458.0000
Family
Caprifoliaceae Adans.; Fam. Pl. 2: 153 (1763), nom. cons.
32-37 genera, ca. 1100 spp. Phylogeny see Lee et al. 2021, Wang et al. 2025
Species listed in database: 1084; hybrids: 34
= Diervillaceae Pyck; Taxon 47: 658 (1998)
= Dipsacaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 194 (1789), nom. cons.
= Linnaeaceae Backlund; Taxon 47: 658 (1998)
= Loniceraceae D.L.Fu; Amer. J. Agric. Forest. 12(5): 352 (2024), nom. illeg.
= Loniceraceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 272, 296 (1818)
= Loniceropsida Brongn.; Enum. Pl. Mus. Paris: xvii, 47 (1843)
= Morinaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 88 (1820)
= Scabiosaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 563 (1820)
= Triplostegiaceae A.E.Bobrov ex Airy Shaw; Kew Bull. 18: 269 (1965)
= Valerianaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 227 (1802) nom. cons.
458.6501
Genus
Pterocephalus Vaill. ex Adans.; Fam. Pl. [Adanson] 2: 152 (1763)
Distribution: Europe, Mediterranean, tropical Africa (1), Crimea, W-(incl. Caucasus) and Middle Asia to W-China, eastern Himalayas, NE-India
Species listed in database: 33
= Coulterella Tiegh.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 9, 10: 154 (1909), nom. illeg.
species :
Pterocephalus afghanicus
(Aitch. & Hemsl.) Aitch. & Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: Tab. 15 (1880)
subspecies :
subsp. afghanicus
Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Ghazni, Jawzjan / Sar-e-Pol, Kabul, Laghman, Logar, Wardak, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); Pakistan (Kurram, ?Baluchistan)
32 TZK UZB 34 AFG 40 PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus sarawschanicus Lipsky ex O.Fedtsch. & B.Fedtsch.; Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae [O.A.Fedchenko & B.A.Fedchenko] 3: 154 (1909), nomen
= Scabiosa afghanica Aitch. & Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 67 (1880)
subspecies :
subsp. chorassanicus
(Czern.) Rech.f.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 168: 27 (1991)
Distribution: Turkmenistan; NE-Iran (Kopet Dag)
32 TKM 34 IRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus chorassanicus Czern.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 281 (1921)
species :
Pterocephalus arabicus
Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 78 (1849)
Distribution: Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai); Saudi Arabia; Kuwait; Bahrain; Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Yemen
34 SIN 35 BAR KUW OMA QAT SAU UAE YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Scabiosa arabica (Boiss.) Blatt.; Rec. Bot. Surv. India 8: 227 (1921)
species :
Pterocephalus brevis
Coult.; Mém. Dipsac. 32, t. 1, f. 16 (1823)
Distribution: Libya; East Aegaean Isl. (Karpathos, Tilos); Turkey (SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Iraq (NW-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Iran; Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jazira, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert, Judean Desert, Negev Desert); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)
20 LBY 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus coulteri Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 77 (1849)
= Pterocephalus papposus var. luteiflorus H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 2(7): 33 (1946)
= Trichera brevis (Coult.) Schult. & Schult.f.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.]: 30 (1827)
species :
Pterocephalus canus
Coult.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 653 (1830)
Distribution: Turkey (SE-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Pakistan (?Baluchistan)
34 IRN TUR 40 PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus silenifolius Pau; Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot. 14: 36 (1918)
= Scabiosa cana (Coult. ex DC.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 448 (1839)
species :
Pterocephalus depressus
Coss. & Balansa; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 20: 250 (1873)
subspecies :
subsp. depressus
Distribution: Morocco
20 MOR
subspecies :
subsp. rifanus
(Emb. & Maire) Dobignard; Index Syn. Fl. Afrique N. 3: 395 (2011)
Distribution: N-Morocco
20 MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus depressus var. rifanus Emb. & Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 17: 51 (1927)
= Pterocephalus kunkelianus Peris, Romo & Stübing; Feddes Repert. 110(1-2): 13 (1999)
species :
Pterocephalus dumetorus
(Brouss.) Coult.; Mem. Dipsac. 32 (1823)
Name: Hoher Federkopf (DE); Rosalito salvaje (ES)
Distribution: Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma)
21 CNY
Synonyms: hidden
= Scabiosa dumetorum Brouss. ex Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 146 (1809)
= Trichera dumetorum (Brouss.) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 56 (1818)
species :
Pterocephalus frutescens
Hochst. ex A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 369 (1847)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Saudi Arabia (Asir); Yemen (N-Inner Yemen, W-Yemen)
24 ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN 35 SAU YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus frutescens var. angustissimus Engl.; (1899)
= Pterocephalus frutescens var. dentatus Chiov.; Missione Biol. Borana 4: 247 (1939)
= Pterocephalus frutescens var. tomentellus Beck; Harrar Leipzig [Paulitschke], App. 461 (1888)
= Pterocephalus quartinianus A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 369 (1847)
= Scabiosa frutescens (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 252 (1877), nom. illeg.
