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Ver. 19.2
April 17th, 2024

131.0000 Family Orchidaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl.: 64 (1789), nom. cons.
over 800 genera, more than 30.000 spp. worldwide, mostly tropical
Species listed in database: 30483; hybrids: 1409
= Apostasiaceae Lindl.; Nix. Pl.: 22 (1833), nom. cons.
= Cypripediaceae Lindl.; Nix. Pl.: 22 (1833)
= Limodoraceae Horan.; Char. Ess. Fam.: 44 (1847)
= Liparidaceae Vines; Stud. Text-book Bot. 2: 567 (1895)
= Neottiaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat.: 50 (1834)
= Neuwiediaceae R.Dahlgren ex Reveal & Hoogland; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., ser. 4, sect. B Adansonia 13: 91 (1991)
= Ophrydaceae Vines; Stud. Text-book Bot. 2: 566 (1895)
= Pycnanthaceae Ravenna; Onira 12(6): 29 (2011)
= Vanillaceae Lindl.; Key Bot.: 73 (1835)
131.5104 Genus Epipactis Zinn; Cat. Pl. Hort. Gött.: 85 (1757), nom. cons.
Distribution: mostly Europe (many autogamous microtaxa), European Russia, temp. Northern Hemisphere, few Arabia and tropical Africa (3), Indochina, 1 North America to Central America. According to newer molecular analyses (Sramkó et al. 2019) the genus contains way too many described microtaxa especially in Europe which cannot be upheld.
Species listed in database: 65; hybrids: 26
= Amesia A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Arthrochilium (Irmisch) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 212 (1890)
= Calliphyllon Bubani; Fl. Pyren. 4: 56 (1901)
= Helleborine Mill.; Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4.: s.p. (1754)
= Limodorum Ludw. ex Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 672 (1891), nom. illeg.
= Limonias Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. Verw. Wiss. 4: 147 (1789)
= Parapactis W.Zimm.; Mitt. Bad. Landesvereins Naturk., n.f., 1: 232 (1922)
species :
Epipactis africana Rendle; J. Bot. 33: 252 (1895)
Distribution: W-Cameroon; E-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; S-Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Malawi; N-Mozambique
23 BUR CMN RWA ZAI 24 ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ
Remarks: sect. Cymbochilium
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia africana (Rendle) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Arthrochilium africanum (Rendle) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis excelsa Kraenzl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 332 (1909)
= Helleborine africana (Rendle) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 546 (1909)
= Serapias africana (Rendle) A.A.Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 66 (1908)
species :
Epipactis alata Aver. & Efimov; Rheedea 16(1): 4 (2006) (as "alatus")
Distribution: China (SE-Yunnan); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Arthrochilium alatum (Aver. & Efimov) Efimov; Komarovia 5(1): 32 (2007)
species :
Epipactis albensis H.Nováková & Rydlo; Preslia 50(2): 162 (1978)
subspecies :
subsp. albensis
Name: Elbe-Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: E-Austria; E-Germany (Brandenburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen); Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; SW-Romania; N-Italy
11 AUT CZE GER HUN SLO 13 ITA ROM
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis albensis subsp. mecsekensis (A.Molnár & Robatsch) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 105 (2005)
= Epipactis helleborine f. gracilis (Dageförde ex Hegi) Pauca & Morariu; Fl. Republ. Socialist. România 12: 761 (1972)
= Epipactis latifolia f. gracilis Dageförde ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 1 2: 376 (1909)
= Epipactis maricae (Croce, Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori) Presser & S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 108 (2016)
= Epipactis mecsekensis A.Molnár & Robatsch; J. Eur. Orch. 28: 782 (1996 publ. 1997)
= Epipactis nordeniorum Robatsch; Mitt. Abt. Bot. Landesmus. "Joanneum" Graz 20: 32 (1991)
= Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. maricae Croce, Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori; J. Eur. Orch. 43(4): 833-846 (2011)
= Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. mecsekensis (A.Molnár & Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 65 (2004)
= Epipactis tallosii Molnar & Robatsch; J. Eur. Orchid. 28(4): 789 (1996)
= Epipactis tallosii subsp. zaupolensis Barbaro & Kreutz; J. Eur. Orchid. 39(3/4): 590 (2007)
= Epipactis zaupolensis (Barbaro & Kreutz) Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori; J. Eur. Orch. 42(1): 135-148 (2010)
= Epipactis zaupolensis (Barbaro & Kreutz) Landolt; Fl. Indicativa 268 (2010)
= Helleborine latifolia f. gracilis (Dageforde ex Hegi) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 189 (1923 publ. 1924)
subspecies :
subsp. moravica (Batousek) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 105 (2005)
Distribution: E-Czech Republic; W-Slovakia; W-Hungary
11 CZE HUN SLO
Conservation Status: IUCN V (Czech Republic, Slovakia)
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis moravica Batousek; J. Eur. Orch. 36(3): 677 (2004)
= Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. moravica (Batousek) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 65 (2004)
= Epipactis persica subsp. moravica (Batousek) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; Jour. Eur. Orch. 37(3): 710 (2005)
subspecies :
subsp. fibri (Scappat. & Robatsch) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 105 (2005)
Distribution: SE-France (Rhone Valley)
12 FRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis fibri Scappat. & Robatsch; L´Orchidophile 116: 87 (1995)
= Epipactis albensis var. fibri (Scappat. & Robatsch) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 78(3): 246 (1997)
subspecies :
subsp. lusatia Hennigs; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 35(2): 160 (2019)
Distribution: E-Germany (Brandenburg)
11 GER
species :
Epipactis ariosica V.A.Romano, S.Hertel & Presser; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(1): 148 (2021)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser; Prim. Fl. Galic. 2: 220 (1809)
subspecies :
subsp. atrorubens
Name: Braunrote Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; France; Italy; +San Marino?; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; European Russia (N-European Russia, C-European Russia, W-European Russia, E-European Russia); Siberia (W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; ?Lebanon; USA [I] (Vermont [I])
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS 30 SIB 32 KAZ 33 GEO NCS 75 usa
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia atropurpurea (Raf.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 47 (1913)
= Amesia rubiginosa (Crantz) Mousley; Canad. Field-Naturalist 40: 182 (1926)
= Epipactis atropurpurea f. lutescens (Coss. & Germ.) Hegi; 377 (1909)
= Epipactis atropurpurea f. pallens Beckh.; Fl. Westfalen: 855 (1893)
= Epipactis atropurpurea f. viridiflora (Sanio) Hegi; 377 (1909)
= Epipactis atropurpurea Raf.; Caratt. 87. n. 208 (1810)
= Epipactis atropurpurea subvar. lutescens (Coss. & Germ.) Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 13: 206 (1912)
= Epipactis atropurpurea subvar. virescens Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 13: 206 (1912)
= Epipactis atropurpurea var. leviconica Engenst.; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 18: 111 (1912)
= Epipactis atropurpurea var. longibracteata Bordz.; Fl. RSS Ucr. 3: 344 (1950)
= Epipactis atropurpurea var. majoriflora Bordz.; Fl. RSS Ucr. 3: 344 (1950)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. angustifolia Snarskis; Lietuvos T.S.R. Fl. 2: 678 (1963)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. latifolia (Tocl) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57 (1969)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. longibracteata (Bordz.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57 (1969)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. majoriflora (Bordz.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57 (1969)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. orbicularis (Zapal.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57 (1969)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. pallens (Beckh.) Hyl.; Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 7: 119 (1945)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. sirneensis Neirynck; Caesiana 5: 44 (1995)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. albiflora E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481 (1929)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. lutescens (Coss. & Germ.) E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481 (1929)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. radnensis (Soó) E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481 (1929)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. suboppositifolia (G.Froel. ex Soó) E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481 (1929)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. viridiflora (Sanio) E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481 (1929), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis atrorubens var. dilatata (Graber) Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 242 (1949)
= Epipactis atrorubens var. media (Fr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 688 (1882)
= Epipactis atrorubens var. radnensis Soó
= Epipactis atrorubens var. stenopetala W.Zimm.; Form. Orch. Deut. 74 (1912)
= Epipactis cruenta Bertero ex Vignolo; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 39: 530 (1932)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Syme; 125 (1869)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. viridans (Crantz) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 92 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. rubiginosa Crantz; Stirp. austr. fasc. ed. 2, 2(6): 468 (1769)
= Epipactis helleborine var. viridans Crantz; Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 6: 467 (1769), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis latifolia proles rubiginosa (Crantz) Samp.; Man. Fl. Port.: 116 (1910)
= Epipactis latifolia f. viridans (Crantz) Dichtl; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 1: 149 (1883)
= Epipactis latifolia Less.; Linnaea 9: 156 (1834), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. atrorubens (Crantz) Gaudich; Fl. Helv. 5: 465 (1829)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg 571 (1834), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. ovalis (Bab.) Moore & More; 288 (1866)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. rubiginosa (Crantz) Hook.f.; Student. Fl. Brit. Isl.: 358 (1870)
= Epipactis latifolia subvar. lutescens Coss. & Germ.; Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris: 561 (1845)
= Epipactis latifolia var. atropurpurea Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl.: 333 (1820)
= Epipactis latifolia var. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 212 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Epipactis latifolia var. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Wallr.; 571 (1822)
= Epipactis latifolia var. montana Bluff & Fingerh.; 438 (1825)
= Epipactis latifolia var. rubiginosa (Crantz) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 5: 465 (1829)
= Epipactis latifolia var. rubiginosa (Crantz) Kabath; 180 (1846), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia var. viridans Crantz; Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 6: 467 (1769)
= Epipactis macropodia Peterm.; Fl. Bienitz 31 (1841)
= Epipactis media Fr.; Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 2: 54 (1839), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis microphylla Sieber ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 688 (1882), nom. inval.
= Epipactis rubiginosa (Crantz) Gaudin ex W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. ed. 2: 801 (1844)
= Epipactis rubiginosa lusus viridiflora Sanio; Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 23: 47 (1881)
= Epipactis rubiginosa f. latifolia Tocl; Beitr. Fl. Nordung.: 5 (1900)
= Epipactis rubiginosa var. orbicularis Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 228 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans (Crantz) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich: 214 (1890)
= Helleborine atropurpurea (Raf.) Schinz & Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 53: 588 (1908)
= Helleborine atropurpurea lusus lutescens (Coss. & Germ.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea lusus pallens (Beckh.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea lusus viridiflora (Sanio) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. alternifolia G.Froel. ex Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. latifolia (Tocl) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. leviconica (Engenst.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. orbicularis (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. radnensis Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. suboppositifolia G.Froel. ex Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea var. dilatata Graber; Bull. Soc. Neuchâteloise Sci. Nat. 48: 180 (1924)
= Helleborine atrorubens (Hoffm.) Druce; Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., 48 (1905)
= Helleborine media (Fr.) Druce; Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1905: 48 (1905)
= Helleborine rubiginosa (Crantz) O.Schwarz; 32 (1936)
= Helleborine viridans (Crantz) Samp.; Herb. Port.: 36 (1913)
= Helleborine viridans proles rubiginosa (Crantz) Samp.; Fl. Portugal, ed. 2: 139 (1947)
= Limodorum rubiginosum (Crantz) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 672 (1891)
= Serapias atrorubens (Hoffm.) Bernh.; Neues J. Bot. 1(3): 172 (1806)
= Serapias latifolia unranked atrorubens Hoffm.; Deutsch. Fl. ed. 2, 1: II. 182 (1895) [nom. inval.]
