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Ver. 19.2
April 17th, 2024

524.0000 Family Araliaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl.: 217 (1789), nom. cons.
44 genera, ca. 1700 spp. : 150 Indomalesia, 350 Polynesia/Australia, 150 tropical America. Inclusion of Hydrocotyloideae (formerly Apiaceae) confirmed by molecular phylogeny.
Species listed in database: 1686; hybrids: 7
= Botryodendraceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl.: 231 (1858)
= Hederaceae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl.: 519 (1792)
= Hydrocotylaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prir. Rostlin: 258 (1820), nom. cons.
524.2329 Genus Panax L.; Sp. Pl. 1058 (1753)
Distribution: E-Himalayas, NE-India, N-Myanmar, China, Indochina
Species listed in database: 14
= Aureliana Boehm.; Defin. Gen. Pl.: 283 (1760)
= Ginsen Adans.; Fam. Pl. 2: 102 (1763)
= Ginseng Alph.Wood; Amer. Bot. Fl.: 142 (1871)
= Nanopanax A.Haines; Bot. Notes 15: 4 (2020)
= Panacea Mitch.; Diss. Bot. Zool.: 42 (1769)
= Panaxus St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 109 (1880)
species :
Panax arunachalensis Taram, A.P.Das & Tag; Pleione 12(2): 317, t. 1, fig. 1 (2018)
Distribution: S-India (Arunachal Pradesh)
40 IND
species :
Panax bipinnatifidus Seem.; J. Bot. 6: 54 (1868)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, West Bengal, Assam, Sikkim); Myanmar; N-Vietnam
36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Aralia bipinnatifida (Seem.) C.B.Clarke; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 722 (1879)
= Aralia quinquefolia var. elegantior Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1902: 8 (1902)
= Aralia quinquefolia var. major Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1902: 7 (1902)
= Panax bipinnatifidus var. parvus D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 348 (2022)
= Panax japonicus var. bipinnatifidus (Seem.) C.Y.Wu & K.M.Feng; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(2): 43 (1975)
= Panax japonicus var. major (Burkill) C.Y.Wu & K.M.Feng; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(2): 43 (1975)
= Panax major (Burkill) K.C.Ting ex C.Pei & Y.L.Chou; Icon. Chin. Med. Pl. 6: t. 280 (1958)
= Panax pseudoginseng subsp. himalaicus H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 45: 208 (1970)
= Panax pseudoginseng var. bipinnatifidum (Seem.) H.L.Li; Sargentia 2: 118 (1942)
= Panax pseudoginseng var. elegantior (Burkill) G.Hoo & C.J.Tseng; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11: 436 (1973)
= Panax pseudoginseng var. major (Burkill) H.L.Li; Sargentia 2: 119 (1942)
variant :
var. angustifolius (Burkill) J.Wen; Utiliz. Biotechnol. Genet. Cult. Approaches N. Amer. & Asian Ginseng Improv. 73 (2001)
Distribution: China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; W-Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Darjeeling, Khasia, Manipur, Sikkim); Thailand
36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP 41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Aralia pseudoginseng var. angustifolia (Burkill) Craib; Fl. Siam. 1: 794 (1931)
= Aralia quinquefolia var. angustifolia Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1902(1): 7 (1902)
= Panax assamicus R.N.Banerjee; Bull. B. Surv. Ind. 10: 23, t, 2 (1968)
= Panax burkillianus Bennet & M.V.Viswan.; Indian Forester, 110(10): 1049 (1984), nom. nov.
= Panax ginseng f. angustifolius (Burkill) H.L.Li; Sargentia 2: 118 (1942)
= Panax japonicum var. parvifolium C.Y.Cheng & C.Y.Chu; Acta Pharm. Sin. 9(9): 538-539, pl. 2, f. 2 (1962)
= Panax japonicus var. angustifolius (Burkill) C.Y.Cheng & C.Y.Chu; Acta Pharm. Sin. 9: 538 (1962)
= Panax pseudoginseng var. angustifolius (Burkill) Craib; Fl. Siam. 1: 794 (1931)
= Panax pseudoginseng var. angustifolius (Burkill) H.L.Li; Sargentia 2: 118 (1942)
= Panax repens var. angustifolius (Burkill) F.H.Chen; Not. Forestry 1948: 8 (1948)
= Panax schin-seng var. nepalensis T.Nees; Icon. Pl. Med. 5: t. 16c (1833)
= Panax sikkimensis f. fonoo D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 351 (2022)
= Panax sikkimensis f. kat D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 351 (2022)
= Panax sikkimensis f. kokyuk D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 351 (2022)
= Panax sikkimensis f. net D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 351 (2022)
= Panax sikkimensis f. sam D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 351 (2022)
= Panax sikkimensis f. tarok D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 351 (2022)
= Panax sikkimensis R.N.Banerjee; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 21 (1968)
species :
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.; Rep. Pharm. Prakt. Chem. Russ. 7: 524 (1842)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (E-Heilongjiang, E-Jilin, E-Liaoning, Shanxi [I], Hebei [I]); North Korea; South Korea; India [I] (Nagaland [I]); Myanmar [I]; Cambodia [I]
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 KOR NKO 40 ind 41 cbd mya
Synonyms: hidden
= Aralia ginseng (C.A.Mey.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. 7: 197 (1879)
= Aralia quinquefolia var. ginseng (C.A.Mey.) Regel & Maack; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1892(64): 107-108 (1892)
= Panax quinquefolium var. coreensis Siebold; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 12: 45 (1830)
= Panax quinquefolius var. ginseng (C.A.Mey.) Regel & Maack; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 72 (1861)
= Panax schin-seng var. coraiensis T.Nees; Pl. Med., Suppl. 1: 70 (1833)
= Panax verus Oken; Allg. Naturgesch. 3(1): 3 (1841)
species :
Panax japonicus (T.Nees) C.A.Mey.; G. Gauger, Rep. Pharm. Prakt. Chem. Russ. 1: 525 (1842)
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Aralia japonica (T.Nees) Makino; Bot. Notes Auth. Priv. Cabin. 2: 42 (1898), nom. illeg.