species :
Pterocephalus fruticulosus
Korovin; Descr. Pl. Nov. Turkestan. [Korovin, Kultiasow & Popov] 74 (1916)
Distribution: Turkmenistan; Afghanistan (Balkh, Faryab)
32 TKM 34 AFG
species :
Pterocephalus gedrosiacus
Rech.f.; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 87: 188 (1950)
Distribution: Iran (S-Iran); Afghanistan (Bamyan, Farah, Ghazni, Orozgan / Daykundi)
34 AFG IRN
species :
Pterocephalus ghahremanii
Jamzad; Fl. Veg. Mundi 9: 295 (1991)
Distribution: Iran
34 IRN
species :
Pterocephalus glandulosissimus
Ponert; Preslia 44: 370 (1972)
Distribution: Iran (N-Iran)
34 IRN
species :
Pterocephalus khorassanicus
Czern.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 26: 260 (1927)
Distribution: Turkmenistan; Iran (NE-Iran: Mts.)
32 TKM 34 IRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus afghanicus subsp. khorassanicus (Czerniak.) Rech.f.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 163: 27 (1991)
species :
Pterocephalus kurdicus
Vatke; Linnaea 38: 734 (1874)
Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (W-Iran, N-Iran)
34 IRN IRQ TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus putkianus Boiss. & Kotschy; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 150 (1875)
species :
Pterocephalus lasiospermus
Link; Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. [Buch] 150 (1825)
Name: Behaarter Federkopf (DE); Rosalito de cumbre (ES)
Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)
21 CNY
Synonyms: hidden
= Scabiosa fruticulosa C.Sm. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 654 (1830)
= Scabiosa lasiosperma (Link) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 448 (1839)
= Scabiosa lasiosperma (Link) Masf.; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 193 (1881), isonym
species :
Pterocephalus laxus
I.K.Ferguson; Kew Bull. 20: 249, f. 1 (1966)
Distribution: Iraq (NE-Iraq)
34 IRQ
species :
Pterocephalus lignosus
Freyn & Bornm.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 5: 625 (1897)
Distribution: Iran
34 IRN
species :
Pterocephalus multiflorus
Poech; Enum. Pl. Cypr. 16 (1842)
subspecies :
subsp. multiflorus
Distribution: Cyprus (C-Mountains, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus)
34 CYP
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus cyprius Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 2: 110 (1843)
subspecies :
subsp. obtusifolius
Holmb.; Stud. Veg. Cyprus 176 (1914)
Distribution: Cyprus
34 CYP
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus obtusifolius Holmboe; Stud. Veg. Cyprus 176 (1914)
species :
Pterocephalus nestorianus
Nábelek; Spisy Prír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 35: 140 (1923)
Distribution: Turkmenistan; Iraq; Iran
32 TKM 34 IRN IRQ
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus kurdicus var. viscosissimus Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 58B: 301 (1938)
species :
Pterocephalus perennis
Coult.; Mém. Dipsac. 33 (1823)
subspecies :
subsp. perennis
Distribution: Greece (C-Greece, Peloponnisos, rare Attiki, Evvoia, Athos, NE-Greece)
13 GRC
Remarks: perennis agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus incanus Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 94 (1838), nom. superfl.
= Pterocephalus involucratus Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 384 (1824)
= Pterocephalus parnassi Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 284 (1824), nom. superfl.
= Pterocephalus perennis f. longipedunculatus Tuntas ex Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 508 (1930)
= Pterocephalus perennis subsp. parnassi (Spreng.) Vierh.; Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 69: 244 (1919), nom. inval.
= Pterocephalus pterocephala (L.) Dörfl.; Exsicc. (Herb. Norm.) 1901: no. 4047 (1901), nom. inval.
= Scabiosa pterocephala L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 100 (1753)
= Scabiosa sphaciotica Friv. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 341 (1879), nom. inval.