= Serapias latifolia O.F.Müll.; Oeder et al., Fl. Dan.: t. 811 (1780), nom. illeg.
= Serapias latifolia var. atrorubens Hoffm.; Deutschl. Fl. Bot. Taschenb., ed. 2, 2: 182 (1802)
= Serapias sylvestris Murray ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. 1: 766 (1821), pro syn.
variant :
var. atrata A.Waldner & Webernd.; J. Eur. Orch. 37(1): 132 (131-138) (2005)
Distribution: Austria
11 AUT
variant :
var. bicolor B.Yorke; B. S. B. I. News (2020)
Distribution: Great Britain
10 GRB
variant :
var. borbasii (Soó) Soó & Javorka; 2. Edit. Acad. Sci. Budapest 24 (1951)
Distribution: Hungary; Romania
11 HUN 13 ROM
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atropurpurea var. borbasii Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. borbasii (Soó) E.G.Camus & A.Camus; Icon. Orchid. Europe, Text(2): 482 (1928)
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. borbasii (Soó) Soó & Kárpáti; 703 (1968), nom. inval.
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. borbasii (Soó) Soó; Kárpáti Mag. Fl. 703 (1968)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. borbasii Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine rubiginosa var. borbasii Soó; Keller & Soó, Monogr. Icon. Orchid. Eur. 2(2/3): 42 (1931)
variant :
var. macedonica Kreutz, Tsiftsis & Antonop.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 26(2): 32 (2009)
Distribution: N-Greece
13 GRC
variant :
var. triploidea (Gelbr. & G.Hamel) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 60 (2004)
Distribution: E-Germany (Brandenburg); Poland
11 GER POL
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. triploidea Gelbr. & G.Hamel; Gleditschia 15(2): 204 (1987)
subspecies :
subsp. spiridonovii (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 59 (2004)
Distribution: S-Bulgaria (Pirin Mts.); NE-Greece (Thrace)
13 BUL GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis spiridonovii Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Naturalistes Belges 76(3): 87 (1995)
subspecies :
subsp. subclausa (Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 59 (2004)
Distribution: Greece (mainland fairly widespread)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis subclausa Robatsch; Linz. Biol. Beitr. 20(1): 167 (1988)
= Epipactis thessala B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 20(1): 5 (1988)
species :
Epipactis autumnalis Doro; J. Eur. Orch. 39(3/4): 571 (2007)
Distribution: NE-Italy (Veneto)
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis bucegensis Anghelescu, L.Balogh & Mih.Balogh; Plants 12(9)-1761: 24 (2023)
Distribution: Romania
13 ROM
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon
species :
Epipactis calabrica U.Grabner, S.Hertel & Presser; Ber. AHO 31(1): 181 (2014)
Distribution: S-Italy (Calabria)
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis caramolica Presser & S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(1): 137 (2021)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis collaris S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 100 (2016)
Distribution: S-Italy (Basilicata, Potenza, Salerno, Avellino, Foggia)
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis condensata Boiss. ex D.P.Young; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Ver. Wuppertal 23: 106 (1970)
subspecies :
subsp. condensata
Name: Dichtblütige Ständelwurz
Distribution: Crimea; European Russia (SE-European Russia: Krasnodar region); ?Eastern Aegaean Isl. (?Samos); Turkey; Cyprus; Lebanon; W-Syria
14 KRY RUS 34 CYP LEB SYR TUR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis condensata Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 4: 91 (1859)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. condensata (Boiss. ex D.P.Young) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980)
= Epipactis microphylla var. congesta Boiss.; Fl. Orient. 5: 89 (1884)
= Helleborine latifolia var. congesta (Boiss.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
subspecies :
subsp. kuenkeleana (Akhalk., H.Baumann, R.Lorenz & Mosul.) Kreutz, Fateryga & Efimov; Phytotaxa 171(1): 27 (2014)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan
33 AZE GEO NCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis purpurata subsp. kuenkeleana (Akhalk., H.Baumann, R.Lorenz & Mosul.) Kreutz; Eurorchis 18: 93 (-94) (2006)
= Epipactis viridiflora subsp. kuenkeleana Akhalk., H.Baumann, Lorenz & Mosulishvili; Jour. Eur. Orch. 37(3): 711 (2005)
= Epipactis kuenkeleana (Akhalk., H.Baumann, R.Lorenz & Mosul.) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 96 (Orchid. 28): 15 (2015)
species :
Epipactis consimilis D.Don; Prod. Fl. Nep. 28 (1825)
Distribution: Nepal
40 NEP
Remarks: sect. Cymbochilium
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia consimilis (D.Don) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Epipactis dalhousiae Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5: t. 1723 (1851)
= Helleborine consimilis (D.Don) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 547 (1909)
= Serapias consimilis (D.Don) A.A.Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 67 (1908)
species :
Epipactis cordigera S.Hertel & Presser; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 44 (2019)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis cupaniana C.Brullo, D´Emerico & Pulv.; Nordic J. Bot. 31(5): 578 (2013)
Distribution: Sicily
13 SIC
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Godfery; J. Bot. (London) 64: 68 (1926)
Distribution: N-Spain; NW-England; Wales; SE-Germany (Bayern); W-Switzerland; N-Austria; S-Hungary; NE-Spain; E-France; N-Italy; S-Slovenia; N-Croatia
10 GRB 11 AUT GER HUN SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 CRO ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Valid species fide Sramkó et al. 2019
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis bugacensis Robatsch; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 7: 13 (1990)
= Epipactis bugacensis subsp. rhodanensis (Gévaudan & Robatsch) Wucherpf.; Jour. Eur. Orch. 35(1): 37-55 (2003)
= Epipactis campeadorii P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 76(3): 90 (1995)
= Epipactis dunensis subsp. sancta (P.Delforge) Kreutz; J. Eur. Orch. 39(1): 130 (2007)
= Epipactis dunensis subsp. tynensis Kreutz; J. Eur. Orch. 39(1): 125 (2007)
= Epipactis dunensis var. tynensis (Kreutz) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 96 (Orchid. 28): 16 (2015)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budap., Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis hispanica Benito & C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Alava 13: 106 (1998) [p maj. p.]
= Epipactis hispanica var. viridis Benito & C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Alava 13: 107 (1998)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. provincialis (Aubenas & Robatsch) J.-M.Tison; Biocosme Mésogéen 27(4): 126 (2010)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. sancta (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 64 (2004)
= Epipactis muelleri var. dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) P.D.Sell; Fl. Great Britain & Ireland 5: 364 (1996)
= Epipactis peitzii var. sancta P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 81(4): 397 (2000)
= Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. campeadorii (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 106 (2005)
= Epipactis provincialis Aubenas & Robatsch; L´Orchidophile 122: 109 (1996)
= Epipactis rhodanensis Gévaudan & Robatsch; J. Eur. Orchid. 26(1): 103 (1994)
= Epipactis sancta (P.Delforge) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 83: 26 (2002)
= Helleborine latifolia var. dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine leptochila var. dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Druce; Hayw., Bot. Pocket-Book, ed. 19: 286 (1930)
= Helleborine viridiflora f. dunensis T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson; J. Bot. (London) 56: 2 (1918)
species :
Epipactis etrusca Presser & S.Hertel; Ber. AHO 31(1): 173 (2014)
Distribution: C-Italy (Tuscany)
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis euxina Fateryga, Popovich & Kreutz; Phytotaxa 358(3): 279 (2018)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus (Krasnodar)
33 NCS
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis fascicularis T.P.Lin; Taiwania 60(4): 169 (2015)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
species :
Epipactis flava Seidenf.; Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2): 116 (1978)
Distribution: Myanmar (Mandalay, Shan); Thailand; Laos; Vietnam
41 LAO MYA THA VIE
Remarks: sect. Megapactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Arthrochilium atromarginatum (Seidenf.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (2003)
= Arthrochilium atromarginatum (Seidenf.) Szlach. ex Efimov; Komarovia 5: 31 (2007)
= Arthrochilium flavum (Seidenf.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis atromarginata Seidenf.; Opera Bot. 114: 22 (1992), et Komarovia 5(1): 48 (2007)
= Epipactis dickasonii Ormerod; Taiwania 57(2): 120 (2012)
species :
Epipactis garganica S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 20 (2019)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis gigantea Douglas ex Hook.; Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 202 (1839)
Distribution: SW-Canada (S-British Columbia); W-USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Zacatecas)
71 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Remarks: sect. Megapactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia gigantea (Douglas) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Arthrochilium giganteum (Douglas ex Hook.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis americana Lindl.; Attn. Nat. Hist. 4: 385 (1840)
= Epipactis gigantea f. rubrifolia P.M.Br.; North Amer. Native Orchid J. 1(4): 287 (1995)
= Epipactis pringlei Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 293 (1919 publ. 1920)
= Helleborine gigantea (Douglas) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 547 (1909)
= Limodorum giganteum (Douglas) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Peramium giganteum (Douglas) Coult.; Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 424 (1894)
= Serapias gigantea (Douglas) A.A.Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 67 (1908)
species :
Epipactis greuteri H.Baumann & Künkele; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 13(3): 344 (1981)
Name: Greuters Ständelwurz
Distribution: EC-Germany; Austria (Oberösterreich); Czech Republic; Hungary; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; SW-Romania; S-Bulgaria; Greece (Pindos, Timphristos, etc.)
