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452.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 55 (1822)
1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and Zuntini et al. (2024). Barnadesioideae (so far treated as most basal member of Asteraceae) might be a separate family, more related to Calyceraceae.
Species listed in database: 35249; hybrids: 678
= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)
= Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820), nom. cons.
= Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Aposeridaceae Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 106 (1838)
= Arctotaceae Bessey; Univ. Stud. Nebraska 14: 107 (1914)
= Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Artemisiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 48 (1820)
= Athanasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 56 (1820)
= Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Carlinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Centaureaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Cichoriaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 168 (1789), nom. cons.
= Cnicaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 297 (1818)
= Compositae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 538 (1792), nom. cons.
= Coreopsidaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 768 (1829)
= Cynaraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 926, 931, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 253 (1820)
= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 46 (1830)
= Grindeliaceae Rchb. ex A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 330 (1907)
= Heleniaceae Raf.; Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824)
= Helianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Helichrysaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 712 (1829)
= Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Ivaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 1: 31 (1837)
= Lactucaceae Drude; Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)
= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)
= Madiaceae A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 332 (1907)
= Matricariaceae Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 400 (1845)
= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 290 (1836)
= Partheniaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 816 (1829)
= Perdiciaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 728 (1829)
= Picridaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 482 (1820)
= Santolinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 560 (1820)
= Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Serratulaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 577 (1820)
= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Tussilagaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Vernoniaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 296 (1836)
= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Xeranthemaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 498 (1843)
452.3245 Genus Xeranthemum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 857 (1753)
Distribution: Southeast Europe, Mediterranean, W-(incl. Caucasus) and Middle Asia to SW-China
Species listed in database: 5
= Xeroloma Cass.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 59: 120 (1829)
= Harrisonia Neck.; Elem. Bot. [Necker] 1: 84 (1790)
species :
Xeranthemum annuum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 857 (1753)
Name: Einjährige Spreublume (DE)
Distribution: Norway [I]; Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Austria [I]; Poland [I]; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain [I]; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (N- & C-Greece); C-European Russia; E-European Russia; S-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Kyrgyzstan [I]; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey
10 nor 11 aut CZE ger HUN pol SLO swi 12 FRA spa 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 KRY MLD RUS UKR 32 kgz 33 GEO NCS 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea dubia S.G.Gmel. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 174 (1821)
= Xeranthemum inodorum Moench; Methodus [Moench] 582 (1794)
= Xeranthemum oleifolium Cav.; Elench. Pl. Horti Matr. 40 (1803)
= Xeranthemum ornatum Cass.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 59: 114 (1829)
= Xeranthemum radiatum Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 2: 48 (1779), nom. illeg.
= Xeranthemum radiatum var. pictum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 4: 15 (1844)
species :
Xeranthemum cylindraceum Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 2. 172 (1813)
Name: Schmalköpfige Spreublume (DE)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; France; Italy; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (N- & C-Greece, Peloponnisos); Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (N-Israel)
11 ger HUN SLO swi 12 FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 KRY MLD UKR 20 MOR 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 EAI IRN IRQ ISR LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Chardinia cylindrica (Sm.) Desv.; Fl. Anjou 216 (1827)
= Xeranthemum annuum Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 2: 180 (1771) non L. 1753
= Xeranthemum cylindricum Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 485 (1826)
= Xeranthemum inapertum M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 302 (1808) et auct. non (L.) Mill.
= Xeranthemum sesamoides J.Gay ex Willk. & Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 128 (1865) non L. 1753
= Xeroloma cylindracea (Sm.) Chrtek & Chrtková; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 141(3-4): 194 (1972 publ. 1974), isonym
= Xeroloma cylindracea (Sm.) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8(2): 177 (1973)
= Xeroloma foetidum Cass.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 59: 121 (1829)
species :
Xeranthemum inapertum (L.) Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 2 (1768)
Name: Walliser Spreublume (DE)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Switzerland; Portugal; Spain; Baleares (Mallorca); France; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Croatia; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (mountains of mainland, Attiki); Crete; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Northern Caucasus; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert)
11 ger SWI 12 BAL FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BUL CRO GRC ITA KRI NMA SIC SMA TUE 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 33 ARM AZE NCS 34 CYP IRN LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Xeranthemum annuum Asso; Syn. Stirp. Aragon. 118 (1779) non L. 1753
= Xeranthemum annuum subsp. inapertum (L.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 182 (1894)
= Xeranthemum annuum var. inapertum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 858 (1753)
= Xeranthemum australe Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 33 (1874)
= Xeranthemum cylindraceum Colmeiro; Apuntes Fl. Castillas 85 (1849)
= Xeranthemum erectum C.Presl; Delic. Prag. 106 (1822)
= Xeranthemum erectum var. australe (Pomel) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 484 (1888)
= Xeranthemum erectum var. meyeri DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 529 (1838)
= Xeranthemum foetidum Moench; Methodus [Moench] 582 (1794), nom. illeg.
= Xeranthemum incomptum Cass.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 59: 115 (1827)
= Xeranthemum modestum Ball; J. Bot. 11: 368 (1873)
= Xeroloma inapertum (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 98 (1869)
species :
Xeranthemum longepapposum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 4: 337 (1835)
Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Farah, Wardak, Orozgan / Daykundi); Lebanon (Antilebanon)
32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE 34 AFG IRN LEB TUR
species :
Xeranthemum squarrosum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 101 (1846)
Distribution: European Turkey; Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains)
13 TUE 32 KAZ TKM 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN IRQ SYR TUR
Remarks: sometimes included in X. annuum
Synonyms: hidden
= Xeranthemum annettae Kalen.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 7: 194 (1834)
= Xeranthemum squarrosum var. unicolor Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 101 (1845)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.06 (June 15th, 2025)

Covering 356,645 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,237 synonyms,
in total 1,416,735* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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