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521.0000 Family Orobanchaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 2: 292 (1799), nom. cons.
95 genera, ca. 2150 spp. Phylogeny: McNeal et al. 2013, Pinto-Carrasco et al. 2017, Nickrent (2020)
Species listed in database: 2203; hybrids: 77
= Aeginetiaceae Livera; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 10: 153 (1927)
= Buchneraceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 979 (1870)
= Cyclocheilaceae Marais; Kew Bull. 35: 805 (1981)
= Euphrasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 239 (1820)
= Lindenbergiaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: xlix (2001)
= Melampyraceae Rich. ex Hook. & Lindl.; Fl. Scot. 2: 213 (1821)
= Nesogenaceae Marais; Kew Bull. 35: 798 (1981)
= Pedicularidaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 99 (1789)
= Phelypaeaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 73 (1834)
= Rhinanthaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 2: 295 (1799)
521.0938 Genus Cycnium E.Mey. ex Benth.; Compan. Bot. Mag., t. 368 (1835)
Distribution: Tropical and subtropical Africa
Species listed in database: 17
species :
Cycnium adoense E.Mey. ex Benth.; Compan. Bot. Mag., t. 368 (1835)
subspecies :
subsp. adoense
Distribution: Gabon; Central African Republic; Burundi; Chad; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]
23 BUR CAF GAB 24 CHA SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Cycnium adoense var. adscendens Oliv.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: 122 (1875)
= Cycnium buchneri Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 73 (1894)
= Cycnium decumbens Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 217 (1919)
= Cycnium longiflorum Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Oliv.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: 122 (1875), nomen
= Cycnium pentheri Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 217 (1919)
= Cycnium rectum Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 216 (1919)
= Cycnium verdickii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 4, 1: 125 (1903)
subspecies :
subsp. camporum (Engl.) O.J.Hansen; Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(3): 53 (1978)
Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Burundi; S-Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Zimbabwe
22 BEN GHA GUI IVO NGA SIE TOG 23 BUR CAF CMN CON GAB ZAI 24 CHA ETH SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN 26 ANG MLW ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Cycnium camporum Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 73 (1894)
= Cycnium dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 38(1, Comp. Rend.): 129 (1899)
= Cycnium dewevrei var. minor De Wild. & T.Durand; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique, Compt.-Rend. 38: 129 (1899)
= Cycnium petunioides Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1921, 251 (1921)
species :
Cycnium ajugifolium Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 74 (1894)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania
25 KEN TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamphicarpa ajugifolia (Engl.) Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 426 (1906)
species :
Cycnium angolense (Engl.) O.J.Hansen; Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(3): 28 (1978)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamphicarpa angolensis Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 74 (1894)
species :
Cycnium brachycalyx Schweinf.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 18: 681 (1868)
Distribution: Ethiopia
24 ETH
Remarks: status uncertain, insufficiently known
species :
Cycnium breviflorum Ghaz.; Kew Bull. 60(3): 461 (2005)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania
25 KEN TAN
species :
Cycnium cameronianum (Oliv.) Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 361 (1895)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania
25 KEN TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamphicarpa cameroniana Oliv.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 95 (1876)
species :
Cycnium chevalieri Diels; Mém. Soc. Bot. France 8: 23 (1907)
Distribution: Central African Republic
23 CAF
Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed
species :
Cycnium erectum Rendle; J. Bot. 34: 128 (1896)
Distribution: South Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya
24 ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cycnium fruticans Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(2): 230 (1905)
= Cycnium tomentosum Engl.; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 7: 29 (1897)
species :
Cycnium filicalyx (E.A.Bruce) O.J.Hansen; Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(3): 29 (1978)
Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Namibia; Botswana
25 TAN 26 ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamphicarpa filicalyx E.A.Bruce; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1933: 475 (1933)
species :
Cycnium herzfeldianum (Vatke) Engl.; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1894: 58 (1894)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania
23 RWA ZAI 24 ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cycnium bequaertii De Wild.; Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 8: Suppl. Bot. 44 (1920)
= Cycnium herzfeldianum f. holstii (Engl.) Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 360 (1895)
= Cycnium herzfeldianum var. subauriculatum (Vatke) Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 360 (1895)
= Rhamphicarpa herzfeldiana var. subauriculata Vatke; Linnaea 43: 311 (1882)
= Rhamphicarpa herzfeldiana Vatke; Linnaea 43: 311 (1882)
= Rhamphicarpa holstii Engl.; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1894: 35 (1894)
species :
Cycnium jamesii (Skan) O.J.Hansen; Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(3): 45 (1978)
Distribution: Burundi; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania
23 BUR 24 ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamphicarpa jamesii Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 423 (1906)
species :
Cycnium racemosum Benth.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 368 (1835)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Cycnium huttoniae Hiern; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 4(2.3): 397 (1904)
= Cycnium kraussianum Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 505 (1846)
= Cycnium sandersonii Harv.; Thes. Cap. 1: 31 (1859)
species :
Cycnium recurvum (Oliv.) Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 361 (1895)