11 AUT CZE GER HUN 13 BUL CRO GRC ITA ROM SLV
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Valid species fide Sramkó et al. 2019
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis aspromontana Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch; Caesiana 6: 41 (1996)
= Epipactis flaminia P.R.Savelli & Aless.; Webbia 49(1): 26 (1994)
= Epipactis greuteri subsp. flaminia (P.R.Savelli & Aless.) H.Baumann, Künkele & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 36(3): 774 (2004)
= Epipactis greuteri subsp. preinensis Seiser; Neilreichia 1: 138 (2001)
= Epipactis greuteri subsp. sancti-bruni Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & Pisani; J. Eur. Orch. 48(2-4): 338 (2016)
= Epipactis greuteri var. aspromontana (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 87(Orchids. 19): 259 (2006)
= Epipactis greuteri var. flaminia (P.R.Savelli & Aless.) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 61 (2004)
= Epipactis greuteri var. preinensis (Seiser) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 250 (2004)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. aspromontana (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; Jour. Eur. Orch. 37(3): 707 (2005)
= Epipactis komoricensis Mered´a; Preslia 68(2): 125-134 (1996)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. aspromontana (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 63 (2004)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. komoricensis (Mered´a) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 63 (2004)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. naousaensis (Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 63 (2004)
= Epipactis leptochila var. komoricensis (Mered´a) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 89(Orchid. 21): 250 (2008)
= Epipactis naousaensis Robatsch; Linz. Biol. Beitr. 21 (1­2): 298 (1989)
= Epipactis olympica Robatsch; Linz. Biol. Beitr. 22(1): 144 (1990)
= Epipactis preinensis (Seiser) Landolt; Fl. Indicativa 268 (2010)
= Epipactis sancti-bruni (Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & Pisani) Biagioli, Kreutz & De Simoni; GIROS Orch. Spont. Eur. 65(2): 149 (2022)
species :
Epipactis guegelii Robatsch; J. Eur. Orchid. 28(4): 765-772 (1996)
Distribution: E-Romania (coastal)
13 ROM
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon
species :
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz; Stirp. Austr. ed. II, fasc. 6: 467 (1769)
subspecies :
subsp. helleborine
Name: Breitblättrige Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Scandinavia; England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; ?Baleares; France; Channel Isl.; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece; European Turkey; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; Moldova; Ukraine; European Russia (N-European Russia, C-European Russia, W-European Russia, E-European Russia); Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus] (Abkhazia, Svaneti, Racha-Lechkhumi, Shiga Kartli, Kartli, Kakheti, Trialeti); Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Talysh); S-Azerbaijan (Talysh); East Aegaean Isl. (Kos, Chios, Lesvos, Samos, Rhodos); -Turkey; Iraq; Iran; Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan); Cyprus; Lebanon; ?Syria; Israel; China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan); SE-Tibet; N-Pakistan (Swat, Chitral, Baltistan, Karakorum); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Myanmar (Mandalay); Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (Arkansas [I], California [I], Connecticut [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kentucky [I], Maine [I], Maryland [I], Massachusetts [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New Mexico [I], New York [I], North Carolina [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Vermont [I], Virginia [I], Washington [I], West Virginia [I], Wisconsin [I])
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR LEB 36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. A highly polyphyletic taxon which contains numerous subtypes, but a further differentiation probably makes no sense according to Sramko et al. (2019)
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia discolor (Kraenzl.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 105 (1925)
= Amesia latifolia (L.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Amesia latifolia f. monotropoides Mousley; Canad. Field-Naturalist 41: 30 (1927)
= Amesia latifolia f. variegata Mousley; Canad. Field-Naturalist 41: 31 (1927)
= Amesia longibracteata Schweinf.; J. Arnold Arbor. 10: 172 (1929)
= Amesia monticola (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 105 (1925)
= Amesia pycnostachys (K.Koch) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Amesia squamellosa (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Amesia tenii (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Amesia yunnanensis (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Calliphyllon latifolium (L.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. 4: 56 (1901)
= Cymbidium latifolium (L.) Sw.; J. Bot. (Schrader) 2: 225 (1800)
= Epipactis atroviridis E.F.Linton; Fl. Derby. 270 (1903)
= Epipactis degenii Szentp. & Mónus; J. Eur. Orchid. 31(3): 647, 646 (1999)
= Epipactis gutta-sanguinis Arv.-Touv.; Essai Pl. Dauphiné: 64 (1872)
= Epipactis halacsyi subsp. degenii (Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid.: 61 (2004)
= Epipactis helleborine lusus interrupta (Beck) Verm.; Ooststroom et al., Fl. Neerl. 1(5): 105 (1958)
= Epipactis helleborine nothosubsp. zirnsackiana (Riech.) Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 27(2): 301 (2010 publ. 2011)
= Epipactis helleborine f. alba (Webster) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 524 (1967)
= Epipactis helleborine f. albifolia M.R.Lowe; Vasculum 75(1): 3 (1990)
= Epipactis helleborine f. brevibracteata (Zapal.) Bordz.; Fl. RSS Ucr. 3: 341 (1950)
= Epipactis helleborine f. dentata (Zapal.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis helleborine f. gracilis (Dageförde) Pauca & Morariu; Fl. Republ. Social. Roman. 12: 761 (1972)
= Epipactis helleborine f. luteola P.M.Br.; N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 2: 318 (1996)
= Epipactis helleborine f. macrophylla Snarskis; Lietuvos T.S.R. Fl. 2: 678 (1963)
= Epipactis helleborine f. minor (R.Engel) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 87(Orchids. 19): 259 (2006)
= Epipactis helleborine f. monotropoides (Mousley) Scoggan; Fl. Canada 1: 51 (1978)
= Epipactis helleborine f. montana (Zapal.) Bordz.; Fl. RSS Ucr. 3: 341 (1950)
= Epipactis helleborine f. obtusa (Zapal.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis helleborine f. parviflora (Zapal.) Bordz.; Fl. RSS Ucr. 3: 341 (1950)
= Epipactis helleborine f. przemysliensis (Zapal.) Verm.; Ooststroom et al., Fl. Neerl. 1(5): 105 (1958)
= Epipactis helleborine f. remota (Zapal.) Bordz.; Fl. RSS Ucr. 3: 341 (1950)
= Epipactis helleborine f. variegata (Webster) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 524 (1967)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. degenii (Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 157 (2007)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. latifolia (Huds.) Syme; 124 (1869), nom. inval.
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. latifolia (L.) Syme; Engl. Bot. ed. 3, 9: 124 (1869)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. minor (R.Engel) R.Engel; Ann. Sci. Res. Bios. Vosges N. 2: 31 (1992)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. schubertiorum (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 62 (2004)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. viridans (Asch.) O.Schwarz; 92 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. viridis Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budap., Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. zirnsackiana (Riech.) Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 27: 301 (2010 publ. 2011)
= Epipactis helleborine var. chlorantha Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 241 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. densiflora Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 241 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. diversifolia Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 241 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. herbacea (Lindl.) Aswal; B. S. Aswal & B. N. Mehrotra, Fl. Lahaul-Spiti 585 (1994)
= Epipactis helleborine var. herbacea (Lindl.) S.N.Mitra; Indian Forester 99(2): 101 (1973)
= Epipactis helleborine var. interrupta Beck; Fl. Nieder-Osterreich 214 (1890)
= Epipactis helleborine var. intrusa (Lindl.) Karthik.; Karthik. & al., Fl. Ind. Enumerat.- Monocot. 132 (1989)
= Epipactis helleborine var. intrusa (Lindl.) S.N.Mitra; Indian Forester 99(2): 101 (1973)
= Epipactis helleborine var. lancifolia (Zapal.) Bordz.; Fl. RSS Ucr. 3: 341 (1950)
= Epipactis helleborine var. latifolia (Huds.) Jess.; 486 (1879)
= Epipactis helleborine var. latifolia (L.) A.Blytt; Haandb. Norges Fl.: 237 (1903)
= Epipactis helleborine var. laxiflora Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 241 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. minor R.Engel; Orchidophile (Deuil-la-Barre) 63: 663 (1984)
= Epipactis helleborine var. monotropoides (Mousley) L.Lewis; J. Eur. Orch. 47(1): 119 (2015)
= Epipactis helleborine var. phoenicea Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 241 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. thomsonii (Hook.f.) Aswal; B. S. Aswal & B. N. Mehrotra, Fl. Lahaul-Spiti 585 (1994), isonym
= Epipactis helleborine var. thomsonii (Hook.f.) Karthik.; Karthik. & al., Fl. Ind. Enumerat.- Monocot. 133 (1989)
= Epipactis helleborine var. thomsonii (Hook.f.) R.R.Stewart; Annot. Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pakistan & Kashmir: 68 (1972)
= Epipactis helleborine var. thomsonii (Hook.f.) S.N.Mitra; Indian Forester 99(2): 101 (1973)
= Epipactis helleborine var. viridens A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 4: 206 (1879)
= Epipactis herbacea Royle ex Lindl.; Ill. Bot. Himal. 368 (1839)
= Epipactis intrusa Lindl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1: 175 (1857)
= Epipactis latifolia (L.) All.; Fl. Pedem. 2: 151 (1785)
= Epipactis latifolia subf. pendulifolia Krösche in Seeland; 46 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. alba Webster; Brit. Orchids, ed. 2: 21 (1898)
= Epipactis latifolia f. albiflora E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe: 474 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. angustiflora Krösche; 46 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. flavescens Krösche; 46 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. pseudovarians Engenst.; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 18: 111 (1912)
= Epipactis latifolia f. rectilinguis (Murb.) Seeland; 46 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. variegata Webster; Brit. Orchids, ed. 2: 22 (1898)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. helleborine (L.) Rivas Goday & Borja; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 19: 537 (1961), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. ovalis (Bab.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 688 (1882)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. viridans (Asch.) Hook.f.; 358 (1870)
= Epipactis latifolia var. acutiloba Huter; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins n.f. 17: 74 (1904)
= Epipactis latifolia var. angustifolia Brooke; Wild Orchids Britain 122 (1950)
= Epipactis latifolia var. chlorantha Hegetschw.; 880 (1840)
= Epipactis latifolia var. condensata E.G.Camus & A.Camus; Florule St.-Tropez 32 (1912)
= Epipactis latifolia var. decipiens E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus et al., Monogr. Orchid.: 415 (1908)
= Epipactis latifolia var. dentata (Zapal.) E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe: 474 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia var. interrupta (Beck) M.Schulze; Orch. Deutschl.: 52 (1894)
= Epipactis latifolia var. intrusa (Lindl.) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India 6: 126 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia var. lancifolia Zapal.; 231 (1906)
= Epipactis latifolia var. major Neilr.; Fl. Nied.-Oesterr. 214 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia var. minor Neilr.; Fl. Nied.-Oesterr. 203 (1859)
= Epipactis latifolia var. pallens Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 5: 465 (1829)
= Epipactis latifolia var. platyphylla Irmisch; Linnaea 16: 451 (1842)
= Epipactis latifolia var. pycnostachys K.Koch; Linnaea 19: 12 (1846), nom. nud.
= Epipactis latifolia var. pygmaea W.Zimm.; Form. Orch. Deut. 74 (1912)
= Epipactis latifolia var. rectilinguis Murb.; 37 (1891)
= Epipactis latifolia var. robusta Podp.; Spisy Prir. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 12: 17 (1922)
= Epipactis latifolia var. thomsonii Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India 6: 126 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia var. viridula Döll; 217 (1843)
= Epipactis ligulata Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 1341 (1936)
= Epipactis longibracteata (Schweinf.) S.Y.Hu; Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 25 (1-2): 43 (1972), et Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 26 (3-4): 381 (1973), not Wettstein (1889)
= Epipactis macrostachya Lindl.; (ex Wall., Numer. List 247, n. 7404 (1832), nom. nud.), Gen. & Sp. Orch. 461 (1840)
= Epipactis magnibracteata C.Schweinf.; Bot. Mus. Leafl. 5: 39 (1937)
= Epipactis micrantha E.Peter; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 86: 303 (1937)
= Epipactis minor (R.Engel) Kreutz; Gorteria 43: 42 (2021)
= Epipactis monticola Schltr.; Act. Hort. Gothoburg. 1: 144 (1924)
= Epipactis nephrocardia Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 374 (1924)
= Epipactis ovalis Bab.; Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2884 (1843)
= Epipactis pycnostachys K.Koch; Linnaea 22: 289 (1850)
= Epipactis schubertiorum Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch; J. Eur. Orchid. 28(4): 773 (1997)
= Epipactis squamellosa Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 56 (1919)
= Epipactis tenii Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 64 (1921)
= Epipactis uliginosa Vest; Flora 8: 493 (1825)
= Epipactis viridans (Asch.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Osterreich 214 (1890)
= Epipactis viridans f. humilis Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 225 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans f. interrupta (Beck) Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 225 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans f. minor Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 227 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans f. parviflora Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans f. remota Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. brevibracteata Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. dentata Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. lancifolia Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. lithuanica Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 227 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. montana Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. obtusa Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 227 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. przemysliensis Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. subrotundifolia Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridiflora Rupr.; Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reiches 4: 83 (1847), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis ×kezlinekii Batoušek; J. Eur. Orch. 41: 510 (2009)
= Epipactis ×zirnsackiana Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 27(1): 233 (2010), et Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 16 (2016)
= Epipactis yunnanensis Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 57 (1919)
= Helleborine atroviridis (E.F.Linton) F.Hanb.; Lond. Cat. Brit. Pl. Ed. 10, 37 (1908)
= Helleborine helleborine (L.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles 7: 689 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Helleborine latifolia (L.) Druce; Dillen. Herb. 115 (1907), isonym
= Helleborine latifolia (L.) Moench; Suppl. Meth.: 311 (1802)
= Helleborine latifolia f. acutiloba (Huter) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 187 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia f. albiflora Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 188 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia f. brevibracteata (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. dentata (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. foliosa Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 187 (1923 publ. 1924), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine latifolia f. interrupta (Beck) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 189 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia f. lancifolia (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. montana (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. obtusa (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. parviflora (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. przemysliensis (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. pseudovarians (Engenst.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. pycnostachys (K.Koch) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. pygmaea (W.Zimm.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia subsp. platyphylla (Irmisch) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 185 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia subvar. paucifolia Gaille & Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 188 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia var. angustifolia Druce; Bot. Pocket-Book ed. 19: 286 (1930)
= Helleborine latifolia var. atroviridis (Linton) Druce; Bot. Pocket-Book ed. 19: 286 (1930)
= Helleborine latifolia var. platyphylla (Irmisch) Briq.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 385 (1910)
= Helleborine macrostachya (Lindl.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hungar. 26: 381 (1929)
= Helleborine nephrocardia (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 382 (1929)
= Helleborine ovalis (Bab.) Druce; Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1905: 48 (1905)
= Helleborine pycnostachys (K.Koch) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 57 (1909)
= Helleborine squamellosa (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 382 (1929)
= Helleborine tenii (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 382 (1929)
= Helleborine varians Soó; Bot. Ark. 23: 120 (1928)
= Helleborine viridans (Crantz) Samp.; Herb. Portug. 36 (1913)
= Helleborine yunnanensis (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 382 (1929)
= Limodorum latifolium (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 672 (1891), nom. illeg.