subspecies :
subsp. bellidifolius
(Boiss.) Vierh.; Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 69: 244 (1919)
Distribution: Albania; Greece (NW-Greece, Kerkyra, Kefalonia)
13 ALB GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus bellidifolius Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 2: 109 (1843)
= Pterocephalus epiroticus Contandr. & Quézel; Biol. Gallo-Hellen. 5(1): 133 (1973)
= Pterocephalus perennis f. virescens Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 762 (1901)
= Pterocephalus perennis var. pinnatisectus Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 762 (1901)
species :
Pterocephalus persicus
Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 72 (1846)
Distribution: Iran
34 IRN
species :
Pterocephalus pinardii
Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 5: 88 (1844)
Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Samos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia)
34 EAI TUR
species :
Pterocephalus plumosus
(L.) F.Dietr.; Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 7: 5 (1821)
Name: Federkopf (DE); Pincushion Flower (EN)
Distribution: Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; ?North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; Greece (widespread incl. many islands); Crete (widespread); European Russia; Crimea; Egypt (NE-Egypt, NW-coastal Egypt); Turkmenistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran); Cyprus (SE-Cyprus, N-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)
13 ALB BUL CRO GRC KOS KRI SRB 14 KRY RUS 20 EGY 32 TKM 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephalaria diandra Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 52 (1818)
= Cephalaria willichii (Link) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 53 (1818)
= Dipsacus plumosus (L.) K.Koch; Linnaea 24: 442 (1851)
= Euptilia cretica (Willich ex Roem. & Schult.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 95 (1836)
= Knautia plumosa L.; Mant. Pl. Altera [Linnaeus] 197 (1771)
= Pterocephalus adenophorus Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 62: 154 (1915 publ. 1916)
= Pterocephalus caramanicus Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 77 (1849)
= Pterocephalus involucratus (Sm.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 384 (1824) (nom. illeg.)
= Pterocephalus marcescens Moench; Methodus [Moench] 491 (1794)
= Pterocephalus papposus (L.) Coult.; Mém. Dipsac. 32 (1823)
= Pterocephalus plumosus (L.) Coult.; Mém. Dipsac. 31, t. 1, f. 15 (1823), isonym
= Pterocephalus plumosus var. macrochaetus Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 58B: 300 (1938)
= Pterocephalus vaillantii Lag.; Gen. Sp. Pl. [Lagasca] 9 (1816)
= Scabiosa cretica Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 53 (1818), nom. inval.
= Scabiosa involucrata Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 84 (1806), nom. superfl.
= Scabiosa papposa L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 101 (1753)
= Scabiosa parnassae Anon.; Gard. Chron. 1873: 1175 (1873)
= Scabiosa plumosa (L.) Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 84 (1806)
= Scabiosa willichii Link; Neues J. Bot. 2(2): 299 (1807)
= Trichera willichii (Link) Schult.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.]: 29 (1827)
species :
Pterocephalus porphyranthus
Svent.; Index Sem. (Agron. Investig. Nat. Hispan. Inst.) 49 (1968 publ. 1969)
Name: Purpurblütiger Federkopf (DE); Rosalito palmero (ES)
Distribution: Canary Isl. (La Palma)
21 CNY
species :
Pterocephalus pulverulentus
Boiss. & Balansa; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 152 (1875)
Distribution: Iraq (NW-Iraq); Lebanon (Antilebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jbel Druze); Israel (Negev Desert); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)
34 IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR
species :
Pterocephalus pyrethrifolius
Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 2: 109 (1843)
Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran
34 IRN IRQ TUR
species :
Pterocephalus ramianensis
Ranjbar & Z.Ranjbar; Phytotaxa 494(1): 139 (2021)
Distribution: Iran
34 IRN
species :
Pterocephalus sanctus
Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 2: 266 (1834)
Distribution: Sinai peninsula (S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania)
34 JOR SIN
species :
Pterocephalus shepardii
Post & Beauverd; Pl. Postianae 1: 7 (1932)
Distribution: S-Turkey; Syria
34 SYR TUR
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Pterocephalus spathulatus
(Lag.) Coult.; Mém. Dipsac. 32 (1823)
Distribution: S- & SE-Spain
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Knautia spathulata Lag.; Gen. Sp. Pl. [Lagasca] 9 (1816)
= Pterocephalus niveus (C.Agardh ex Roem. & Schult.) Coult.; Mém. Dipsac. 32 (1823)
= Scabiosa nivea C.Agardh ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 81 (1818)
= Scabiosa spathulata (Lag.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 448 (1839)
= Scabiosa spathulata (Lag.) Kit.; Linnaea 32: 369 (1863)
species :
Pterocephalus strictus
Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 2: 110 (1843)
Distribution: Turkey (SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq)
34 IRQ TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Pterocephalus melanobasis Pau; Trab. Mus. Nac. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot. No. 14, 37 (1918)
species :
Pterocephalus szovitsii
Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 150 (1875)
Distribution: Transcaucasus; Turkey (E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq)
34 IRQ TUR
species :
Pterocephalus virens
Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 2: 202, t. 81 (1844)
Name: Grüner Federkopf (DE); Rosalito de Anaga (ES)
Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)
21 CNY
Synonyms: hidden
= Scabiosa virens (Webb & Berthel.) Masf.; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 194 (1881)
species :
Pterocephalus wendelboi
Rech.f.; Flora, Morphol. Geobot. Oekophysiol. 176: 216, f. 2 (1985)
Distribution: Iran (S-Iran)
34 IRN