Distribution: South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Malawi
24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamphicarpa recurva Oliv.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: 122 (1875)
species :
Cycnium tenuisectum (Standl.) O.J.Hansen; Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(3): 28 (1978)
Distribution: South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania
24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cycnium meyeri-johannis (Engl.) Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 361 (1895), nom. illeg., non Engl. 1892
= Rhamphicarpa meyeri-johannis Engl.; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1891(2): 382 (1892)
= Rhamphicarpa tenuisecta Standl.; Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 68(5): 17 (1917)
species :
Cycnium tubulosum (L.f.) Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 361 (1895)
subspecies :
subsp. tubulosum
Distribution: Burkina Faso; Benin; Nigeria; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, ?, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]
22 BEN BKN NGA 23 RWA ZAI 24 ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT LES NAM SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Cycnium aquaticum Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 479 (1900)
= Cycnium hamatum Engl. & Gilg; Kunene-Sambesi-Exped. [Warburg] 368 (1903)
= Cycnium questieauxianum De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 4, 124 (1903)
= Cycnium serratum (Klotzsch) Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 360 (1895)
= Cycnium serratum f. elatum Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 360 (1895)
= Cycnium serratum f. longipedicellatum Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 360 (1895)
= Cycnium serratum f. paucidentatum Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 360 (1895)
= Cycnium serratum f. subintegrum Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 360 (1895)
= Gerardia tubulosa L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 279 (1782)
= Rhamhicarpa aquatica (Engl.) Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 429 (1906)
= Rhamphicarpa capensis P.E.Glover; S. African J. Sci. 34: 254 (1937), nomen
= Rhamphicarpa curviflora Benth.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 368 (1835)
= Rhamphicarpa hamata (Engl. & Gilg) Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 429 (1906)
= Rhamphicarpa serrata Klotzsch; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 228 (1906)
= Rhamphicarpa tubulosa (L.f.) Benth.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 368 (1835)
= Rhamphicarpa tubulosa var. curviflora (Benth.) Chiov.; Fl. Somala 2: 337 (1932)
subspecies :
subsp. montanum (N.E.Br.) O.J.Hansen; Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(3): 35 (1978)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (?); Lesotho
23 BUR RWA ZAI 24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MOZ ZIM 27 LES SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Cycnium brevifolium De Wild.; Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 8: Suppl. Bot. 45 (1920)
= Cycnium claessensii De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 410 (1928)
= Cycnium elskensi De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 411 (1928)
= Cycnium heuglinii (Hochst. ex Schweinf.) Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 361 (1895)
= Cycnium paucidentatum (Engl.) Engl.; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 7: 29 (1897)
= Cycnium rubriflorum Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 405 (1901)
= Cycnium rubrum De Wild.; Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 8: Suppl. Bot. 46 (1920)
= Rhamphicarpa brevifolia (De Wild.) Staner; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 15: 149 (1938)
= Rhamphicarpa claessensii (De Wild.) Staner; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 15: 150 (1938)
= Rhamphicarpa elskensii (De Wild.) Staner; Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Sér. B, 56: 245 (1936)
= Rhamphicarpa heuglinii Hochst. ex Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 361 (1895)
= Rhamphicarpa montana N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1901: 129 (1901)
= Rhamphicarpa multicaulis Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 427 (1906)
= Rhamphicarpa neghellensis Fiori; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 47: 36 (1940)
= Rhamphicarpa paucidentata (Engl.) Fiori; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 47: 37 (1940)
species :
Cycnium veronicifolium (Vatke) Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 361 (1895)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania
25 KEN TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Cycnium albersii Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 231 (1905)
= Cycnium suffruticosum Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 479 (1900)
= Cycnium veronicifolium subsp. suffruticosum (Engl.) O.J.Hansen; Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(3): 45 (1978)
= Rhamphicarpa albersii (Engl.) Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 422 (1906)
= Rhamphicarpa elliotii S.Moore; J. Bot. 57: 245 (1919)
= Rhamphicarpa suffruticosa (Engl.) Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 422 (1906)
= Rhamphicarpa veroniciifolia Vatke; Linnaea 43: 312 (1880 publ. 1882)
species :
Cycnium volkensii Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 360 (1895)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya; Tanzania
24 ETH 25 KEN TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Cycnium asperrimum Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 231 (1905)
= Cycnium bricchettii Engl.; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 7: 30 (1897)
= Cycnium ellenbeckii Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 231 (1905)
= Cycnium gallaense Engl.; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 7: 29 (1897)
= Cycnium spicatum Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 232 (1905)
= Rhamphicarpa asperrima (Engl.) Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 424 (1906)
= Rhamphicarpa ellenbeckii (Engl.) Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 424 (1906)
= Rhamphicarpa gallaensis (Engl.) Cufod.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 33: Suppl., 908 (1963)
= Rhamphicarpa spicata (Engl.) Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 425 (1906)
= Rhamphicarpa volkensii (Engl.) Skan; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(2): 425 (1906)
= Rhamphicarpa volkensii var. keniensis R.E.Fr.; Acta Horti Berg. 8: 62 (1924)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life