= Limodorum violaceum Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Serapias consimilis (D.Don) Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 67 (1908)
= Serapias helleborine L.; Sp. Pl. 949 (1753), nom. cons.
= Serapias helleborine var. latifolia L.; Sp. Pl. 949 (1753), nom. inval.
= Serapias latifolia (L.) Huds.; Fl. Angl. ed. I, 341 (1762)
= Serapias latifolia var. pallida Rosén & Wahlenb.; Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 8: 251 (1821)
= Serapias memoralis Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 8 (1796), nom. superfl.
variant :
var. moratoria (Riech. & Zirnsack) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 92(Orchid. 24): 202 (2011)
Distribution: S-Germany (Franken, Baden-Württemberg)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. moratoria Riech. & Zirnsack; Ber. Arbeitskrs. Heim. Orch. 25(1): 57-84 (2008)
= Epipactis moratoria (Riech. & Zirnsack) Riech. & Zirnsack; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 16 (2016)
variant :
var. tangutica (Schltr.) S.C.Chen & G.H.Zhu; Novon 13: 423 (2003)
Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Irkutsk); Uzbekistan; China (Gansu, Qinghai)
30 SIB 32 UZB 36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia tangutica (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Epipactis discolor Kraenzl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 100 (1921)
= Epipactis tangutica Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 57 (1919)
= Helleborine tangutica (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 382 (1929)
subspecies :
subsp. bithynica (Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 61 (2004)
Distribution: N-Turkey; Georgia [Caucasus]
33 GEO 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis bithynica Robatsch; Ber. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. 8(1): 61 (1991)
subspecies :
subsp. distans (Arv.-Touv.) R.Engel & P.Quentin; L´Orchidophile 27 (124): 205 (1996)
Name: Runde Breitblättrige Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rheinland-Pfalz); Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Spain; France; N- & NC-Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; N-Greece; Lithuania
11 AUT CZE GER POL 12 FRA SPA 13 BIH CRO GRC ITA SLV 14 LIT
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia orbicularis (K.Richt.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Epipactis distans Arv.-Touv.; Ess. ésp. var. princ. plantes 11 (1872)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. molochina (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 62 (2004)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. orbicularis (K.Richt.) E.Klein; Phyton (Horn) 37: 74 (1997)
= Epipactis helleborine var. orbicularis (K.Richt.) Verm.; Fl. Neerl. 1(5): 105 (1958)
= Epipactis latifolia f. orbicularis (K.Richt.) Hegi; 376 (1909)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. orbicularis (K.Richt.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 284 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia var. orbicularis (K.Richt.) Asch. & Graebn.; 861 (1907)
= Epipactis latifolia var. orbicularis (K.Richt.) E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 474 (1929), isonym
= Epipactis molochina P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 173 (2004)
= Epipactis orbicularis K.Richt.; Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 37: 190 (1887)
= Helleborine latifolia subvar. orbicularis (Druce) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 189 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia f. orbicularis (K.Richt.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine orbicularis (K.Richt.) Druce; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 53: 589 (1908)
subspecies :
subsp. leutei (Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 62 (2004)
Distribution: S-Austria (S-Kärnten); Czech Republic; Slovenia
11 AUT CZE 13 SLV
Remarks: status uncertain, most likely only a variety or form of E. helleborine
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leutei Robatsch; Carinthia II, 179/99(2): 661 (1989)
subspecies :
subsp. neerlandica (Verm.) Buttler; Willdenowia 16(1): 115 (1986)
Name: Holländische Breitblättrige Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Denmark; Netherlands; Belgium; N-Germany (Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein); N-France
10 DEN 11 BGM GER NET 12 FRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis dilatata Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 3(5): 861 (1907)
= Epipactis helleborine f. dilatata (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. renzii (Robatsch) Løjtnant; Flora Fauna (Arhus) 101(2): 71 (1996)
= Epipactis helleborine var. neerlandica Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 240 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. renzii (Robatsch) J.Claess., Kleynen & Wielinga; Eurorchis 10: 55-64 (1998)
= Epipactis helleborine var. renzii (Robatsch) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 90(Orchid.22): 327 (2009), isonym
= Epipactis helleborine var. youngiana (A.J.Richards & A.F.Porter) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 62 (2004)
= Epipactis latifolia f. dilatata (Asch. & Graebn.) Seeland; 46 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia var. dilatata Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 3: 861 (1907)
= Epipactis neerlandica (Verm.) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Naturalistes Belges 72(3): 100 (1991)
= Epipactis neerlandica var. renzii (Robatsch) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 90: 327 (2009)
= Epipactis renzii Robatsch; Linz. Biol. Beitr. 20(1): 164 (1988)
= Epipactis youngiana A.J.Richards & A.F.Porter; Watsonia 14(2): 125 (1982)
= Helleborine latifolia f. dilatata (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia var. dilatata (Asch. & Graebn.) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 189 (1923 publ. 1924)
species :
Epipactis humilior (Tang & F.T.Wang) S.C.Chen & G.H.Zhu; Novon 13: 200-202 (2003)
Distribution: China (W-Sichuan, Yunnan); E-Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis mairei var. humilior Tang & F.T.Wang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1(1): 33, 67 (1951)
species :
Epipactis hyblaea Brullo & Zimmitti; Phytotaxa 186(1): 42-50 (2014)
Distribution: Sicily
13 SIC
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon. Related to E. distans
species :
Epipactis hygrophila S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 36 (2019)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis ioessa Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & Romolini; J. Eur. Orch. 39(3/4): 554 (2007)
Name: Veilchenfarbene Ständelwurz
Distribution: S-Italy (Mte. Pollino)
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis, probably a var. of E. viridiflora
species :
Epipactis kartliana Kreutz & Van Domm.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 69 (2019)
Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]
33 GEO
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis kleinii M.B.Crespo, M.R.Lowe & Piera; Taxon 50(3): 854 (2001) [nom. nov. superfl.]
Name: Kleinblütige Ständelwurz
Distribution: Spain (fairly widespread); S-France (Pyrenees orientales)
12 FRA SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. parviflora A.Niesch. & C.Niesch.; Philippia 1(2): 59 (1971)
= Epipactis parviflora (A.Niesch. & C.Niesch.) E.Klein; Orchidee (Hamburg) 30(2): 46 (1979), nom. illeg.
species :
Epipactis krymmontana Kreutz, Fateryga & Efimov; Phytotaxa 171(1): 24 (2014)
Distribution: Crimea
14 KRY
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis leptochila (Godfery) Godfery; J. Bot. (London) 59: 146 (1921)
Name: Schmallippige Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: England; Denmark; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; N-Spain; France; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Romania; Greece
10 DEN GRB 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX NET SLO SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 BIH GRC ROM
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Bona sp. fide Sramkó et al. (2019). All infraspecific taxa are at most varieties, see for example Bateman (2020).