= Aralia quinquefolia var. repens (Maxim.) Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1902(1): 6 (1902)
= Aralia repens (Steud. ex Maxim.) Matsum.; Nippon Shokubutsumeii, ed. 2: 27 (1895)
= Panax angustatus (Makino) Honda; Bot. Mag., Tokyo 44: 670 (1930)
= Panax ginseng f. angustatus Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 223 (1910)
= Panax ginseng f. dichrocarpus Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 224 (1910)
= Panax ginseng f. dolichocarpus Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 223 (1910)
= Panax ginseng f. trifoliolatus Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 223 (1910)
= Panax ginseng f. xanthocarpus Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 224 (1910)
= Panax ginseng var. japonicus (Nees) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 223 (1910)
= Panax ginseng var. repens (Maxim.) Makino; Y. Iinuma, Somoku-Dzusetsu, ed. 3, 1: 321 (1907)
= Panax japonicus f. angustatus (Makino) Makino & Nemoto; Fl. Jap., ed. 2: 824 (1931)
= Panax japonicus f. dolichocarpus (Makino) H.Hara; J. Arnold Arbor. 5: 33 (1924)
= Panax japonicus f. incisus Nakai; J. Arnold Arbor. 5: 34 (1924)
= Panax japonicus f. lancifolius Nakai; J. Arnold Arbor. 5: 34 (1924)
= Panax japonicus f. trifoliolatus (Makino) H.Hara; J. Arnold Arbor. 5: 33 (1924)
= Panax japonicus f. xanthocarpus (Makino) Nakai; J. Arnold Arbor. 5: 34 (1924)
= Panax japonicus var. angustatus (Makino) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 290 (1954)
= Panax japonicus var. parvifolius C.Y.Cheng & C.Y.Chu; Acta Pharm. Sin. 9: 538 (1962)
= Panax pseudoginseng f. incisus (Nakai) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 45: 210 (1970)
= Panax pseudoginseng f. xanthocarpus (Makino) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 45: 210 (1970)
= Panax pseudoginseng subsp. japonicus (C.A.Mey.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 45(7): 209 (1970)
= Panax pseudoginseng var. angustatus (Makino) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 45: 210 (1970)
= Panax pseudoginseng var. japonicus (C.A.Mey.) G.Hoo & C.J.Tseng; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11(4): 437-438 (1973)
= Panax quinquefolium var. japonicum Siebold; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 12: 45 (1830)
= Panax quinquefolius var. coreensis Siebold; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 12: 45 (1830)
= Panax quinquefolius var. japonicus Siebold; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 12: 45 (1830), not validly publ.
