecular results outside of Cicerbita, most likely to belong into Lactuca.
species :
Cicerbita nuristanica Kitam.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 17: 35 (1957)
Distribution: Afghanistan
34 AFG
Remarks: placed by molecular results outside of Cicerbita, most likely to belong into Lactuca.
species :
Cicerbita pancicii (Vis.) Beauverd; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, Sér. 2, 2: 121 (1910)
Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; NW-Greece (Pindos)
13 ALB BIH BUL GRC KOS MNT NMA SRB
Remarks: Cicerbita s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Hieracium plumieri (Pančić ex Vis.) E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 14: 102 (1906)
= Lactuca pancicii (Vis.) N.Kilian & Greuter; Willdenowia 33: 229-238 (2003)
= Mulgedium pancicii Vis.; Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. 9: 173 (1860)
= Sonchus plumerianus St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 8: 171 (1881)
= Sonchus plumieri Pančić ex Vis.; Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. 9: 173 (1860), nom. illeg.
species :
Cicerbita petiolata (K.Koch) Gagnidze; Zametki Syst. Geogr. Rast. 25: 56 (1965)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey
33 GEO NCS 34 TUR
Remarks: Cicerbita s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Cicerbita dubia Beauverd; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, Sér. 2, 2: 123 (1910)
= Cicerbita pontica (Boiss.) Grossh.; Fl. Kavkaza [Grossheim] 4: 253 (1934)
= Mulgedium petiolatum K.Koch; Linnaea 17: 279 (1843)
= Mulgedium ponticum Boiss.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 4: 248, t. 2 (1854)
= Prenanthes petiolata (K.Koch) Sennikov; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 82(2): 113 (1997)
= Prenanthes pontica (Boiss.) Leskov; Trudy Bot. Muz. 25: 44 (1932)
species :
Cicerbita rechingeriana (Tuisl) Coșkunç.M.Güzel & N.Kilian; Pl. Syst. Evol. 307(1, 7): 12 (2021)
Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (S-Iran, W-Iran)
34 IRN IRQ TUR
Remarks: Cicerbita s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephalorrhynchus rechingerianus Tuisl; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 72: 614 (1968)
= Lactuca rechingeriana (Tuisl) N.Kilian & Greuter; Willdenowia 36(2): 713 (2006)
species :
Cicerbita roborowskii (Maxim.) Beauverd; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, Sér. 2, 2: 135 (1910)
Distribution: China (Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; Vietnam
36 CHI TIB 41 VIE
Remarks: placed by molecular results outside of Cicerbita
Synonyms: hidden
= Chaetoseris albiflora Tzvelev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(11): 1754 (2007)
= Chaetoseris potaninii Tzvelev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(11): 1755 (2007)
= Chaetoseris prattii (Dunn) Tzvelev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(11): 1754 (2007)
= Chaetoseris rhombiformis C.Shih; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 29(5): 409-410, f. 1, 3 (1991)
= Chaetoseris roborowskii (Maxim.) C.Shih; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 29(5): 407, f. 1, 1 (1991)
= Lactuca prattii Dunn; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 513 (1903)
= Lactuca roborowskii Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 29: 177 (1883)
= Melanoseris rhombiformis (C.Shih) N.Kilian & Ze H.Wang; Fl. China 20-21: 219 (2011)
species :
Cicerbita subplumosa (Kovalevsk.) M.Güzel, Coșkunç. & N.Kilian; Pl. Syst. Evol. 307(1, 7): 12 (2021)
Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan (Tianshan); Tajikistan
32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB
Remarks: Cicerbita s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephalorrhynchus subplumosus Kovalevsk.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 15: 53 (1959)
species :
Cicerbita zhenduoi (S.W.Liu & T.N.Ho) N.Kilian; Fl. China 20-21: 216 (2011)
Distribution: China (Qinghai)
36 CHI
Remarks: generic placement uncertain
Synonyms: hidden
= Chaetoseris cyanea (S.W.Liu & T.N.Ho) Tzvelev; (2007), not (D. Don) C. Shih (1991)
= Chaetoseris zhenduoi (S.W.Liu & T.N.Ho) Tzvelev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(11): 1756 (2007)
= Youngia cyanea S.W.Liu & T.N.Ho; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 39: 554 (2001)
= Youngia zhenduoi S.W.Liu & T.N.Ho; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 39(6): 554 (2001)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.10 (Oct. 12th, 2025)

Covering 357,450 accepted species,
8,806 hybrids, 48,075 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,004,944 synonyms,
in total 1,419,285* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life