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. leptochila (Godfery) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budap., Sect. Biol.11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis helleborine var. leptochila (Godfery) Mansf.; Ber. Deutsche Bot. Ges. 58a: 62 (1944)
= Epipactis helleborine var. rectilinguis Murb.; Lunds Univ. Arss. 27: 37 (1891)
= Epipactis latifolia subf. hildesiensis Krösche; 29 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. leptochila (Godfery) E.G.Camus; Icon. Orchid. Eur. 2: 476 (1928)
= Epipactis latifolia var. leptochila (Godfery) Seeland; 48 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia var. rectilinguis (Murb.) E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus et al., Monogr. Orchid.: 415 (1908)
= Epipactis latifolia var. sylvestris (Pers.) Bluff & Fingerh.; 438 (1825)
= Epipactis leptochila f. altensteiniana (Kümpel) Gévaudan & P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 89(Orchid. 21): 44 (2008)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. maestrazgona (P.Delforge & Gévaudan) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 63 (2004)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. peitzii (H.Neumann & Wucherpf.) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 64 (2004)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. umbrae Kreutz, A.Rossini, Quitadamo, Turco & Medagli; Thalassia Salentina 36: 83 (2014)
= Epipactis leptochila var. altensteiniana Kümpel; Mitt. Bl. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. DDR 15: 58 (1987)
= Epipactis leptochila var. peitzii (H.Neumann & Wucherpf.) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 251 (2004) [16 Nov 2004]
= Epipactis maestrazgona P.Delforge & Gévaudan; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 62 (2004)
= Epipactis muelleri var. leptochila (Godfery) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 5: 364 (1997)
= Epipactis muelleri var. peitzii (H.Neumann & Wucherpf.) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 78(3): 246 (1997)
= Epipactis peitzii H.Neumann & Wucherpf.; J. Eur. Orchid. 28(4): 746-754 (1996)
= Epipactis umbrae (Kreutz, A.Rossini, Quitadamo, Turco & Medagli); GIROS Orch. Spont. Eur. 65(2): 149 (2022)
= Epipactis viridiflora var. leptochila Godfery; J. Bot. (London) 57: 38 (1919)
= Helleborine latifolia subvar. leptochila (Godfery) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 192 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia f. rectilinguis (Murb.) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 187 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia subsp. leptochila (Godfery) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine leptochila (Godfery) Druce; Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles 7: 741 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Serapias latifolia var. sylvestris Pers.; Syn. Pl. 2: 512 (1807)
variant :
var. cleistogama (C.A.Thomas) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 64 (2004)
Distribution: England
10 GRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis cleistogama C.A.Thomas; Riddelsdell, Hedley & Price (eds.), Fl. Gloucestershire: 612 (1948)
= Epipactis leptochila var. cleistogama (C.A.Thomas) D.P.Young; Watsonia 5(3): 132 (1962)
= Epipactis muelleri var. cleistogama (C.A.Thomas) P.D.Sell; Fl. Great Britain & Ireland 5: 364 (1996)
variant :
var. dinarica (S.Hertel & Riech.) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 251 (2004)
Distribution: Slovenia; Croatia
13 CRO SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. dinarica S.Hertel & Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 20(1): 17-18 (2003)
variant :
var. futakii (Mered´a & Potucek) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 251 (2004)
Distribution: Czech Republic; Slovakia; N-Hungary
11 CZE HUN SLO
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis futakii Mered´a & Potucek; Preslia 70(3): 253 (1998)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. futakii (Mered´a & Potucek) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 63 (2004)
variant :
var. neglecta (Kümpel) Gévaudan; Naturalistes Belges 80(3): 367 (1999), et Naturalistes Belges 83: 30 (2002)
Name: Übersehene Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia
11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 CRO ITA SLV
Remarks: according to the phylogeny of Sramko et al. (2019) at most a variety
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. neglecta Kümpel; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 11: 29 (1982), et Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. DDR 15: 58 (1986 publ. 1987)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. thesaurensis (Agrezzi, Ovatoli & Bongiorni) Perazza & R.Lorenz; Orchid. Italia 187 (2013)
= Epipactis leptochila var. praematura Krösche
= Epipactis leptochila var. thesaurensis (Agrezzi, Ovatoli & Bongiorni) P.Delforge & Gévaudan; Naturalistes Belges 89(Orchid. 21): 56 (2008)
= Epipactis neglecta (Kümpel) Kümpel; Wildwachsenden Orchideen der Rhön: 67 (1996)
= Epipactis thesaurensis Agrezzi, Ovatoli & Bongiorni; J. Eur. Orch. 39(1): 141 (2007)
= Epipactis viridiflava H.Low; Bauhinia 4: 87 (1969)
variant :
var. savelliana (Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 96 (Orchid. 28): 16 (2015)
Distribution: C-Italy (Abruzzi)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis savelliana Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori; J. Eur. Orch. 39(1): 156 (2007)
species :
Epipactis lucana Presser, S.Hertel & V.A.Romano; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 93 (2016)
Distribution: S-Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis mairei Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 55 (1919)
Distribution: China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, W-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); Tibet; Bhutan; India (Sikkim); N-Myanmar
36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND 41 MYA
Remarks: sect. Cymbochilium
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia mairei (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 105 (1925)
= Amesia schensiana (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Amesia setschuanica (Ames & Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Amesia wilsonii (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Arthrochilium mairei (Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Arthrochilium schensianum (Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Arthrochilium setschuanicum (Ames & Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Arthrochilium wilsonii (Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis schensiana Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 12: 341 (1922)
= Epipactis setschuanica Ames & Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 56 (1919)
= Epipactis wilsonii Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 382 (1924)
= Helleborine mairei (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungar. 26: 380 (1929)
= Helleborine schensiana (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungar. 26: 381 (1929)
= Helleborine setschuanica (Ames & Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 381 (1929)
= Helleborine wilsonii (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungar. 26: 381 (1929)
species :
Epipactis majellensis Presser & S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 13 (2019)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis meridionalis H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 20(3): 656 (1988)
Distribution: S-Italy; NE-Sicily; Croatia
13 CRO ITA SIC
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw.; Kungl. Svenska Vet. Acad. Handl. nov. ser. 21: 232 (1800)
Name: Kleinblättrige Ständelwurz (DE), Small-leaved Helleborine (EN)
Distribution: Belgium; Luxembourg; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece; Crete; Crimea; ?Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl.; Turkey; N-Iran; Cyprus
11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX POL SLO SWI 12 BAL COR FRA SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB 14 KRY 33 ARM AZE GEO 34 CYP EAI IRN TUR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia microphylla (Ehrh.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Epipactis athensis Lej.; Fl. Spa 2: 196 (1813)
= Epipactis atrorubens Rostk. ex Spreng.; Syst. Veg., 3: 707 (1826), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis helleborine var. canescens (Irmisch) Rchb.f.; Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 13-14: 141 (1851)
= Epipactis helleborine var. microphylla (Ehrh.) Rchb.f.; Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 13-14: 141 (1851)
= Epipactis helleborine var. nuda (Irmisch) Rchb.f.; Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 13-14: 141 (1851)
= Epipactis intermedia Schur; Enum. Pl. Transs. 649 (1866)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. microphylla (Ehrh.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 409 (1894)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. microphylla (Ehrh.) Rivas Goday & Borja; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 19: 537 (1961), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. parviflora (Pers.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 284 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia var. microphylla (Ehrh.) DC.; Fl. Franc., ed. 3, 6: 334 (1815)
= Epipactis latifolia var. microphylla (Ehrh.) Desv.; 93 (1818)
= Epipactis microphylla f. canescens (Irmisch) E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 484 (1929)
= Epipactis microphylla subsp. cossyrensis Brullo; Phytotaxa 512(2): 90 (2021)
= Epipactis microphylla subsp. intermedia (Schur) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 283 (1890)
= Epipactis microphylla var. canescens Irmisch; Linnaea 19: 120 (1846)
= Epipactis microphylla var. cossyrensis (Brullo) Biagioli, Kreutz & De Simoni; GIROS Orch. Spont. Eur. 65(2): 149 (2022)
= Epipactis microphylla var. firmior Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 649 (1866)
= Epipactis microphylla var. glabrescens Velen.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 27: 17 (1902)
= Epipactis microphylla var. intermedia Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 649 (1866)
= Epipactis microphylla var. nuda Irmisch; Linnaea 19: 120 (1846)
= Helleborine microphylla (Ehrh.) Schinz & Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Nat. Ges. Zürich. 53: 589 (1908)
= Helleborine microphylla f. firmior (Schur) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine microphylla f. nuda (Irmisch) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine microphylla var. canescens (Irmisch) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 199 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine microphylla var. nuda (Irmisch) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 199 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Limodorum microphyllum (Ehrh.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Serapias athensis (Lej.) Hocq.; Fl. Jemmape 236 (1814)
= Serapias latifolia var. microphylla (Ehrh.) Pers.; Syn. Pl. 2: 513 (1807)
= Serapias latifolia var. parvifolia Pers.; Syn. Pl. 2: 512 (1807)
= Serapias microphylla Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. Verw. Wiss. 4: 42 (1789)
species :
Epipactis minipurpurata S.Hertel & Presser; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(1): 130 (2021)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis muelleri Godfery; J. Bot. (London) 59: 106 (1921)
Name: Müller-Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Crimea
11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX NET SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH CRO ITA SLV SMA 14 KRY
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. A valid species fide Sramko et al. (2019)
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. muelleri (Godfrey) O.Bolòs, Masalles & Vigo; Coll. Bot. 17(1): 96 (1987 publ. 1988)
= Epipactis lapidocampi E.Klein & Laminger; Phyton (Horn) 44(2): 187 (2004)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. muelleri (Godfery) P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franc. 513 (1928)
= Epipactis latifolia var. muelleri (Godfery) Schltr.; Monogr. Icon. Orchid. Eur. 1: 271 (1928)
= Epipactis muelleri subsp. cerritae M.P.Grasso; Orchidee (Hamburg), Suppl. 2: 4 (1994)
= Epipactis muelleri var. lapidocampi (E.Klein & Laminger) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 158 (2007)
= Epipactis muelleri var. saltuaria Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 26(2): 38 (2009)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. lapidocampi (E.Klein & Laminger) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 106 (2005)
= Helleborine latifolia subsp. muelleri (Godfery) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine muelleri (Godfery) Bech.; Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 45: 266 (1936)
= Parapactis epipactoides W.Zimm.; Mitt. Bad. Landesvereins Naturk., n.f., 1: 232 (1922)
species :
Epipactis nasuta S.Hertel, Presser & Cicmir; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 37(1): 69 (2020)
Distribution: Italy (Avellino: Monti Picentini)
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis odemensis Kreutz & Shifman; Orchids Israel 53 (2021)
Distribution: Israel
34 ISR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis ohwii Fukuy.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 298 (1934)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. ohwii (Fukuy.) H.J.Su; Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 5: 861 (2000)
species :
Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz; Stirp. Austr. ed. II, fasc. 6: 462 (1769)
Name: Sumpf-Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl.; Italy; Sicily; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; ?Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; ?North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece; European Turkey; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; ?Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; European Russia (N-European Russia, C-European Russia, W-European Russia, E-European Russia); Siberia (Altai, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus] (Abkhazia, Adzharia, Shiga Kartli); Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey; Iran; China (N-Xinjiang)
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS ROM SIC SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR 36 CHI
Remarks: sect. Arthrochilium
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia palustris (L.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Arthrochilium palustre (L.) Beck; Fl. Nied.-Österr. (1890) 212
= Calliphyllon palustre (L.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. 4: 57 (1901)
= Cymbidium palustre (L.) Sw.; J. Bot. (Schrader) 2: 225 (1799)
= Epipactis palustris lusus albiflora Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris lusus ochroleuca (Barla) Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris lusus tricolor Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1925)
= Epipactis palustris lusus violacea Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. albiflora (Höppner) J.D.Arm. & J.M.H.Shaw; Orchid Rev. Suppl., 121(1301): 15 (2013)
= Epipactis palustris f. albiflora Aver.; Aver. & al., Konsp. Sosud. Rast. Zakaz. Mshinskoe Boloto Leningrad. Oblasti: 39 (1988) [without type
= Epipactis palustris f. ampla Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 262 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. elongata Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 260 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. ericetorum (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 55 (1969)
= Epipactis palustris f. gracilis Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 262 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. longibracteata Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 261 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. macrostachya Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 262 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. ochroleuca (Barla) O.Gruss; OrchideenJ. 19(4): 153 (2012)
= Epipactis palustris f. pumila Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 224 (1906)
= Epipactis palustris f. purpurea (Sipkes) L.Lewis & Mielcarek; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(2): 61 (2021)
= Epipactis palustris f. rectilinguis Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 259 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. robusta (Zapal.) Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 261 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. silvatica (Asch. & Graebn.) Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 260 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. submersa Glück; Biol. Morphol. Untersuch. Wasser- Sumpfgewächse 3: 56 (1911)
= Epipactis palustris f. tricolor (Höppner) L.Lewis & Mielcarek; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(2): 66 (2021)
= Epipactis palustris subsp. salina (Schur) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 283 (1890)
= Epipactis palustris var. albiflora E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 469 (1929), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis palustris var. elatior Pantu; Orch. Roman. 168 (1915)
= Epipactis palustris var. ericetorum Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 3: 871 (1907)
= Epipactis palustris var. ochroleuca Barla; Fl. Ill. Nice, Orchid.: t. 10 (1868)
= Epipactis palustris var. parvifolia Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 650 (1866)
= Epipactis palustris var. purpurea Sipkes; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 152 (1918)
= Epipactis palustris var. robusta Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 224 (1906)
= Epipactis palustris var. silvatica Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 3: 871 (1907)
= Epipactis salina Schur; Enum. Pl. Transs. 650 (1866)
= Helleborine latifolia Moench; Meth. Suppl. 311 (1802)
= Helleborine palustris (L.) Hill; Brit. Herb.: 478 (1756), opus utique oppr.