= Panax quinquefolius var. repens (Steud. ex Maxim.) Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1902: 6 (1902)
= Panax quinquefolius var. subsessilis Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 14 (1863)
= Panax repens Steud. ex Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 12: 64 (1868)
= Panax schin-seng f. angustatus (Makino) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 1: 125 (1917)
= Panax schin-seng f. xanthocarpus (Makino) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 1: (126) (1917)
= Panax schin-seng var. japonicus T.Nees; Pl. Med., Suppl. 1: 70 (1833)
species :
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen ex C.H.Chow; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(2): 41, t. 6, f. 3 (1975)
Distribution: China (SE-Yunnan, Fujian [I], Guangxi [I], Jiangxi [I], Zhejiang [I]); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Aralia quinquefolia var. notoginseng Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1902(1): 7 (1902)
= Panax pseudoginseng var. notoginseng (Burkill) G.Hoo & C.J.Tseng; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11(4): 435 (1973)
species :
Panax pseudoginseng Wall.; Trans. Med. Soc. Calcutta 4: 117 (1829)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur); Myanmar; Vietnam
40 IND NEP 41 MYA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Aralia pseudoginseng (Wall.) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 721 (1879)
= Aralia quinquefolia var. pseudoginseng (Wall.) Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1902: 7 (1902)
= Panax pseudoginseng f. flee D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 350 (2022)
= Panax pseudoginseng f. fnoo D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 350 (2022)
= Panax pseudoginseng f. nyet D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 349 (2022)
= Panax pseudoginseng f. sam D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 350 (2022)
= Panax pseudoginseng f. tarok D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 350 (2022)
= Panax pseudoginseng var. nyet D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 349 (2022)
= Panax pseudoginseng var. sam D.K.Pradhan; Species (Nagercoil) 23(72): 349 (2022)
= Panax quinquefolius var. elegantior Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1902: 8 (1902)
= Panax quinquefolius var. notoginseng Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1902: 7 (1902)
= Panax quinquefolius var. pseudoginseng (Wall.) Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1902: 7 (1902)
= Panax schin-seng T.Nees; Pl. Med., Suppl. 1: 70 (1833), nom. illeg.
species :
Panax quinquefolius L.; Sp. Pl. 1058 (1753)
Name: American ginseng
Distribution: China [I]; Myanmar [I]; Canada (Ontario, Québec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)
36 chi 41 mya 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Aralia quinquefolia (L.) Decne. & Planch.; Rev. Hort., IV 3: 105 (1854)
= Ginseng quinquefolium (L.) Alph.Wood; Am. Bot. & Flor. 142 (1871)
= Panax americanus (Raf.) Raf.; New Fl. 4: 58 (1838)
= Panax americanus var. elatus Raf.; New Fl. 4: 58 (1838)
= Panax americanus var. obovatus (Raf.) Raf.; New Fl. 4: 58 (1838)
= Panax cuneatus Raf.; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 6: 286 (1834)
= Panax quinquefolius var. americanus Raf.; Med. Fl. 2: 52 (1830)
= Panax quinquefolius var. obovatus Raf.; Med. Fl. 2: 52 (1830)
species :
Panax siamensis J.Wen; PhytoKeys 234: 52 (2023)
Distribution: Thailand
41 THA
species :
Panax sokpayensis Shiva K.Sharma & Pandit; Syst. Bot. 34(2): 434 (2009)
Distribution: N-India (Sikkim)
40 IND
Remarks: status unconfirmed
species :
Panax stipuleanatus C.T.Tsai & K.M.Feng; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(2): 44, pl. 7, f. 4, 6 (1975)
Distribution: China (SE-Yunnan); N-Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
species :
Panax trifolius L.; Sp. Pl. 1059 (1753)
Name: Dwarf ginseng
Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); USA (Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)
72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Aralia trifolia (L.) Decne. & Planch.; Rev. Hortic. Ser. IV. 3: 105 (1854)
= Aralia triphylla Poir.; Encyc. Suppl. 1: 418 (1810)
= Ginseng trifolium (L.) Alph.Wood; Am. Bot. & Flor. 142 (1871)
= Nanopanax trifolius (L.) A.Haines; Bot. Notes 15: 4, figs. 1, 3, 5, 7 (2020)
= Panax lanceolatus Raf.; New Fl. 4: 57 (1838)
= Panax pusillus Sims; Bot. Mag. 33: t. 1334 (1810)
= Panax trifolius var. roseus N.Coleman; Cat. Fl. Pl. S. Pen. Michigan: 17 (1874)
species :
Panax vietnamensis Ha & Grushv.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 70(4): 519 (1985)
Distribution: China (Yunnan); Laos; Vietnam
36 CHI 41 LAO VIE
Conservation Status: IUCN E
Synonyms: hidden
= Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus K.Komatsu, S.Zhu & S.Q.Cai; J. Jap. Bot. 78(2): 91 (2003)
variant :
var. langbianensis Duy, V.T.Tran & L.N.Trieu; Phytotaxa 277(1): 53 (2016)
Distribution: Vietnam
41 VIE
species :
Panax wangianus S.C.Sun; Icon. Pl. Omeiesium 2: t. 194 (1946)
Distribution: China; India (Arunachal Pradesh)
36 CHI 40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Panax pseudoginseng var. wangianus (S.C.Sun) G.Hoo & C.J.Tseng; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11: 436 (1973)
species :
Panax zingiberensis C.Y.Wu & K.M.Feng; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(2): 42, pl. 6, f. 5-6 (1975)
Distribution: China (SE-Yunnan); N-Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
Conservation Status: IUCN E
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 19.2 (April 17th, 2024)

Covering 354,696 accepted species,
8,644 hybrids, 47,758 accepted infraspecific taxa and 996,379 synonyms,
in total 1,407,477* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,290 pictures of 15,532 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life