= Helleborine palustris (L.) Schrank; Fl. Monac. 2: 190 (1814)
= Helleborine palustris lusus albiflora (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris lusus ochroleuca (Barla) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris lusus purpurea (Sipkes) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris lusus tricolor (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris lusus violacea (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. ampla (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. ericetorum (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 116 (1928)
= Helleborine palustris f. gracilis (Höppner) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 116 (1928)
= Helleborine palustris f. longibracteata (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. parvifolia (Schur) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. rectilinguis (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. silvatica (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. submersa (Glück) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris var. ericetorum (Asch. & Graebn.) Druce; Hayw., Bot. Pocket-Book, ed. 19: 285 (1930)
= Limodorum palustre (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Serapias helleborine var. palustris L.; Sp. Pl. 2: 950 (1753)
= Serapias longiflora Asso; Syn. Stirp. Arag. 131 (1779)
= Serapias palustris (L.) L.; Amoen. Acad. 4: 107 (1759)
= Serapias palustris (L.) Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. 8, n. 3 (1768), Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. II, 2: 204 (1772)
species :
Epipactis papillosa Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 519 (1879)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); China (S-Liaoning); North Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu)
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP NKO
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia papillosa (Franch. & Sav.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. papillosa (Franch. & Sav.) Fateryga; Turczaninowia 21(4): 24 (2018)
= Epipactis helleborine var. papillosa (Franch. & Sav.) T.Hashim.; Proc. 12th World Orchid Conf. 1987 (eds. K. Saito & R. Tanaka): 120 (1987)
= Epipactis helleborine var. sayekiana (Makino) T.Hashim.; Proc. 12th World Orchid Conf. 1987 (eds. K. Saito & R. Tanaka): 121 (1987)
= Epipactis latifolia var. papillosa (Franch. & Sav.) Maxim. ex Kom.; Trudy Imp. S.- Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 20: 523 (1901)
= Epipactis papillosa var. imkoeensis Y.N.Lee & K.S.Lee; Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 2: 38 (2002)
= Epipactis papillosa var. sayekiana (Makino) T.Koyama & Asai; J. Jap. Bot. 33: 226 (1958)
= Epipactis sayekiana Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 2, p. (22) (1918), japonice.
= Helleborine papillosa (Franch. & Sav.) Druce; Vierteljahrsschr. Nat. Ges. Zürich. 53: 589 (1908)
= Limodorum papillosum (Franch. & Sav.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Serapias sayekiana (Makino) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 6: 8 (1929)
species :
Epipactis persica (Hausskn. ex Soó) Hausskn. ex Nannf.; Bot. Notiser 2 (1946)
subspecies :
subsp. persica
Name: Persische Ständelwurz
Distribution: E-Romania; European Turkey; S-Armenia; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos); Turkey; Iran; Afghanistan (Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Wardak, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); N-Pakistan (Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Gilgit, Karakorum); India (Jammu & Kashmir)
13 ROM TUE 33 ARM 34 AFG EAI IRN TUR 40 IND PAK
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included into E. phyllanthes
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis albensis subsp. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 183 (2007)
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) Ciocârlan & R.Rösler; J. Eur. Orch. 36(3): 812 (2004)
= Epipactis danubialis Robatsch & Rydlo; Linz. Biol. Beitr. 21 (1­2): 296 (1989)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. persica (Soó) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980), nom. inval.
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. transcaucasica Khokhr.; Byull. Mosk. Obshch. Ispyt. Prir., Biol. 96(4): 107 (1991)
= Epipactis microphylla subsp. persica (Soó) Hautz.; Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 115: 42 (1976)
= Epipactis persica (Soó) Renz; Orchidee (Hamburg) 24(6): 251, 253 (1973), et 25(1): 5 (1974)
= Helleborine persica (Soó) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 36 (1927)
subspecies :
subsp. gracilis W.Rossi; Accad. Nazl. Lincei, Quad. 264: 297 (1990)
Distribution: Hungary; Corsica; Sardinia; S-Italy; Croatia; ?Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (widespread on mainland)
11 HUN 12 COR SAR 13 BUL CRO GRC ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis baumanniorum Soldano & F.Conti; Annot. Checkl. Italian Vasc. Fl.: 18 (2005), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis baumanniorum Ströhle; J. Eur. Orch. 36(4): 1044 (2004) [nom. nov. superfl.]
= Epipactis exilis P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 246 (2004), nom. nov.
= Epipactis gracilis B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 20(1): 26 (1988), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis persica subsp. exilis (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 66 (2004)
subspecies :
subsp. taurica (Fateryga & Kreutz) Fateryga & Kreutz; J. Eur. Orch. 46(2): 413 (2014)
Distribution: Crimea
14 KRY
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis taurica Fateryga & Kreutz; J. Eur. Orch. 44(1): 201 (2012)
species :
Epipactis phyllanthes G.E.Sm.; Gard. Chron. 660 (1852)
Name: Grünblütige Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: England; Wales; Ireland; Denmark; Sweden; Belgium; Germany (Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schleswig-Holstein); ?Austria; Spain; France
10 DEN GRB IRE SWE 11 BGM GER 12 FRA SPA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Bona sp. fide Sramkó et al. 2019
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis cambrensis C.A.Thomas; Watsonia 1: 284 (1950)
= Epipactis confusa D.P.Young; Bot. Notiser 263 (1953)
= Epipactis fageticola (C.E.Hermos.) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Naturalistes Belges 80(3): 302 (1999)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. confusa (D.P.Young) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980), no exact basionym page.
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. phyllanthes (G.E.Sm.) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980)
= Epipactis leptochila var. vectensis T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson; J. Bot. (London) 59: 205 (1921)
= Epipactis pendula C.A.Thomas; J. Bot. 79: 203 (1942), nom. illeg. [non Eaton 1908]
= Epipactis pendula var. minor Brooke; Brooke & Bone, Wild Orchids Britain: 123 (1950)
= Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. arenaria Birkedal & Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 26(2): 29 (2009)
= Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. confusa (D.P.Young) Løjtnant; Flora Fauna (Arhus) 101(2): 72 (1996)
= Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. fageticola (C.E.Hermos.) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 66 (2004)
= Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. pendula (D.P.Young) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 159 (2007)
= Epipactis phyllanthes var. cambrensis (C.A.Thomas) P.D.Sell; Fl. Great Britain and Ireland 5: 364 (1996)
= Epipactis phyllanthes var. degenera D.P.Young; Watsonia 2(4): 267 (1952)
= Epipactis phyllanthes var. fageticola C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Alava 13: 138 (1998)
= Epipactis phyllanthes var. olarionensis P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 78(3): 242 (1997)
= Epipactis phyllanthes var. pendula (C.Thomas) D.P.Young; Watsonia 2(4): 267 (1952)
= Epipactis phyllanthes var. vectensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) D.P.Young; Watsonia 2(4): 266 (1952)
= Epipactis stellifera Di Antonio & Veya; Candollea 56(1): 204 (2001)
= Epipactis vectensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Brooke & F.Rose; J. Bot. Lond. 78: 88 (1940)
= Helleborine latifolia subvar. vectensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 192 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia var. vectensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine leptochila var. vectensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Druce; Hayw., Bot. Pocket-Book, ed. 19: 286 (1930)
= Helleborine viridiflora f. vectensis T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson; J. Bot. (London) 56: 1 (1918)
species :
Epipactis pinovica S.Hertel, Tsiftsis & Antonop.; J. Eur. Orch. 46(3/4): 704 (2014)
Distribution: N-Greece (Mt. Pinovo, Mt. Olympos)
13 GRC
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. leptochila
species :
Epipactis placentina Bongiorni & Grünanger; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 25(4): 460 (1993)
Distribution: Switzerland; Slovakia; Hungary; SE-France; Corsica; S-Italy; Sicily; Slovenia; Croatia
11 HUN SLO SWI 12 COR FRA 13 CRO ITA SIC SLV
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. muelleri
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis muelleri subsp. cerritae Grasso; Orchidee (Hamburg) Suppl. 2: 4 (1994)
variant :
var. robatschiana (Bartolo, D´Emerico, Pulv., Terrasi & Stuto) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 87(Orchids. 19): 259 (2006)
Distribution: S-Italy (Calabria)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis robatschiana Bartolo, D´Emerico, Pulv., Terrasi & Stuto; Caryologia 56(4): 441 (2003)
= Epipactis placentina subsp. robatschiana (Bartolo, D´Emerico, Pulv., Terrasi & Stuto) S.Hertel & Presser; J. Eur. Orch. 38(3): 493 (2006)
species :
Epipactis pontica Taubenheim; Orchidee (Hamburg) 26(2): 68 (1975)
Distribution: E-Austria; E-Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; NE-Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bulgaria; N-Greece; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; N-Turkey
11 AUT CZE HUN SLO 13 BUL CRO GRC ITA SLV 33 GEO NCS 34 TUR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Valid species fide Sramkó et al. 2019
Conservation Status: IUCN I (Slovakia), R (Turkey)
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. pontica (Taubenheim) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980), nom. inval.
= Epipactis persica subsp. pontica (Taubenheim) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 37: 711 (2005)
species :
Epipactis purpurata Sm.; Engl. Fl. 4: 41 (1828), nom. cons.
subspecies :
subsp. purpurata
Name: Violette Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: England; Denmark; Belgium; Luxembourg; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; NW-Greece; Lithuania; Ukraine; European Russia (W-European Russia)
10 DEN GRB 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH BUL CRO GRC KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 LIT RUS UKR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Bona sp. fide Sramkó et al. 2019
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atrorubens var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Ducommun; 727 (1869)
= Epipactis atrorubens var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 688 (1882), isonym
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. media (Fr.) Syme; 123 (1869)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. varians (Crantz) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. varians (Crantz) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Països Catalans 4: 612 (2001)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. varians (Crantz) Soó; Kolozsvar Fl. 137 (1941)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Tourlet; 499 (1908)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. viridiflora (Hoffm. ex Krock.) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thür. Bot. Ges. 1: 92 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. purpurata (Sm.) Syme; 123 (1869)
= Epipactis helleborine var. varians Crantz; Stirp. Austr. ed. II, fasc. 6: 468, 471 (1769)
= Epipactis helleborine var. violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Rchb.f.; Icon. fl. germ. helv. 13/14: 143 (1851)
= Epipactis helleborine var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Bordz.; Fl. URSR 3: 341 (1950), nom. superfl.
= Epipactis helleborine var. viridiflora (Rchb.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Paisos Catalans 4: 612 (2001)
= Epipactis helleborine var. viridis Syme; 123 (1869)
= Epipactis latifolia lusus rosea Erdner; Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 3: 864 (1907)
= Epipactis latifolia proles viridiflora (Hoffm.) Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 13: 204 (1912)
= Epipactis latifolia f. foliosa Leimbach ex Dichtl; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 1: 149 (1883)
= Epipactis latifolia f. praematura (Krösche) Seeland; 48 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. varians (Crantz) Dichtl; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 1: 149 (1883)
= Epipactis latifolia f. violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Neuman; Sver. Fl.: 637 (1901)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. media (Fr.) Moore & More; 288 (1866)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. purpurata (Sm.) Gand.; Nov. Consp. Fl. Eur. 459 (1910), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. purpurata (Sm.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 284 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. varians (Crantz) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 284 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Bertsch & F.Bertsch; 132 (1948), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. violacea (Dur.-Duq.) E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus et al., Monogr. Orchid.: 416 (1908)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg: 571 (1834)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Seeland; 47 (1929), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia var. brevifolia Irmisch; Linnaea 16: 451 (1842)
= Epipactis latifolia var. purpurata (Sm.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 688 (1882)
= Epipactis latifolia var. purpurea (Celak.) Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 3: 862 (1907)
= Epipactis latifolia var. varians (Crantz) Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1: 693 (1864)
= Epipactis latifolia var. violacea Dur.-Duq.; Mém. Soc. Émul. Lisieux 102 (1846)
= Epipactis latifolia var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Wallr.; Sched. Crit.: 487 (1822), nom. superfl.
= Epipactis leptochila f. tridentifera Krösche; 91 (1929), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis macropodia var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Peterm.; Fl. Bienitz: 31 (1841), nom. superfl.
= Epipactis media var. purpurata (Sm.) Bab.; 314 (1847)
= Epipactis ×merediorum Batoušek; J. Eur. Orch. 41: 508 (2009)
= Epipactis pollinensis B.Baumann & H.Baumann; J. Eur. Orchid. 32(1): 94 (2000)
= Epipactis pseudopurpurata Mered´a; Preslia 68(1): 27 (1996)
= Epipactis purpurata lusus rosea (Erdner) Soó; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 23: 82 (1970)
= Epipactis purpurata f. chlorophylla (Seeland) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 90: 327 (2009)
= Epipactis purpurata f. rosea (Erdner) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 88: 250 (2008)
= Epipactis purpurata f. variegata Zolubak & Jakubska-Busse; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 55: 285 (2018)
= Epipactis purpurata subsp. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz; Eurorchis 18: 94 (2006)
= Epipactis purpurata subsp. pseudopurpurata (Mered´a) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 69 (2004)
= Epipactis purpurata var. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 87(Orchids. 19): 259 (2006)
= Epipactis purpurata var. rosea (Erdner) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 69 (2004), et Eurorchis 18: 94 (2006)
= Epipactis rubiginosa var. stenopetala Waisb.; Magyar Bot. Lapok 7: 44 (1908)
= Epipactis sessilifolia Peterm.; Flora 27: 370 (1844)
= Epipactis varians (Crantz) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.; Fl. Tirol 6: I. 542 (1906), isonym
= Epipactis varians (Crantz) H.Fleischm. & Rech.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 55: 271 (1905)
= Epipactis violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Boreau; Fl. Centre France, ed. 3: 651 (1857)
= Epipactis violacea f. chlorophylla Seeland; Orchid. Hildesheim: 49 (1929)
= Epipactis viridans f. brevifolia (Irmisch) Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 225 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich: 214 (1890), nom. superfl.
= Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Krock.; Fl. Siles. 3: 41 (1814)
= Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Rchb.; Moessl., Handb. ed. II, 2: 1575 (1828)
= Epipactis viridiflora f. acutiflora Krösche; 308 (1928)
= Epipactis viridiflora Hoffm. ex Krock.; Fl. siles. 3: 41 (1814), nom. rej. prop.
= Epipactis viridiflora subsp. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 37: 943 (2005)
= Epipactis viridiflora subsp. pseudopurpurata (Mered´a) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid.: 69 (2004)
= Epipactis viridiflora var. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid.: 69 (2004)
= Epipactis viridiflora var. rosea (Erdner) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid.: 69 (2004)
= Helleborine latifolia f. foliosa (Leimbach ex Dichtl) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 192 (1923 publ. 1924), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine latifolia f. gracilis Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 196 (1923 publ. 1924), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine latifolia f. rosea (Erdner) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 196 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia monstr. abortiva Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 192 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia monstr. interrupta Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 192 (1923 publ. 1924), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine latifolia subsp. varians (Crantz) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 194 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia subsp. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 190 (1924)
= Helleborine latifolia var. dilatata Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 193 (1923 publ. 1924), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine latifolia var. purpurea (Celak.) Schinz & Thell.; Schinz & Keller, Fl. Schweiz, ed. 3, 1: 75 (1914)
= Helleborine latifolia var. varians (Crantz) Graber; Bull. Soc. Neuchateloise Sci. Nat. 48: 194 (1924)
= Helleborine latifolia var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Briq.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 385 (1910), nom. superfl.
= Helleborine purpurata (Sm.) Druce; J. Bot. 47: 28 (1909)
= Helleborine sessilifolia (Peterm.) Druce; Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1905: 48 (1905)
= Helleborine sessilifolia (Peterm.) Vollm.; 170 (1914)
= Helleborine varians (Crantz) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ver. n. s. 43: 32 (1936)
= Helleborine violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Druce; Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., 48 (1905), et Dillen. Herb. 115 (1907)
= Helleborine viridiflora (Hoffm.) Wheldon & Travis; J. Bot. 51: 344 (1913)
= Limodorum violaceum (Dur.-Duq.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 672 (1891)
= Serapias sessilifolia (Peterm.) A.A.Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 67 (1908)
= Serapias viridiflora Hoffm.; Deutsch. Fl. ed. 2, 1: II. 182 (1804) [nom. inval.]
subspecies :
subsp. halacsyi (Robatsch) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 160 (2007)
Distribution: S-Greece (Peloponnisos: Taigetos, Chelmos, etc.)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis halacsyi Robatsch; Linz. Biol. Beitr. 22(1): 146 (1990)
= Epipactis graeca Halácsy ex Soó; Bot. Ark. 23: 120 (1928), nomen
= Epipactis viridiflora subsp. halacsyi (Robatsch) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; Jour. Eur. Orch. 37(4): 943 (2005)
subspecies :
subsp. rechingeri (Renz) Kreutz; Eurorchis 18: 94 (2006)
Distribution: S-Azerbaijan (Lenkoran); N-Iran (Mazandaran)
33 AZE 34 IRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis rechingeri Renz; Orchidee (Hamburg) 24(6): 253 (1973)
= Epipactis viridiflora subsp. rechingeri (Renz) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; Jour. Eur. Orch. 37(3): 713 (2005)
species :
Epipactis rivularis Kranjcev & Cicmir; Naturalistes Belges 87(Orchid. 19): 78 (2006)
Distribution: Croatia
13 CRO
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis albensis subsp. rivularis (Kranjcev & Cicmir) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 157 (2007)
species :
Epipactis royleana Lindl.; Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. 1: 368 (1839), nom. nud., et Gen. & Sp. Orch. 461 (1840)
Distribution: Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan; S-Tibet; N-Pakistan (Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan, Karakorum); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Sikkim, Chumbi, Uttarakhand); N-Myanmar
32 KGZ TZK UZB 34 AFG 36 TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA
Remarks: sect. Megapactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia royleana (Lindl.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Arthrochilium royleanum (Lindl.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Cephalanthera kokanica Regel ex Nevski; Komarov, Fl. URSS 4: 622 (1935)
= Cephalanthera royleana (Lindl.) Regel; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada, prepr. 6: 490 (1879)
= Helleborine royleana (Lindl.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Limodorum royleanum (Lindl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
species :
Epipactis sanguinea S.Hertel & Presser; Ber. AHO 31(1): 159 (2014)
Distribution: S-Italy (Calabria)
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis thunbergii A.Gray; Perry, Exp. Jap. 2: 319 (1856)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (E-Zhejiang); South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima Isl.); Ryukyu Isl. (Okinawa, Amami Oshima)
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia thunbergii (A.Gray) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 473 (1913)
= Arthrochilium thunbergii (A.Gray) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis gigantea var. manshurica Maxim. ex Kom.; Fl. Manshur. 1: 524 (1901)
= Epipactis gigantea var. thunbergii (A.Gray) M.Hiroe; Orchid Flowers 2: 63 (1971)
= Epipactis longifolia Blume; Coll. Orchid.: 185 (1859), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis manshurica Maxim. ex Nevski; Komarov, Fl. URSS 4: 622 (1935)
= Epipactis thunbergii f. flava Ohwi; Fl. Jap., ed. rev.: 1438 (1965)
= Epipactis thunbergii f. subconformis Sakata; J. Jap. Bot. 35: 224 (1960)
= Epipactis thunbergii var. manshurica (Maxim. ex Kom.) Tang & F.T.Wang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 67 (1951)
= Helleborine chinensis Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 380 (1929)
= Helleborine longifolia Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 380 (1929), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine thunbergii (A.Gray) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 547 (1909)
= Limodorum thunbergii (A.Gray) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Serapias longifolia Thunb.; Fl. Jap.: 28 (1784), nom. illeg.
species :
Epipactis torqueta Presser, S.Hertel & V.A.Romano; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 26 (2019)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis tremolsii Pau; Bol. Soc. Arag. 13: 43 (1914)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; S-France; C-Italy; SC-Italy; Slovenia; W-Croatia (Istria); Greece (Iti, Giona, Pindos); Morocco; NW-Algeria; Crimea; ?Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, ?Samos, Chios); Turkey; Syria
12 FRA POR SPA 13 CRO GRC ITA SLV 14 KRY 20 ALG MOR 34 EAI SYR TUR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Status uncertain, probably only a subspecies of E. helleborine
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atropurpurea var. tremolsii (Pau) Schltr.; Monogr. Iconogr. Orch. Eur. 1: 274 (1928)
= Epipactis cardina Benito & C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Alava 13: 109 (1998)
= Epipactis densifolia W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 20: 59 (2003)
= Epipactis duriensis Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 145(2): 241 (2004)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. densifolia (W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 105 (2005)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. latina W.Rossi & E.Klein; Orchidee (Hamburg) 38(2): 93 (1987)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. levantina Kreutz, Óvári & Shifman; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 27: 202 (2010 publ. 2011)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. lusitanica (D.Tyteca) J.-M.Tison; Biocosme Mésogéen 27: 125 (2010), with incorrect basionym ref.
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. tremolsii (Pau) E.Klein; Orchidee (Hamburg) 30(2): 49 (1979)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. turcica (Kreutz) Véla & Viglione; Acta Bot. Gallica Bot. Lett. 162(4): 276 (2015)
= Epipactis helleborine var. castanearum Gévaudan, Nicole & Anglade; Naturalistes Belges 92: 34 (2011)
= Epipactis heraclea P.Delforge & Kreutz; Naturalistes Belges 84 (Orchid. 16): 22 (15 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis latina (W.Rossi & E.Klein) B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. Baden-Württemberg 20: 39 (1988)
= Epipactis levantina (Kreutz, Óvári & Shifman) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 96 (Orchid. 28): 15 (2015)
= Epipactis lusitanica D.Tyteca; Orchidophile (Deuil-la-Barre) 84: 218 (1988)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. cardina (Benito & C.E.Hermos.) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 106 (2005)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. densifolia (W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid.: 67 (2004)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. duriensis (Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid.: 67 (2004)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. heraclea (P.Delforge & Kreutz) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 67 (2004)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. latina (W.Rossi & E.Klein) S.Hertel & Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 20(1): 28 (2003)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. lusitanica (D.Tyteca) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 68 (2004)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. turcica (Kreutz) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 68 (2004)
= Epipactis tremolsii var. duriensis (Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 251 (2004)
= Epipactis tremolsii var. viridiflora J.Benito; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 14: 30 (1999)
= Epipactis turcica Kreutz; Eurorchis 9: 61 (1997)
= Helleborine atropurpurea var. tremolsii (Pau) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
species :
Epipactis troodii H.Lindb.; Arsbok Soc. Sci. Fenn. 20: B. No. 7 (1942)
subspecies :
subsp. troodii
Name: Zyprische Ständelwurz
Distribution: Cyprus
34 CYP
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Possibly a synonym of E. persica
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. troodii (H.Lindb.) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980)
= Epipactis persica subsp. troodii (H.Lindb.) Taubenheim; Landwehr, Wilder Orch. Eur. 2: 510 (1977)
subspecies :
subsp. cretica (Kalop. & Robatsch) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; Jour. Eur. Orch. 37(3): 707 (2005)
Name: Kretische Ständelwurz
Distribution: Crete
13 KRI
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis cretica Kalop. & Robatsch; Orchidee (Hamburg) 31(4): 142 (1980), exact type not cited
species :
Epipactis turcomanica K.P.Popov & Neshat.; Izv. Akad. Nauk Turkm. SSR, Biol. Nauk, 1982(4): 16 (1982)
Distribution: Turkmenistan
32 TKM
species :
Epipactis ulugurica Mansf.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 1060 (1934)
Distribution: C-Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.)
25 TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Arthrochilium uluguricum (Mansf.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
species :
Epipactis veluwensis Kreutz, H.Dekker, G.Bons & H.Löffler; Gorteria 43: 36 (2021)
Distribution: Netherlands
11 NET
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. 2(13): 11 (1853)
subspecies :
subsp. veratrifolia
Name: Germerblättrige Ständelwurz
Distribution: Turkmenistan; ?Northern Caucasus; ?Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; S-Turkey; Iraq; Iran; Afghanistan (Farah, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Nangarhar, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); N-Cyprus; Lebanon; Syria; China (Yunnan, W-Sichuan); Pakistan (Chitral, Peshawar, Kurram, Swat, Rawalpindi, Quetta, Karakorum, Gilgit, Baltistan); Nepal; ?Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar (Mandalay)
32 TKM 33 ARM AZE 34 AFG CYP IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR 36 CHI 40 IND NEP PAK 41 MYA
Remarks: sect. Cymbochilium
Synonyms: hidden
= Arthrochilium handelii (Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Arthrochilium veratrifolium (Boiss. & Hohen.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Arthrochilium wallichii (Schltr.) Szlach.
= Epipactis amoena Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Numer. List no. 7403 (1832) [pro syn.]
= Epipactis consimilis Wall. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India 6: 126 (1891) [non D. Don 1825]
= Epipactis handelii Schltr.; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Nat. 57: 274 (1920)
= Epipactis wallichii Schltr.; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Nat. 57: 275 (1920)
= Helleborine veratrifolia (Boiss. & Hohen.) Bornm.
= Limodorum veratrifolium (Boiss. & Hohen.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
subspecies :
subsp. somaliensis (Rolfe) comb.ined.
Distribution: C-Ethiopia; N-Somalia; SW-Cyprus; Israel; Sinai peninsula; Jordania; W-Saudi Arabia; Oman; Yemen
24 ETH SOM 34 CYP ISR JOR SIN 35 OMA SAU YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia somaliensis (Rolfe) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 473 (1913)
= Epipactis abyssinica Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 612 (1907)
= Epipactis somaliensis Rolfe; Oliv. et al. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 7: 189 (1897)
= Epipactis veratrifolia subsp. oaseana Shifman; J. Eur. Orch. 46(3/4): 606 (2014), nom. superfl.
= Epipactis veratrifolia var. oaseana (Shifman) Kreutz; Orchids Israel 63 (2021)
= Helleborine somaliensis (Rolfe) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 547 (1909)
= Serapias somaliensis (Rolfe) A.A.Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 67 (1908)
species :
Epipactis voethii Robatsch; Mitt. Abt. Bot. Landesmus. Joanneum, Graz 21/22: 22 (1993)
Distribution: E-Austria; SE-Czech Republic; Hungary
11 AUT CZE HUN
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis wartensteinii F.Fohringer; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 37(2): 99 (2020)
Distribution: Austria
11 AUT
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included in another taxon, most likely E. helleborine s. l.
species :
Epipactis xanthophaea Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 12: 341 (1922)
Distribution: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia xanthophaea (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Arthrochilium xanthophaeum (Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Helleborine xanthophaea (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungar. 26: 381 (1929)
species :
Epipactis ×barlae A.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. Camus, Icon. Orchid. Eur. 486 (1929)
Distribution: Germany; Switzerland
11 GER SWI
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x microphylla
species :
Epipactis ×barreana B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 20(1): 39 (1988)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: Epipactis latina x muelleri
species :
Epipactis ×bayeri H.Baumann; Die Farn- und Blütenpfl. Baden-Württembergs 8: 444 (1998)
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg)
11 GER
Remarks: Epipactis leptochila x muelleri
species :
Epipactis ×breinerorum Batousek; J. Eur. Orchid. 29(4): 645 (1997)
Distribution: Czech Republic
11 CZE
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine ssp. helleborine x Epipactis greuteri
species :
Epipactis ×bruxellensis P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 77(4): 221 (1996)
Distribution: Belgium
11 BGM
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x phyllanthes var. degenera
species :
Epipactis ×cardonneae J.-M.Lewin; L´Orchidophile 146: 74 (2001), as ´cardonnea´
Distribution: France
12 FRA
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. kleinii
species :
Epipactis ×conquensis Benito & C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Alava 13: 112 (1998)
Distribution: Spain; France
12 FRA SPA
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x E. kleinii
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×amigoi J.-M.Lewin; Orchidophile (Deuil-la-Barre) 146: 77 (2001)
species :
Epipactis ×gerbaudiorum P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 78(3): 178 (1997)
Distribution: France
12 FRA
Remarks: Epipactis provincialis x tremolsii
species :
Epipactis ×gevaudanii P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 78(3): 179 (1997)
Distribution: France; Spain
12 FRA SPA
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x rhodanensis
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×populetorum Benito & C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 13: 108 (1998)
species :
Epipactis ×graberi A.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. Camus, Icon. Orchid. Eur. 487 (1929)
Distribution: Germany; Switzerland; Slovakia; etc.
11 GER SLO SWI
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x microphylla
species :
Epipactis ×hanseniorum Batousek; J. Eur. Orch. 41(3/4): 512 (2009)
Distribution: Czech Republic (Moravia)
11 CZE
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x E. nordeniorum
species :
Epipactis ×heterogama M.Bayer; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 18(2): 196 (1986)
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg); Czech Republic; Austria; etc.
11 AUT CZE GER
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x muelleri
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×egydeana E.Klein & Laminger; J. Eur. Orch. 40(3): 564 (2008)
= Epipactis ×timpeana F.Fohringer; J. Eur. Orch. 40: 388 (2008)
species :
Epipactis ×hybrida Holuby ex Soó; Bot. Kozl. 25: 143 (1928), in syn
Distribution: Hungary
11 HUN
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborine hybrida Javorka; Magyar Fl. 207 (1924)
species :
Epipactis ×lachmanii Lachmair; Stapfia 112: 91, f. 14 (2021)
Distribution: Austria
11 AUT
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x leptochila ssp. neglecta
species :
Epipactis ×liestalensis A.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. Camus, Icon. Orchid. Eur. 486 (1929)
Distribution: Germany; Switzerland
11 GER SWI
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. purpurata
species :
Epipactis ×mohilewiensis V.Lebedko & D.Dubovik; Fl. Belarusi 3: 278 (2017)
Distribution: Belarus
14 BLR
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x E. palustris
species :
Epipactis ×nicolosii M.P.Grasso & Grillo; Orchidophile (Asnieres) 162: 223 (2004)
Distribution: Sicily
13 SIC
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x Epipactis meridionalis
species :
Epipactis ×pupplingensis K.P.Bell; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Ver. Wuppertal 23: 116 (1970)
Distribution: Sweden (Gotland); Germany
10 SWE 11 GER
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x palustris
species :
Epipactis ×reinekei M.Bayer; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 18(2): 202 (1986)
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Thüringen); Czech Republic
11 CZE GER
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x muelleri
species :
Epipactis ×robatschii Gévaudan & P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 74 (2004)
Distribution: Hungary
11 HUN
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. bugacensis
species :
Epipactis ×schmalhausenii Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 284 (1890)
subspecies :
subsp. schmalhausenii
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Sachsen); Czech Republic; Slovakia; European Russia; etc.
11 CZE GER SLO 14 RUS
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x helleborine
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×gauckleri J.Weigelt & Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 19(1): 114, 112 (2002)
= Epipactis ×schmalhausenii nothosubsp. zaissii Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 30: 56 (2013)
= Helleborine ×schmalhausenii (K.Richt.) Vollm.; Fl. Bayern: 169 (1914)
subspecies :
subsp. capellonensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) J.M.H.Shaw; Orchid Rev. Suppl., 127(1326): 45 (2019) [nothossp.]
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. helleborine ssp. latina
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×capellonensis B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 20(1): 44 (1988)
subspecies :
subsp. fleischmannii (Heimerl) J.M.H.Shaw; Orchid Rev. Suppl., 127(1326): 45 (2019) [nothossp.]
Distribution: Austria
11 AUT
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. helleborine ssp. orbicularis
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×fleischmannii Heimerl; Fl. Brixen 74 (1911), et Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 101
species :
Epipactis ×schulzei P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franc. 514 (1928)
Distribution: Germany; France; etc.
11 GER 12 FRA
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x purpurata
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×schulzei nothosubsp. daissiana Bergfeld & Berlinghof; J. Eur. Orch. 44(4): 838 (2012)
= Epipactis ×schulzei var. wolfii E.G.Camus; E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 486 (1929)
= Helleborine ×schulzei (P.Fourn.) P.M.Hall; Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 9: 725 (1931 publ. 1932)
species :
Epipactis ×soguksuensis Kreutz; Eurorchis 9: 71 (1997)
Distribution: Turkey
34 TUR
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x turcica
species :
Epipactis ×stephensonii Godfery; Monogr. Ic. Br. Nat. Orchid.: 76 (1933)
Distribution: England; Germany; etc.
10 GRB 11 GER
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x E. leptochila
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila var. collina (Kreutz, L.Lewis & G.Giles) R.M.Bateman; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(1): 105 (2021)
= Epipactis leptochila var. cordata Brooke; Brooke & Bone, Wild Orchids Britain: 123 (1950)
= Epipactis neglecta var. collina Kreutz, L.Lewis & G.Giles; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 37: 119 (2020)
species :
Epipactis ×subtilis Jakubska-Busse, Zolubak & Lobas; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 54(1-3): 140 (2017)
Distribution: Poland
11 POL
Remarks: Epipactis albensis x purpurata
species :
Epipactis ×trikalana B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 20(1): 46 (1988)
Distribution: Greece
13 GRC
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x thessala
species :
Epipactis ×vermionensis B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württemberg 20(1): 48 (1988)
Distribution: Greece
13 GRC
Remarks: Epipactis exilis x E. helleborine
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 19.2 (April 17th, 2024)

Covering 354,696 accepted species,
8,644 hybrids, 47,758 accepted infraspecific taxa and 996,379 synonyms,
in total 1,407,477* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,290 pictures of 15,532 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life